Crystal

VIEW:45 DATA:01-04-2020
CRYSTAL.—See Jewels and Precious Stones.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


zekukith, from zaakak, "to be pure." Job_28:17; "the gold and the crystal cannot equal wisdom." Glass is meant, some costly goblet composed of glass and gold, such as Wilkinson says the Egyptians made (Ancient Egyptians 2:61). Kerach, literally, ice, the ancients believing rock crystal to be ice intensely congealed. In Eze_1:22, "the likeness of the firmament was as the terrible (rather Splendid, dazzling) crystal" (Rev_4:6; Rev_21:11).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Crystal. The representative, in the Authorized Version, of two Hebrew words.
1. Zecucith occurs only in Job_28:17, where "glass" is probably intended.
Kerach occurs in numerous passages, in the Old Testament, to denote "ice," "frost," etc.; but once only, Eze_1:22, as is generally understood, to signify "crystal". The ancients supposed rock-crystal to be merely ice congealed by intense cold. The similarity of appearance between ice and crystal caused no doubt the identity of the terms to express these substances. The Greek word krustallizo occurs in Rev_4:6; Rev_21:11. It may mean either "ice" or "crystal."
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


קרח . This word is translated “crystal” in Eze_1:22; and “frost,” Gen_31:40; Job_37:10; Jer_36:30; and “ice,” Job_6:16; Job_38:29; Psa_147:17; κρυσταλλος, Rev_4:6; Rev_22:1. Crystal is supposed to have its name from its resemblance to ice.
The Greek word, κρυσταλλος, is formed from κρυος, ice, and σταλασσομαι, to concrete. The word, זכוכית , is translated crystal, in Job_28:17. Dr. Good observes, “We are not certain of the exact signification, farther than that it denotes some perfectly transparent and hyaline gem.”
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


kris?tal: In English Versions of the Bible the word is probably intended to signify rock-crystal, crystallized quartz. This the Greeks called κρύσταλλος, krústallos, ?ice,? believing it to have been formed from water by intense cold. Thus in Rev_4:6; Rev_21:11; Rev_22:1, either ?crystal? (EV) or ?ice? (Greek, krustallos) suits the context. The word rendered ?crystal? in Eze_1:22 (קרח, ḳeraḥ) is ambiguous in precisely the same way (the Revised Version, margin ?ice?). In Job_28:17 the context favors the King James Version ?crystal,? rather than the Revised Version (British and American) ?glass? (זכוּכית, zekhūkhı̄th). Finally, in Job_28:18 the Revised Version (British and American) reads ?crystal? for the King James Version ?pearls? (Hebrew gābhı̄sh; the weight of evidence favors the Revised Version (British and American) in spite of the parallelism suggested by the King James Version). See also STONES, PRECIOUS.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


There seems to be no doubt that crystal is intended by the Greek word in Rev_21:11, as indeed the phrase of comparison 'clear as crystal' would seem naturally to suggest. In Eze_1:22 the Hebrew word kerach, which literally denotes ice, is employed with a similar signification. This is the more apparent when we recollect that crystal was anciently held to be only pure water, congealed by great length of time into ice harder than the common, and hence the Greek word for it, in its more proper signification, also signifies ice. From this it necessarily followed that crystal could only be produced in the regions of perpetual ice; and this was accordingly the ancient belief; but we now know that it is found in the warmest regions. Theophrastus (54) reckons crystal among the pellucid stones used for engraved seals. In common parlance we apply the term crystal (as the ancients apparently did) to a glass-like transparent stone, commonly of a hexagonal form, which, from being found in rocks, is called by mineralogists rock-crystal. It is a stone of the flint family, the most refined kind of quartz.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Crystal
There are several words which appear to have this meaning in the Bible. SEE ICE; SEE PEARL.
1. קֶרִח, ke'rach (properly ice, as it is rendered Job_6:16; Job_38:29; “frost,” Gen_31:40; Job_37:10; Jer_36:30; Sept. κρύσταλλος), occurs in Eze_1:22, where the epithet “terrible” seems to be added by way of distinction from the ordinary signification of the word.
2. גָּבַישׁ, gabish' (properly ice; Sept. γαβίς), occurs only in Job_28:18, where it is rendered “pearls” in our version.
3. זְכוּכַית, zekukith' (lit. what is pure or transparent; Sept. ὕαλος), occurs only in Job_18:17, where some regard it as denoting glass.
4. Κρύσταλλος (prop. ice) occurs in Rev_4:6; Rev_21:11; Rev_22:1, evidently in the sense of crystal, and in such connections as to identify it in a good degree with the preceding terms.
“ Crystal was anciently held to be only pure water, congealed by great length of time into ice harder than the common (Diod. Sic. 2:52; Pliny Hist. Nat. 37:2), and hence the Greek word for it, in its more proper signification, also signifies ice. From this it necessarily followed that crystal could only be produced in the regions of perpetual ice, and this was accordingly the ancient belief; but we now know that it is founding the warmest regions. Theophrastus (54) reckons crystal among the pellucid stones used for engraved seals. In common parlance we apply the term crystal (as the ancients apparently did) to a glass-like transparent stone, commonly of a hexagonal form, which, from being found in rocks, is called by mineralogists rock-crystal. It is a stone of the flint family, the most refined kind of quartz.” SEE GLASS.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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