Captain

VIEW:53 DATA:01-04-2020
CAPTAIN.—This word occurs very frequently in the OT (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] and RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), and appears to have been favoured by the translators as a comprehensive term to denote a ruler, or a military commander of any unit, whatever its size might be. In modern military language it means especially the commander of a company of infantry, numbering about 100 to 110 men, and is quite unsuitable as a translation. It represents in OT 13 different Hebrew words. In Ezekiel it is often used for the secular head of the Messianic kingdom: ‘prince’ will there and often elsewhere do as a rendering; ‘officer’ and ‘chief’ will suit other passages. There are further places where none of these words will do as a translation. In the NT it translates four Greek words, and means: (1) Joh_18:12, Act_22:28 a Roman military officer, a tribune of the soldiers, in command of about 1000 men, constituting the garrison of Jerusalem (hence Rev_6:15; Rev_19:18 in a general sense); (2) Luk_22:4; Luk_22:52, Act_4:1 etc., the captain of the Temple, a Levite, who had under him a body of police, probably themselves also priests, whose duty it was to keep order in the Temple at Jerusalem and guard it by night; (3) Heb_2:10 (RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘author’) leader, initiator; (4) Act_28:16 AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘captain of the guard’ (wanting in RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), a doubtful reading and of doubtful sense. See also Army, § 2.
A. Souter.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


CAPTAIN OF THE TEMPLE (Luk_22:4; Act_4:1; Act_5:24): not military, but over the guard of the temple, consisting of priests and Levites (2Ki_12:9), "the priests that kept the door" (2Ki_25:18); they visited the posts by night, and saw that the sentries were on the alert. In Heb_2:10, (Greek "Prince leader of their salvation,") the antitypical Joshua who leads us into the heavenly Canaan. The same Greek in Heb_12:2, "the Author," rather "Prince leader of our faith." Act_3:15, "Prince of life."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Captain.
1. As a purely military title, "captain" answers to sar in the Hebrew army and tribune in the Roman army. The captain of the guard in Act_28:16 was probably the prefectus pratorio.
2. Katsin, occasionally rendered captain, applies sometimes to a military, Jos_10:24; Jdg_11:6,11; Isa_22:3; Dan_11:18, sometimes to a civil command, for example, Isa_1:10; Isa_3:6.
3. The captain of the Temple, mentioned in Luk_22:4; Act_4:1; Act_5:24, superintended the guard of priests and Levites, who kept watch by night in the Temple.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


kap?tin: In the King James Version there are no fewer than 13 Hebrew words, and 4 different Greek words, which are rendered by this one English word. In the Revised Version (British and American) some of these are rendered by other English words, and so we find for ?captain?: ?marshal? (Jer 27; Nah_3:17), ?prince? (1Sa_9:16), ?governor? (Jer_51:23, Jer_51:18), while in the case of one of these Hebrew words a different construction is found altogether (Jer_13:21).
1. In the Old Testament
Of Hebrew words in the Old Testament rendered by ?captain? (1) The most frequent is שׂר, sar, which denotes ?a military commander,? whether of thousands or hundreds or fifties (Num_31:48; 1Sa_8:12 and many other places). Sar is the chief officer of any department, civil and religious, as well as military - captain of the guard the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), chief of the executioners the Revised Version, margin (Gen_37:36); chief butler (Gen_40:9); chief baker (Gen_40:16); chief of a district (Neh_3:15); chiefs of tribes (Naphtali; Zebulun, Psa_68:27); chiefs over gangs of slaves (Exo_1:11); chiefs of the priests and the Levites (Ezr_8:29). (2) רב, rabh, later Hebrew for chief of the executioners or captain of the guard, a title always given to Nebuzar-adan (2Ki_25:8; Jer_39:9) and to Arioch (Dan_2:14). Compare also Rab-mag, chief of the magicians (Jer_39:13), and Ashpenaz, chief of the eunuchs (Dan_1:3). (3) ראשׁ, rō'sh, ?head? over a host (Israel in the wilderness, Num_14:4), over tribes (Deu_29:10, where the Revised Version (British and American) renders ?heads?), over thousands (1Ch_12:20). Abijah, king of Judah, before joining battle against Jeroboam, claimed ?God himself is with us for our captain? the King James Version, ?with us at our head? the Revised Version (British and American) (2Ch_13:12). (4) שׁלישׁ, shālı̄sh, originally the third man in the chariot, who, when the chief occupant was the king, or commander-in-chief, was of the rank of captain (2Ki_7:2; 2Ki_9:25), the term ?third man? being generalized to mean ?a captain? in 2Ki_10:25; 2Ch_8:9, where ?chief of his captains? combines (1) and (4). (5) נגיד, nāghı̄dh, leader by Divine appointment: of Saul (1Sa_9:16, ?captain,? the King James Version, ?prince? the Revised Version (British and American) 1Sa_10:1); of David (2Sa_5:2); of Hezekiah (2Ki_20:5); with a charge in connection with the temple (2Ch_31:13). It is the word used of Messiah ?the prince? (Dan_9:25), who is also Prince of the Covenant (Dan_11:22). (6) נשׂיא, nāsı̄', rendered ?captain? in the King James Version Num_2:3, Num_2:5, Num_2:7 only, there in the Revised Version (British and American) and in other places, both the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), rendered ?prince.? In 1Ch_7:40 ?chief of the princes? combines (3) and (6). (7) פחה, peḥāh, is found almost entirely in a foreign title denoting ?governor,? and belongs to the later history of Israel (Neh_2:7, Neh_2:9; Ezr_8:36; Hag_1:1), rendered ?captain? in exclusively foreign associations (1Ki_20:24; 2Ki_18:24; Dan_3:27 f). (8) קצין, ḳācı̄n (from root of ḳadi, Arabic for ?judge?), denotes ?dictator,? almost ?usurper,? and is found in ?rulers of Sodom? the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), ?judges of Sodom? the Revised Version, margin (Isa_1:10), used of Jephthah in sense of ?captain? the King James Version, ?chief? the Revised Version (British and American) (Jdg_11:6), found combined with (3), ?head and captain? (King James Version, ?head and chief? the Revised Version (British and American) Jdg_11:11). In Jos_10:24 it denotes commanders of troops, the King James Version ?captains of the men of war,? the Revised Version (British and American) ?chiefs of the men of war.? (9) כּר, kar, in Eze_21:22 ?to set captains? the King James Version, is translated ?to set battering rams? the Revised Version (British and American). (10) בּעל, ba‛al, only once in ?captain of the ward? (Jer_37:13). (11) טפסר, ṭiphṣar, a dignitary belonging to an oriental court, in the King James Version rendered ?captain,? in the Revised Version (British and American) ?marshal? (Nah_3:17; Jer_51:27). (12) שׁלּיט, shallı̄ṭ, in Dan_2:15 of Arioch, the king's captain; in Ecc_8:8 ?having power over,? and in Ecc_7:19 used of ?mighty men? (the Revised Version (British and American) ?rulers?).
2. In the New Testament
Of Greek words rendered by ?captain? in New Testament there are the following: (1) ἀρχηγός, archēgós, rendered ?captain? in Heb_2:10 the King James Version but relegated to the margin in the Revised Version (British and American), where ?author? (of their salvation) is preferred, this being the rendering of Heb_12:2 the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American), ?author? (and finisher of our faith), ?captain? being still retained in the Revised Version, margin. Compare Act_3:15 and Act_5:31, where the same Greek word is rendered ?Prince,? the Revised Version, margin of the former passage giving ?Author.? In the Risen and Ascended Christ the various conceptions Thus expressed are found to blend. (2) χιλίαρχος, chilı́archos, the Latin tribunus militum of which there were six to a legion, commanding the six cohorts of which it was composed. In its lit. acceptation it would be ?commander of a thousand,? and it is so used in Act_22:28 where it designates the commander of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, consisting of a cohort, and is rendered ?chief captain? (Joh_18:12; Act_21:31; Act_22:24; Act_24:22). It is used more vaguely in the sense of ?military officer? in Mar_6:21; Rev_6:15; Rev_19:18. (3) στρατηγός, stratēgós, used only by Luke in the New Testament, and almost exclusively of (a) officials in charge of the Temple (Luk_22:4, Luk_22:52; Act_4:1; Act_5:24, Act_5:26). The captain of the Temple had the superintendence of the Levites and priests who were on guard in and around the Temple, and under him were stratēgoi, who were also captains of the Temple police, although they took their instruction from him as their head. He was not only a priest, but second in dignity only to the high priest himself; (b) The exception to Luke's general usage is where the word is used of the chief authorities in civil affairs at Philippi; where ?the magistrates,? as the word is rendered (Act_16:20 f), called themselves ?praetors? (stratēgoi). In the case of Paul and Silas they placed themselves in peril of removal from their office by ordering them to be beaten, being Romans and uncondemned. (4) στρατοπεδάρχης, stratopedárchēs, the captain of the guard to whom Julius of the Augustan band (according to the Textus Receptus of the New Testament, Act_28:16) delivered Paul and his fellow-prisoners. The word has disappeared from the Revised Version (British and American), but the passage in which it occurs has attestation which satisfies Blass, Sir William Ramsay, and other scholars. It was supposed that this was the captain of the Praetorian guard, but Mommsen and Ramsay believe him to be the princeps peregrinorum castrorum. See AUGUSTAN BAND; ARMY, ROMAN.
