Brass
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BRASS is an alloy of copper and zinc, the general use of which is comparatively modern. In ancient times its place was supplied by bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Where brass occurs in EV [Note: English Version.] , we must understand either bronze or copper itself. In some of the references, such as those to mining (Deu_8:9 out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass) and smelting (Job_28:2 Iron is taken out of the earth, and brass is molten out of the stone), it is clear that only copper can be meant, and RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] adopts this rendering everywhere (see on Gen_4:22). Copper is not found in Palestine proper, but in the Lebanon and Hermon (possibly the mountains of brass of Zec_6:1). Weapons of copper have been found at Tell el-Hesy (dating from c [Note: circa, about.] . b.c. 1500). From very early times copper was largely worked by the Egyptians in the Sinaitic peninsula, where traces of the mining and smelting are still to be seen. A full account of these operations and their remains is given in Flinders Petries Researches in Sinai.
James Patrick.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
With us a mixed metal, consisting of copper and zinc; but the brass of the Bible is one dug simple out of the earth (Deu_8:9; Job_28:2), probably copper. Bronze, a composition of copper and tin, extensively known in ancient times, may m some passages be meant. In Deu_33:25, "thy shoes shall be iron and brass," it is implied Asher should have a mine abounding territory. Keil and Delitzsch translate, "iron and brass shall be thy castle" min'al); Asher's dwellings were to be impregnable as if of iron and brass. Copper was used earlier than iron, its ductility being its recommendation for general use.
Tubal-cain is termed "the instructor of every artificer in brass and iron" (Gen_4:22). "Brass" is used in a good sense for strength (Psa_107:16; Jer_1:18). In a bad sense, for impudent stubbornness (Isa_48:4; Jer_6:28). For money, Mat_10:9. In Lev_26:19, "I will make your heaven as iron, and your earth as brass," i.e. hard, yielding no rain, and producing no fruit. "Flesh of brass," i.e. invulnerable (Job_6:12). The thighs of brass in Nebuchadnezzar's image (Dan_2:32) represent the brazen armed Greeks. In Rev_1:15," His feet like unto fine brass," rather, "glowing brass, as if they had been made red hot in a furnace."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Brass. The Hebrew word, nechosheth is improperly translated by "brass." In most places of the Old Testament, the correct translation would be copper, although it may, sometimes, possibly mean bronze, a compound of copper and tin. Indeed, a simple metal was obviously intended, as we see from Deu_8:9; Deu_33:25; Job 28. Copper was known at a very early period. Gen_4:22.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
נחשת . The word brass occurs very often in our translation of the Bible; but that is a mixed metal, for the making of which we are indebted to the German metallurgists of the thirteenth century. That the ancients knew not the art of making it, is almost certain. None of their writings even hint at the process. There can be no doubt that copper is the original metal intended. This is spoken of as known prior to the flood; and to have been discovered, or at least wrought, as was also iron, in the seventh generation from Adam, by Tubal-cain: whence the name Vulcan. The knowledge of these two metals must have been carried over the world afterward with the spreading colonies of the Noachide. Agreeably to this, the ancient histories of the Greeks and Romans speak of Cadmus as the inventor of the metal which by the former is called χαλκος, and by the latter aes; and from him had the denomination cadmea. According to others, Cadmus discovered a mine, of which he taught the use. The name of the person here spoken of was undoubtedly the same with Ham, or Cam, the son of Noah, who probably learned the art of assaying metals from the family of Tubal-cain, and communicated that knowledge to the people of the colony which he settled.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
This word occurs in the Authorized Version. But brass is a factitious metal, not known to the early Hebrews, and wherever it occurs, copper is to be understood [COPPER]. That copper is meant is shown by the text, 'Out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass' (Deu_8:9), it being of course impossible to dig a factitious metal, whether brass or bronze, out of mines.
