Brimstone
VIEW:46 DATA:01-04-2020
BRIMSTONE, or sulphur, is one of the chemical elements. It is found in volcanic regions both uncombined as a deposit and also as a constituent of the gases (sulphur di-oxide and sulphuretted hydrogen) which are exhaled from the earth or dissolved in the water of hot springs. Such sulphur springs are abundant in the Jordan Valley and on the shores of the Dead Sea. The account of the destruction of the Cities of the Plain (Gen_19:24; Gen_19:28, Luk_17:29) states that the Lord rained upon them brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heaven, and the most generally accepted view is that the disaster was due to an eruption of petroleum, caused by an earthquake. This is more probable on geological grounds than a volcanic eruption. In either case the brimstone would not be solid sulphur, but the choking gases mentiooed above, which would accompany the rain of fire (see Driver, in loc.; Tristram, Land of Israel, 353 f.; Dawson, Egypt and Syria, 129f.). This passage suggests the imagery of a number of others in which fire and brimstone are agencies of destruction (Psa_11:6, Eze_38:22, Rev_9:17-18; Rev_14:10; Rev_19:20; Rev_20:10; Rev_21:8). In the last three of these the peculiar feature of the lake may be a reminiscence of a volcanic crater filled with molten lava and exhaling sulphurous fumes (cf. the great mountain burning with fire, Rev_9:6). In Deu_29:23 there is a warning that if Israel is disobedient, their whole land will be brimstone and salt, like the desolate region round the Dead Sea. In Isa_34:9 a similar threat is uttered against Edom. In Isa_30:33 the breath of the Lord kindling Tophet, is like a stream of brimstone.
James Patrick.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
gaphrith, related to gopher wood, and so expressing any inflammable substance, as sulphur, which burns with a suffocating smell. It is a mineral found in quantities on the shores of the Dead Sea. It was the instrument used in destroying Sodom and Gomorrah, the adjoining cities of the plain (Gen_19:24), for divine miracle does not supersede the use of God's existing natural agents, but moves in connection with them. An image of every visitation of God's vengeance on the ungodly, especially of the final one (Deu_29:23; Job_18:15; Psa_11:6; Isa_34:9; Eze_38:22; Rev_19:20; Rev_20:10; Rev_21:8).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Brimstone. Brimstone, or sulphur, is found in considerable quantities on the shores of the Dead Sea. Gen_19:24. It is a well-known simple mineral substance, crystalline, easily melted, very inflammable, and, when burning, emits a peculiar suffocating odor. It is found in great abundance near volcanoes. The soil around Sodom and Gomorrah abounded in sulphur and bitumen.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
נפרית , Gen_19:24; Deu_29:23; Job_18:15; Psa_11:6; Isa_30:33; Isa_34:9; Eze_38:22. It is rendered θειον by the Septuagint, and is so called in Luk_17:29. Fire and brimstone are represented in many passages of Scripture as the elements by which God punishes the wicked; both in this life, and another. There is in this a manifest allusion to the overthrow of the cities of the plain of the Jordan, by showers of ignited sulphur, to which the physical appearances of the country bear witness to this day. The soil is bituminous, and might be raised by eruptions into the air, and then inflamed and return in horrid showers of overwhelming fire. This awful catastrophe, therefore, stands as a type of the final and eternal punishment of the wicked in another world. In Job_18:15, Bildad, describing the calamities which overtake the wicked person, says, Brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation. This may be a general expression, to designate any great destruction: as that in Psa_11:6, Upon the wicked he shall rain fire and brimstone. Moses, among other calamities which he sets forth in case of the people's disobedience, threatens them with the fall of brimstone, salt, and burning like the overthrow of Sodom, &c, Deu_29:23. The Prophet Isaiah, Isa_34:9, writes that the anger of the Lord shall be shown by the streams of the land being turned into pitch, and the dust thereof into brimstone. See DEAD SEA.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
brim?stōn, brim?stun (גּפרית, gophrı̄th; τὸ θεῖον, tó theı́on): The word translated ?brimstone? probably referred originally to the pitch of trees, like the cypress. By analogy it has been rendered ?brimstone? because of the inflammability of both substances. Sulphur existed in Palestine in early times and was known by most of the ancient nations as a combustible substance. In the vicinity of the Dead Sea, even at the present time, deposits of sulphur are being formed. Blanckenhorn (ZDPV, 1896) believes that this formation is due to the action of bituminous matter upon gypsum, as these two substances are found associated with each other in this district. Travelers going from Jericho to the Dead Sea may pick up lumps of sulphur, which are usually encrusted with crystals of gypsum. Deu_29:23 well describes the present aspect of this region. That the inhabitants of the land had experienced the terrors of burning sulphur is very probable. Once one of these deposits took fire it would melt and run in burning streams down the ravines spreading everywhere suffocating fumes such as come from the ordinary brimstone match. No more realistic figure could be chosen to depict terrible suffering and destruction. It is not at all unlikely that during some of the disastrous earthquakes which took place in this part of the world, the hot lava sent forth ignited not only the sulphur, but also the bitumen, and added to the horrors of the earthquake the destruction caused by burning pitch and brimstone.