.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


2Ch_13:12 (a) One of the many positions taken by our Lord for the blessing of His people. We are soldiers of JESUS CHRIST as we find in Heb_2:10. See 2Ti_2:3.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Captain
is the rendering, in the Auth. Vers., of numerous Hebrews and several Greek words, of which the following only require special elucidation. For the כָּרַי, kari´, rendered "captains," 2Ki_11:4; 2Ki_11:19, SEE CHERETHITES.
(1.) As a purely military title, captain answers to שִׂר, sar, in the Hebrew army, and χιλίαρχος (tribunus) in the Roman. SEE ARMY. The "captain of the guard" (στρατοπεδάρχης) spoken of in Act_28:16 was the Praetorian praefect. SEE CHRONOLOGY, p. 312, b.
(2.) קָצַין, ikatsin', which is occasionally rendered captain, applies sometimes to a military (Jos_10:24; Jdg_11:6; Jdg_11:11; Isa_22:3; Dan_11:18), sometimes to a civil command (e.g. Isa_1:10; Isa_3:6): its radical sense is division, and hence decision without reference to the means employed: the term illustrates the double office of the שֹׁפֵט, shophet', or dictator ("judge"). SEE JUDGE.
(3.) שָׁלַישׁ, shalish' (Exo_14:7; Exo_15:4; 2Sa_23:8; 1Ki_9:22; 2Ki_9:25; 2Ki_10:25; 2Ki_15:25; 1Ch_11:11; 1Ch_12:18; 2Ch_8:9; "lord," 2Ki_7:2; 2Ki_7:17; 2Ki_7:19; Eze_23:23; "prince," Eze_23:15), prop. a third man, i.e. one of three, Gr. τριστάτης, a higher order of soldiers, who fought from chariots, chariot-warriors (Exo_14:7; Exo_15:4; 1Ki_9:22; ἀναβάται, παραβάται, Homr. Iliad, 23:32; Eurip. Supplic. 679); employed also for the body-guard of kings (1Ki_9:22; 2Ki_10:25; 1Ch_11:11; 1Ch_12:18). The Sept. has rptararatm, i.e. according to Origen and Gregory of Nyssa (in the Catenae), "soldiers fighting from chariots," and so called because each chariot contained three soldiers, one of whom managed the horses, while the other two fought (comp. Ewald, Gesch. Isr. 2:81). For although on the Egyptian monuments usually but one, or at most two appear in the war-chariots, yet occasionally, as certainly in the Assyrian bas-reliefs, in addition to the driver and the warrior, an armor-bearer or umbrella-bearer is depicted as standing in the chariot, who might properly be termed ternarius, or a third man. SEE CHARIOT. It is true the Hebrew army did not originally consist of cavalry, although chariots were in use among the Canaanites, and the first occurrences of the term שָׁלַישׁare in connection with the Egyptians; but at alater date a chariot-squadron was organized (1Ki_10:26; comp. 9:9; 5:6; 2Sa_8:4). Consequently, it is not strange that among the battalions of David and Solomon (2Sa_23:8) there should be named as a prominent hero the leader of these shalishim (ראשׁ הִשָּׁלַשַׁי, or, rather, הִשָּׁלַשַׁים; comp. Gesenius, Lehrgeb. p. 525; Bötticher, Spec. p. 38 sq.; Ewald, Gramm. Hebrews 5 th ed. § 152, c. 177 a). Solomon's chariot-men (שָׁלַשָׁיו) are mentioned (1Ki_9:22; 2Ch_8:9) as next to the priefects of his chariot-force (שָׂרֵי רַכְבּוֹ). After the times of Solomon there certainly were chariot- combatants (essedarii) as royal officers in the northern kingdom, and