Brass (to retain the word) is in Scripture the symbol of insensibility, baseness, and presumption or obstinacy in sin (Isa_48:4; Jer_6:28; Eze_22:18). Brass is also a symbol of strength (Psa_107:16; Isa_48:4; Mic_4:13). So in Jer_1:18; Jer_15:20, brazen walls signify a strong and lasting adversary or opponent.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Brass
occurs in the Auth. Vers. of the O.T. as the rendering of נְחשֶׁת, necho'sheth (i.e. the shining), and other kindred forms, but doubtless inaccurately, as brass is a factitious metal, and the Hebrews were not acquainted with the compound of copper and zinc known by that name. In most places of the O.T. the correct translation would be copper, although it may sometimes possibly mean bronze (χαλκὸς κεκραμένος), a compound of copper and tin, as in the Chaldee form (נְחָשׁ, nechash') used by Daniel. Indeed, a simple metal was obviously intended, as we see from Deu_8:9, "out of whose hills thou mayst dig brass;" and Job_28:2, " Brass is molten out of the stone ;" and Deu_33:25, "Thy shoes shall be iron and brass," which seems to be a promise that Asher should have a district rich in mines, which we know to have been the case, since Eusebius (viii, 15, 17) speaks of the Christians being condemned to work in them (τοῖςκατὰ Φαινὼ τῆς Παλαιστίνης χαλκοῦ μετάλλοις, Lightfoot, Cent. Chorofr. c. 99). Some such alloy as bronze is probably also the metal denoted in the N.T. by χαλκός, as this was used for coin, the cps of the Romans. The "fine brass" of Rev_1:15; Rev_2:18, however, is χαλκολίβανον, the chashnmal' (הִשְׁמִל) of the Hebrews, a brilliant compound, probably of gold and silver, like the famous " Corinthian brass." SEE AMBER.
Copper was known at a very early period, and the invention of working it is attributed to Tubal-Cain (Gen_4:24; comp. Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. 3:'43; comp. "Prius aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus," Lucr. v. 1292). Its extreme ductility (χαλκός, from χαλάω) made its application almost universal among the ancients (see Smith, Diet. of Class. Ant. s.v. Ms). See COPPER.
The same word is used for money in both Testaments (Eze_16:36; Mat_10:9, etc.). SEE COIN.
Brass (to retain the word) is in Scripture the symbol of insensibility, baseness, and presumption or obstinacy in sin (Isa_48:4; Jer_6:28; Eze_22:18). It is often used in metaphors, e.g. Lev_26:9, " I will make your heaven as iron and your earth as brass," i.e. dead and hard. This expression is reversed in Deu_28:23 (comp. Coleridge's "All in a hot and copper sky,'"' etc., Anc. Mar.). "Is my flesh of brass," i.e. invulnerable, Job_6:12. Brass is also a symbol of strength (Psa_107:16; Isa_48:4; Mic_4:13; Zec_6:1, etc.). So in Jer_1:18; Jer_15:20, brazen walls signify a strong and lasting adversary or opponent. The description of the Macedonian empire as a kingdom of brass (Dan_2:39) will be better understood when we recollect that the arms of ancient times were mostly of bronze; hence the figure forcibly indicates the warlike character of that kingdom. Hence the "brazen thighs" of the mystic image in Nebuchadnezzar's dream were a fit symbol of the "brazen-coated Greeks" (ςΑχαιοι χαλκοχίτωνες, as Homer usually styles them). The mountains of brass, in Zec_6:1, are understood by Vitringa to denote those firm and immutable decrees by which God governs the world, and it is difficult to affix any other meaning to the phrase (comp. Psa_36:6). SEE METAL; SEE BRAZEN.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
James Patrick.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
With us a mixed metal, consisting of copper and zinc; but the brass of the Bible is one dug simple out of the earth (Deu_8:9; Job_28:2), probably copper. Bronze, a composition of copper and tin, extensively known in ancient times, may m some passages be meant. In Deu_33:25, "thy shoes shall be iron and brass," it is implied Asher should have a mine abounding territory. Keil and Delitzsch translate, "iron and brass shall be thy castle" min'al); Asher's dwellings were to be impregnable as if of iron and brass. Copper was used earlier than iron, its ductility being its recommendation for general use.
Tubal-cain is termed "the instructor of every artificer in brass and iron" (Gen_4:22). "Brass" is used in a good sense for strength (Psa_107:16; Jer_1:18). In a bad sense, for impudent stubbornness (Isa_48:4; Jer_6:28). For money, Mat_10:9. In Lev_26:19, "I will make your heaven as iron, and your earth as brass," i.e. hard, yielding no rain, and producing no fruit. "Flesh of brass," i.e. invulnerable (Job_6:12). The thighs of brass in Nebuchadnezzar's image (Dan_2:32) represent the brazen armed Greeks. In Rev_1:15," His feet like unto fine brass," rather, "glowing brass, as if they had been made red hot in a furnace."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Brass. The Hebrew word, nechosheth is improperly translated by "brass." In most places of the Old Testament, the correct translation would be copper, although it may, sometimes, possibly mean bronze, a compound of copper and tin. Indeed, a simple metal was obviously intended, as we see from Deu_8:9; Deu_33:25; Job 28. Copper was known at a very early period. Gen_4:22.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
נחשת . The word brass occurs very often in our translation of the Bible; but that is a mixed metal, for the making of which we are indebted to the German metallurgists of the thirteenth century. That the ancients knew not the art of making it, is almost certain. None of their writings even hint at the process. There can be no doubt that copper is the original metal intended. This is spoken of as known prior to the flood; and to have been discovered, or at least wrought, as was also iron, in the seventh generation from Adam, by Tubal-cain: whence the name Vulcan. The knowledge of these two metals must have been carried over the world afterward with the spreading colonies of the Noachide. Agreeably to this, the ancient histories of the Greeks and Romans speak of Cadmus as the inventor of the metal which by the former is called χαλκος, and by the latter aes; and from him had the denomination cadmea. According to others, Cadmus discovered a mine, of which he taught the use. The name of the person here spoken of was undoubtedly the same with Ham, or Cam, the son of Noah, who probably learned the art of assaying metals from the family of Tubal-cain, and communicated that knowledge to the people of the colony which he settled.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
This word occurs in the Authorized Version. But brass is a factitious metal, not known to the early Hebrews, and wherever it occurs, copper is to be understood [COPPER]. That copper is meant is shown by the text, 'Out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass' (Deu_8:9), it being of course impossible to dig a factitious metal, whether brass or bronze, out of mines.
