Corn

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CORN.—This term may be taken to include—(1) Barley, (2) Wheat, (3) Fitches, (4) Lentils, (5) Beans, (6) Millet, (7) Rye, wrong translation for ‘Vetches,’ (8) Pulse—for most of which see separate articles. Rye and oats are not cultivated in Palestine.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


Wheat, barley, spelt (as the Hebrew for "rye," Exo_9:32, ought to be translated, for it was the common food of the Egyptians, called doora, as the monuments testify; also in Eze_4:9 for "fitches" translated "spelt".) "Principal wheat," i.e. prime, excellent (Isa_28:25). "Seven ears on one stalk" (Gen_41:22) is common still in Egypt. The sheaves in harvest used to be decorated with the lilies of the field, which illustrates Son_7:2. "Plenty of grain" was part of Jacob's blessing (Gen_27:28).
From Solomon's time the Holy Land exported grain to Tyre (Eze_27:17). See Amo_8:5. It is possible Indian grain or maize was known and used in Palestine as it was at Thebes in Egypt, where grains and leaves of it have been found under mummies. The wheat root will send up many stalks, but never more than one ear upon one stalk. But seven full ears upon one maize grain stalk have often been found. Maize grain in the milky state roasted is delicious: this, if meant in Lev_2:14, would give zest to the offering.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Corn. The most common kinds were wheat, barley, spelt, Authorized Version, Exo_9:32 and Isa_28:25, "rye;" Eze_4:9, "fitches" and millet; oats are mentioned only by rabbinical writers. Our Indian corn was unknown in Bible times. Corn-crops are still reckoned at twentyfold what was sown, and were, anciently, much more. Gen_41:22.
The Jewish law permitted any one in passing through a field of standing corn to pluck and eat. Deu_23:25. See also Mat_12:1. From Solomon's time, 2Ch_2:10; 2Ch_2:15, as agriculture became developed, under a settled government, Palestine was a corn-exporting country, and her grain was largely taken by her commercial neighbor, Tyre. Eze_27:17. Compare Amo_8:5.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


kôrn (דּגן, dāghān; σίτος, sı́tos): A word used for cereals generally (Gen_27:28, Gen_27:37, etc., the King James Version) much as our English word ?corn.? the American Standard Revised Version almost invariably substitutes ?grain? for ?corn.? The latter may be taken to include (1) barley, (2) wheat, (3) fitches (vetches), (4) lentils, (5) beans, (6) millet, (7) rye - the wrong translation for vetches, (8) pulse - for all these see separate articles. Rye and oats are not cultivated in Palestine For many references to corn see AGRICULTURE; FOOD. ?A corn κόκκος, kókkos, the Revised Version (British and American) ?grain? of wheat? is mentioned (Joh_12:24).

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


The word dagan, which is rendered 'grain,' 'corn,' and sometimes 'wheat' in the Authorized Version, is the most general of the Hebrew terms representing 'corn,' and is more comprehensive than any word in our language, seeing that it probably includes not only all the proper corn-grains, but also various kinds of pulse and seeds of plants, which we never comprehend under the name of 'corn' or even of 'grain.' It may, therefore, be taken to represent all the commodities which we describe by the different words corn, grain, seeds, peas, beans. Among other places in which this word occurs, see Gen_27:28-37; Num_18:27; Deu_28:51; Lam_2:12, etc.
The different products coming under the denomination of corn, are noticed under the usual heads, as Barley Wheat etc.; their culture, under Agriculture; their preparation, under Bread Food Mill etc.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Job_24:24 (b) This is a picture of the fruitless and useless life of the wicked whose plans are frustrated by GOD.

Psa_4:7 (b) This type indicates the temporal prosperity of the people of this earth. They are happy when their crops increase. David was more happy than they with just the presence of GOD in his life.

Psa_65:13 (c) This may be taken to indicate GOD's great blessing upon His people and His loving care for them.

Psa_72:16 (b) Probably this represents the great blessing that shall come upon Israel and which will radiate out to the nations of the earth when GOD restores His people to be the head of the nations. CHRIST is the principal grain. It may be that this blessing refers also to the Word of GOD.

Pro_11:26 (c) This is a type of the blessed ministry of the Word of GOD, its promises, its assurances, and its Gospel messages, all of which are for the rich blessing of men. Those who fail to distribute the precious things from the Scripture are compared to persons who withhold corn when the people are hungry.

Isa_36:17 (b) This type is used by the King of Assyria to assure Israel that they would be contented in his land of Babylon even though they were strangers.

Hos_2:22 (b) The figure here describes the blessing that will come to Palestine when Israel is fully restored as a nation.

Hos_14:7 (a) As the grain comes up freshly in the spring, so Israel will, again grow as a thriving nation.

Amo_9:9 (a) This is a prophecy concerning the scattering of Israel among the nations. He will not overlook a single grain.