in the reign of Jehu runners and charioteers (וְהִשָּׁלַשַׁים הָרָצַים) formed, as it were, the king's Praetorian cohort (2Ki_10:25); and the chief of these Praetorians (called by eminence הִשָּׁלַישׁor שָׁלַשׁ הִמֶּלֶךְ) was among the most noble of the regal attendants (q. d. adjutant-general). Accordingly, Joram had an officer of this title, "on whose hand the king leaned" (2Ki_7:2; 2Ki_7:17; 2Ki_7:19); Jehu's charioteer was Bidkar (2Ki_9:26); and Pekah held this eminent office under Pekahiah (2Ki_15:25). Others, however (after Drusius), hold that the שָׁלַישׁwas merely the third officer in rank after the king, or commanded a third part of the army (comp. the Roman tertiarii). So the Greek glossarists (ap. Drusius ad Ezech. and in Fragm. Vet. interpr. Gr. p. 145; Schleusner, Nov. Thesaur. s.v. τριστάτης; Dufresne, Glossar. s.v.; see Rosenmüller, Scholia ad Exo_14:7). SEE CHIEF OF THREE.
(4.) The " captain of the Temple" (στρατηγὸς τοῦ ἱεροῦ), mentioned by Luke (Act_4:1; Act_5:24) in connection, with the priests, was not a military officer, but superintended the guard of priests and Levites who kept watch by night in the Temple. The "captains" mentioned Luk_22:4, were probably his subalterns. The office appears to have existed from an early date the "priests that kept the door". (2Ki_12:9; 2Ki_25:18) are described by Josephus (Ant. 10:8, 5) as "the officers guarding the Temple" (τοὺς φυλάσσοντας τὸ ἱερὸν ἡγεμόνας): a notice occurs in 2Ma_3:4, of a praefect of the Temple (προστάτης τοῦ ἱεροῦ); this officer is styled στρατηγός or captain by Josephus (Ant. 20:6, 2; War, 6:5, 3); and in the Mishna (Middoth, 1, § 2) thאיש הר ה, "the captain of the mountain of the Temple;" his duty, as described in the place last quoted, was to visit the posts during the night, and see that the sentries were doing their duty (comp. 1Ch_9:11; 2Ch_31:13; 2Ch_35:8-9; Jer_20:1). SEE TEMPLE.
The rank or power of an Israelitish captain was designated by the number of men under his command, as captain of fifty, or captain of a thousand, SEE CENTURION; and the commander or chief of the whole army was called the captain of the host (q.v.). The divisions of the army were regulated in some measure by the division of families, as the heads of families were usually officers. Captains of hundreds, or larger companies, were probably what would be called in modern phrase staff-officers, and formed the councils of war. SEE WAR. Sometimes distinguished men who were not Hebrews were promoted to high stations in the army (Deu_1:15; 1Ch_13:1; 2Ch_25:5; 2Sa_23:39). SEE OFFICER.
God is called Captain ("Prince") of the Host (הִצָּבָאשִׁר, Dan_8:11), not as equivalent to "Lord of Hosts," but because he is the head and protector of his people. So in the N.T. our Lord is called Captain of his people's salvation (ἀρχηγὸς τῆς σωτηρίας αὐτῶν, Heb_2:10), because he is the beginner, source, and author of their salvation, the head of his Church, which he conducts, with and in himself, to blessedness (comp. Jos_5:14). SEE JEHOVAH.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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