Brass (to retain the word) is in Scripture the symbol of insensibility, baseness, and presumption or obstinacy in sin (Isa_48:4; Jer_6:28; Eze_22:18). Brass is also a symbol of strength (Psa_107:16; Isa_48:4; Mic_4:13). So in Jer_1:18; Jer_15:20, brazen walls signify a strong and lasting adversary or opponent.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Brass
occurs in the Auth. Vers. of the O.T. as the rendering of נְחשֶׁת, necho'sheth (i.e. the shining), and other kindred forms, but doubtless inaccurately, as brass is a factitious metal, and the Hebrews were not acquainted with the compound of copper and zinc known by that name. In most places of the O.T. the correct translation would be copper, although it may sometimes possibly mean bronze (χαλκὸς κεκραμένος), a compound of copper and tin, as in the Chaldee form (נְחָשׁ, nechash') used by Daniel. Indeed, a simple metal was obviously intended, as we see from Deu_8:9, "out of whose hills thou mayst dig brass;" and Job_28:2, " Brass is molten out of the stone ;" and Deu_33:25, "Thy shoes shall be iron and brass," which seems to be a promise that Asher should have a district rich in mines, which we know to have been the case, since Eusebius (viii, 15, 17) speaks of the Christians being condemned to work in them (τοῖςκατὰ Φαινὼ τῆς Παλαιστίνης χαλκοῦ μετάλλοις, Lightfoot, Cent. Chorofr. c. 99). Some such alloy as bronze is probably also the metal denoted in the N.T. by χαλκός, as this was used for coin, the cps of the Romans. The "fine brass" of Rev_1:15; Rev_2:18, however, is χαλκολίβανον, the chashnmal' (הִשְׁמִל) of the Hebrews, a brilliant compound, probably of gold and silver, like the famous " Corinthian brass." SEE AMBER.
Copper was known at a very early period, and the invention of working it is attributed to Tubal-Cain (Gen_4:24; comp. Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. 3:'43; comp. "Prius aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus," Lucr. v. 1292). Its extreme ductility (χαλκός, from χαλάω) made its application almost universal among the ancients (see Smith, Diet. of Class. Ant. s.v. Ms). See COPPER.
The same word is used for money in both Testaments (Eze_16:36; Mat_10:9, etc.). SEE COIN.
Brass (to retain the word) is in Scripture the symbol of insensibility, baseness, and presumption or obstinacy in sin (Isa_48:4; Jer_6:28; Eze_22:18). It is often used in metaphors, e.g. Lev_26:9, " I will make your heaven as iron and your earth as brass," i.e. dead and hard. This expression is reversed in Deu_28:23 (comp. Coleridge's "All in a hot and copper sky,'"' etc., Anc. Mar.). "Is my flesh of brass," i.e. invulnerable, Job_6:12. Brass is also a symbol of strength (Psa_107:16; Isa_48:4; Mic_4:13; Zec_6:1, etc.). So in Jer_1:18; Jer_15:20, brazen walls signify a strong and lasting adversary or opponent. The description of the Macedonian empire as a kingdom of brass (Dan_2:39) will be better understood when we recollect that the arms of ancient times were mostly of bronze; hence the figure forcibly indicates the warlike character of that kingdom. Hence the "brazen thighs" of the mystic image in Nebuchadnezzar's dream were a fit symbol of the "brazen-coated Greeks" (ςΑχαιοι χαλκοχίτωνες, as Homer usually styles them). The mountains of brass, in Zec_6:1, are understood by Vitringa to denote those firm and immutable decrees by which God governs the world, and it is difficult to affix any other meaning to the phrase (comp. Psa_36:6). SEE METAL; SEE BRAZEN.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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