The figurative use of the word brimstone to denote punishment and destruction is illustrated by such passages as Deu_29:23; Job_18:15; Psa_11:6; Isa_30:33; Eze_38:22; Luk_17:29; Rev_9:17.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Brimstone
(גָּפְרַית, gophrith'; θεῖον, sulphur). The Hebrew word is connected with גֹּפֶר, go'pher, rendered "gopher-wood" in Gen_6:14, and probably signified in the first instance the gum or resin that exuded from that tree; hence it was transferred to all inflammable substances, and especially to sulphur a well-known simple mineral substance, crystalline and fusible, but without a metallic basis. It is exceedingly inflammable, and when burning emits a peculiar suffocating smell. It is found in great abundance near volcanoes and mineral wells, more particularly near hot wells, and it is spread nearly over the whole earth. In Gen_19:24-25, we are told that the cities of the plain were destroyed by a rain (or storm) of fire and brimstone. There is nothing incredible in this, even if we suppose natural agencies only were employed in it. The soil of that region abounded with sulphur and bitumen; and the kindling of such a mass of combustible materials through volcanic action or by lightning from heaven, would cause a conflagration sufficient not only to engulf the cities, but also to destroy the surface of the plain, so that "the smoke of the country would go up as the smoke of a furnace," and the sea, rushing in, would convert the plain into a tract of waters. SEE SODOM. Small lumps of sulphur are still found in many places on the shores of the Dead Sea. SEE SULPHUR. The word brimstone is often figuratively used in the Scriptures (apparently with more or less reference to the above signal example) to denote punishment and destruction (Job_18:15; Isa_30:33; Isa_34:9; Deu_29:23; Psa_11:6; Eze_38:22). Whether the word is used literally or not in the passages which describe the future and everlasting punishment of the wicked, we may be sure that it expresses all which the human mind can conceive of excruciating torment (Rev_14:10; Rev_19:20; Rev_20:10; Rev_21:8). SEE HELL.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
James Patrick.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
gaphrith, related to gopher wood, and so expressing any inflammable substance, as sulphur, which burns with a suffocating smell. It is a mineral found in quantities on the shores of the Dead Sea. It was the instrument used in destroying Sodom and Gomorrah, the adjoining cities of the plain (Gen_19:24), for divine miracle does not supersede the use of God's existing natural agents, but moves in connection with them. An image of every visitation of God's vengeance on the ungodly, especially of the final one (Deu_29:23; Job_18:15; Psa_11:6; Isa_34:9; Eze_38:22; Rev_19:20; Rev_20:10; Rev_21:8).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Brimstone. Brimstone, or sulphur, is found in considerable quantities on the shores of the Dead Sea. Gen_19:24. It is a well-known simple mineral substance, crystalline, easily melted, very inflammable, and, when burning, emits a peculiar suffocating odor. It is found in great abundance near volcanoes. The soil around Sodom and Gomorrah abounded in sulphur and bitumen.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
נפרית , Gen_19:24; Deu_29:23; Job_18:15; Psa_11:6; Isa_30:33; Isa_34:9; Eze_38:22. It is rendered θειον by the Septuagint, and is so called in Luk_17:29. Fire and brimstone are represented in many passages of Scripture as the elements by which God punishes the wicked; both in this life, and another. There is in this a manifest allusion to the overthrow of the cities of the plain of the Jordan, by showers of ignited sulphur, to which the physical appearances of the country bear witness to this day. The soil is bituminous, and might be raised by eruptions into the air, and then inflamed and return in horrid showers of overwhelming fire. This awful catastrophe, therefore, stands as a type of the final and eternal punishment of the wicked in another world. In Job_18:15, Bildad, describing the calamities which overtake the wicked person, says, Brimstone shall be scattered upon his habitation. This may be a general expression, to designate any great destruction: as that in Psa_11:6, Upon the wicked he shall rain fire and brimstone. Moses, among other calamities which he sets forth in case of the people's disobedience, threatens them with the fall of brimstone, salt, and burning like the overthrow of Sodom, &c, Deu_29:23. The Prophet Isaiah, Isa_34:9, writes that the anger of the Lord shall be shown by the streams of the land being turned into pitch, and the dust thereof into brimstone. See DEAD SEA.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