Joh_12:24 (a) This is plainly a type of the Lord JESUS who had life in Himself and who, when buried, could not be kept down but rose the third day. It is a type also of the believer who has GOD's eternal life in him. The Holy Spirit is the gardener who takes the grain of earth, the Christian, plants him in His harvest field where He wants him to be, and places him where he will produce the best crop. (See Mat_13:38).
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Corn
There are several words thus translated in the English version of the Scriptures, in which it is used in the proper sense of grain of any kind, and never in the American application of maize or “Indian corn” (Zea mays of Linn.), which it is generally thought was anciently unknown. In 1817, Parmentier (Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Hist. Naturelle, vol. 18), founding on the silence of Varro, Columella, Pliny, and the other agricultural and botanical writers of classical antiquity, concluded that maize was unknown till the discovery of America; and in 1834 Meyer asserted that “nothing in botanical geography is more certain than the New-World derivation of maize” (quoted by Duchartre in Orbigny's Dict. d'Hist. Natur.). But since then, in the magnificent monograph (Hist. Naturelle du Mais, 1836), M'. Bonafous, the director of the Royal Garden of Agriculture at Turin, has shown that it is figured in a Chinese botanical work as old as the middle of the sixteenth century — a time when the discoveries of Columbus could scarcely have penetrated to the Celestial Empire; and; what is more conclusive, in 1819 M. Rifaud discovered under the head of a mummy at Thebes not only grains, but leaves of Indian corn. Nor is it at all impossible that the ζειά of Homer and Theophrastus may include the plant in question. The wide diffusion of this corn through the Indian archipelago, and on the Indian continent itself, is in favor of the hypothesis which claims it as a native of the Old World; and if it was known to the Egyptians, nothing could be more natural than its early introduction into Palestine. SEE CEREALS.
1. The word דָּגָן, dagan' (from its increase), which is rendered grain,” “corn,” and sometimes “wheat” in the Auth. Vers., is the most general of the Hebrew terms representing “corn,” and is more comprehensive than any word in our language, seeing that it probably includes not only all the proper cereals, but also various kinds of pulse and seeds of plants, which we never comprehend under the name of “corn,” or even of “grain.” It may therefore be taken to represent all the commodities which we describe by the different words corn, grain, seeds, pease, beans. Among other places in which this word occurs, see Gen_27:28-37; Num_18:27; Deu_28:51; Lam_2:12,. etc. SEE GRAIN.
2. There is another word, בִּרbar (i e. winnowed), which denotes any kind of cleansed corn, that is, corn purified from the chaff and fit for use (Gen_41:35-49; Pro_11:26; Jer_4:11; Joe_2:24). The same word is more rarely used to describe corn in a growing state (Psa_65:13). It elsewhere signifies the open “fields” or country. SEE LAND.
3. The word שֶׁבֶר, she'ber (broken, i.e. grist), which is sometimes rendered corn, denotes in a general sense “provisions” or “victuals,” and by consequence “corn,” as the principal article in all provisions (Gen_42:1-2; Gen_42:20; Exo_8:5; Neh_10:32, etc.). SEE VICTUALS.
4. The Greek σῖτος corresponds to the first two of the above Hebrew words, for which it often stands in the Sept. (Mat_3:12; Luk_3:17; Joh_12:24; Act_7:12, etc.). SEE EAR (of corn).
The other words occasionally translated “corn” in the Bible are בְּלַיל, belil' (Job_24:6), “provender” (Isa_30:24) or “fodder” (Job_6:5); גֹּרֶן, go'ren (Deu_16:13), elsewhere “threshing-floor;” קָמָה, kamah' (Deu_16:9; Isa_17:5), “standing corn,” as often elsewhere; κόκκος (Joh_12:24), a “grain” of any kind, as elsewhere; and σπόριμα (Mat_12:1), a “corn-field,” as elsewhere; besides kindred or different tarins rendered “beaten corn,” “standing corn,” “cars of corn,” “heap of corn,” “corn ground,” etc. A single ear is שַׁבֹּלֶת, shibboleth; “pounded wheat,'“ רַיפוֹת, riphoth' (2Sa_17:19; Pro_27:22). The most coninmon kinds of corn were wheat, חַטָּה, chittah'; barley, שְׂעֹרָה, seorah'; spelt, (A. V., Exo_9:32, and Isa_28:25, ‘“rye;” Eze_4:9, ‘fitches”), כֻּסֶּמֶת, kusse'meth (or in plur. form כֻּסְּמַים, kussemimn'); and millet, דֹּהִן, do'chazs: oats are mentioned only by rabbinical writers. The doubtful word שׂוֹרָה, sorah', rendered “principal,” as an epithet of wheat, in the A. V. of Isa_28:25, is probably not distinctive of any species of grain (see Gesenius, s.v.). The different products coming under the denomination of corn are noticed under the usual heads, as BARLEY, WHEAT, etc.; their culture under AGRICULTURE; their preparation under SEE BREAD, SEE FOOD, SEE MILL, etc.
“Corn crops are still reckoned at twenty-fold what was sown, and were anciently much more. ‘Seven ears on one stalk' (Gen_41:22) is no unusual phenomenon in Egypt at this day. The many-eared stalk is also common in the wheat of Palestine, and it is of course of the bearded kind. The ‘heap of wheat set about with lilies' (which probably grew in the field together with it) may allude to a custom of so decorating the sheaves (Son_7:2). Wheat (see 2Sa_4:6) was stored in the house for domestic purposes-the ‘midst of the house' meaning the part more retired than the common chamber where the guests were accommodated. It is at present often kept in a dry well, and perhaps the ‘ground corn' of 2Sa_17:19, was meant to imply that the well was so used. From Solomon's time (2Ch_2:10; 2Ch_2:15), i.e. as agriculture became developed under a settled government, Palestine was a corn-exporting country, and her grains were largely taken by her commercial neighbor Tyre (Eze_27:17; comp. Amo_8:5). ‘Plenty of corn' was part of Jacob's blessing (Gen_27:28; comp. Psa_65:13). The ‘store-houses' mentioned 2Ch_32:28, as built by Hezekiah, were perhaps in consequence of the havoc made by the Assyrian armies (comp. 2Ki_19:29); without such protection, the country, in its exhausted state, would have been at the mercy of the desert marauders. Grain crops were liable to יֵרָקוֹן, yerakon', ‘mildew' and שַׁדָּפוֹן, shiddaphon', ‘blasting' (see 1Ki_8:37), as well as, of course, to fire by accident or malice (Exo_22:6; Jdg_15:5). Some good general remarks will be found in Saalschutz, Archaol. d. Hebr.” SEE HUSBANDRY.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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