brim?stōn, brim?stun (גּפרית, gophrı̄th; τὸ θεῖον, tó theı́on): The word translated ?brimstone? probably referred originally to the pitch of trees, like the cypress. By analogy it has been rendered ?brimstone? because of the inflammability of both substances. Sulphur existed in Palestine in early times and was known by most of the ancient nations as a combustible substance. In the vicinity of the Dead Sea, even at the present time, deposits of sulphur are being formed. Blanckenhorn (ZDPV, 1896) believes that this formation is due to the action of bituminous matter upon gypsum, as these two substances are found associated with each other in this district. Travelers going from Jericho to the Dead Sea may pick up lumps of sulphur, which are usually encrusted with crystals of gypsum. Deu_29:23 well describes the present aspect of this region. That the inhabitants of the land had experienced the terrors of burning sulphur is very probable. Once one of these deposits took fire it would melt and run in burning streams down the ravines spreading everywhere suffocating fumes such as come from the ordinary brimstone match. No more realistic figure could be chosen to depict terrible suffering and destruction. It is not at all unlikely that during some of the disastrous earthquakes which took place in this part of the world, the hot lava sent forth ignited not only the sulphur, but also the bitumen, and added to the horrors of the earthquake the destruction caused by burning pitch and brimstone.
The figurative use of the word brimstone to denote punishment and destruction is illustrated by such passages as Deu_29:23; Job_18:15; Psa_11:6; Isa_30:33; Eze_38:22; Luk_17:29; Rev_9:17.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Brimstone
(גָּפְרַית, gophrith'; θεῖον, sulphur). The Hebrew word is connected with גֹּפֶר, go'pher, rendered "gopher-wood" in Gen_6:14, and probably signified in the first instance the gum or resin that exuded from that tree; hence it was transferred to all inflammable substances, and especially to sulphur a well-known simple mineral substance, crystalline and fusible, but without a metallic basis. It is exceedingly inflammable, and when burning emits a peculiar suffocating smell. It is found in great abundance near volcanoes and mineral wells, more particularly near hot wells, and it is spread nearly over the whole earth. In Gen_19:24-25, we are told that the cities of the plain were destroyed by a rain (or storm) of fire and brimstone. There is nothing incredible in this, even if we suppose natural agencies only were employed in it. The soil of that region abounded with sulphur and bitumen; and the kindling of such a mass of combustible materials through volcanic action or by lightning from heaven, would cause a conflagration sufficient not only to engulf the cities, but also to destroy the surface of the plain, so that "the smoke of the country would go up as the smoke of a furnace," and the sea, rushing in, would convert the plain into a tract of waters. SEE SODOM. Small lumps of sulphur are still found in many places on the shores of the Dead Sea. SEE SULPHUR. The word brimstone is often figuratively used in the Scriptures (apparently with more or less reference to the above signal example) to denote punishment and destruction (Job_18:15; Isa_30:33; Isa_34:9; Deu_29:23; Psa_11:6; Eze_38:22). Whether the word is used literally or not in the passages which describe the future and everlasting punishment of the wicked, we may be sure that it expresses all which the human mind can conceive of excruciating torment (Rev_14:10; Rev_19:20; Rev_20:10; Rev_21:8). SEE HELL.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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