Advocate
VIEW:53 DATA:01-04-2020
ADVOCATE (Gr. paraklçtos).The word occurs only in the writings of St. John: four times in his Gospel (Joh_14:16; Joh_14:26; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7) of the Holy Spirit, and once in his 1st Epistle (1Jn_2:1) of Jesus. It is unfortunate that our English Versions have rendered it in the former Comforter (RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] or Advocate, or Helper, Gr. Paraclete) and in the latter Advocate (RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] or Comforter, or Helper, Gr. Paraclete).
Comforter, though a true and beautiful designation of the Holy Spirit, is an impossible rendering. It is true that parakalein means either comfort (Mat_5:4, 2Co_1:4; 2Co_7:6) or call to ones side (Act_28:20), but paraklçtos must be associated with the latter signification. It is a passive form, and denotes not one who comforts (parakalei) but one who is called in to aid (parakaleitai). It was a forensic term, signifying the counsel for the defence and corresponding exactly to our advocate (Lat. advocatus). Singularly enough, the Greek-speaking Fathers mostly took the word in the impossible sense of Comforter, influenced perhaps by the false analogy of Menahem (Consolator), a Jewish name for the Messiah. Cf. Cyril of Jerusalem, Cat. xvi. 20: He is called Parakletos because He comforts (parakalei) and consoles and helps our infirmity. Were it understood in its literal sense of Strengthener (Confortator), Comforter would be a fair rendering; but as a matter of fact it originated in an error; nor does it suggest the true idea to the English reader. It should be observed that comfortless in Joh_14:18 lends it no support. RV [Note: Revised Version.] gives desolate; literally, as in the margin of both Versions, orphans.
The substitution of Advocate for Comforter reveals a wealth of meaning in our Lords address to the Eleven on that night in which He was betrayed. During His earthly ministry He had been Gods Advocate with men, pleading Gods cause with them and seeking to win them for Him. He was going away, but God would not be left without an Advocate on the earth. I will pray the Father, and another Advocate he will give you, that he may be with yon for everthe Spirit of Truth. Not received, because unrecognized, by the unspiritual world, the Advocate would be recognized and welcomed by believers (Joh_14:16-17; Joh_14:25-26). And He would testify to them about Jesus, the unseen Lord, and they would repeat His testimony to the world (Joh_15:26-27). And He would make their testimony effective, convicting the, world regarding sin, righteousness, and judgment (Joh_16:8-11).
Jesus told the Eleven that it was expedient for them that he should go away, since His departure was the condition of the advent of the Advocate (Joh_16:7); and 1Jn_2:1 furnishes a profound commentary on this declaration. Jesus in the days of His flesh was Gods Advocate on the earth, pleading with men for God. The Holy Spirit has taken His place, and performs this office. But Jesus is still an Advocate. He is the Advocate of sinners up in heaven, pleading their cause with God, and, in the language of St. Paul (Rom_8:34), making intercession for them.
And thus it was expedient for us that He should go away, that we might enjoy a double advocacythe Holy Spirits here, pleading with us for God; and that of Jesus in the court of heaven, pleading with God for us. There are three dispensations in the history of redemption, each richer and fuller than the last: (1) The OT dispensation, under which men knew only of God in high heaven; (2) that of the Incarnation, under which the Father came near to men in Jesus Christ and by His gracious advocacy appealed to their hearts; (3) that of the Holy Spirit, under which the Holy Spirit is the Fathers Advocate here, and Jesus our Advocate above, our Friend before the throne of love.
David Smith.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(paraklete); one who pleads another's cause, exhorts, comforts, prays for another. The Holy Spirit (Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7); though our KJV always translates it "Comforter" when applied to Him, and "Advocate" when to Christ (1Jn_2:1). But all the ideas included in the word apply both to the Holy Spirit and to Christ. For if Christ intercedes with God for us above, the Holy Spirit does so in us below; compare Rom_8:26; Rom_8:34 with Heb_7:25.
The Holy Spirit, testifying of Christ within us, answers, as our Advocate before our consciences, the law's demands; He, as the Spirit of prayer and adoption, inspires in us prayers which words cannot fully utter. If the Holy Spirit be named "another Comforter" by Jesus, yet He implies that Himself also is so, as indeed the Holy Spirit is His Spirit; absent in body, He is still present by His Spirit (Joh_14:16; Joh_14:18). Tertullus (Acts 24) is a sample of the advocates usually employed by clients in the Roman provinces.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Advocate. Advocate or Paraclete, one that pleads the cause of another. 1Jn_2:1. Used by Christ, Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7, to describe the office and work of the Holy Spirit, and translated Comforter, that is, (see margin of Revised Version), Advocate, Helper, Intercessor.
This use of the word is derived from the fact that the Jews, being largely ignorant of the Roman law and the Roman language, had to employ Roman advocates in their trials before Roman courts. Applied to Christ, 1Jn_2:1.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Παρακλητος, a patron, one who pleads the cause of any one before another. In this sense the term is applied to Christ our intercessor, 1Jn_2:1. It signifies also a comforter, and an instructer; and is used of the Holy Spirit, Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
The word sometimes translated in the Bible as advocate denoted a person who came and stood beside someone to help in a time of need. People today usually think of an advocate as one who pleads on behalf of another in a court of law, but only occasionally does the Bible use the word in this legal sense (e.g. 1Jn_2:1). In most cases it uses the word in the broader sense of a counsellor or helper (e.g. Joh_14:26).
Jesus had been a counsellor or helper to his followers while he was with them, and promised that when he left them and returned to his Father, he would send them another counsellor, the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit would dwell with Jesus followers, giving them the sort of teaching, guidance and help that Jesus had given them (Joh_14:16-17; Joh_14:26; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7; cf. Mat_10:19-20; Rom_8:26). (For further details see HOLY SPIRIT.)
While the Holy Spirit is within believers on earth, Jesus Christ appears before the Father as their advocate in heaven. Christians need this advocate because of the difficulties they face in a sinful world. Inevitably they will sometimes sin and as a result need Gods forgiveness. Their sin does not cause them to lose their salvation, but it spoils their fellowship with God. In Jesus they have a heavenly advocate who, when they confess their sin, brings their case before the merciful God and asks his forgiveness. Just as Jesus death and resurrection was the basis on which God accepted them as his people in the first place, so it is the basis on which God continues to forgive their failures (Rom_8:34; 1Jn_1:9; 1Jn_2:1-2).
Another picture of the risen Christs work on behalf of his people is that of high priesthood. In this picture Jesus work is similar to that of an advocate. He is his peoples great high priest, who understands their needs and appears in the presence of God to plead for them (Heb_7:25; Heb_9:24). (For further details see PRIEST, sub-heading The high priesthood of Jesus.)
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
ad?vo-kā̇t (παράκλητος, paráklētos): Found in 1Jo_2:1, ?If any man sin, we have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous.? The Greek word has several shades of meaning: (1) a legal advocate; (2) an intercessor, (3) a helper generally. In the passage before us the first and second meanings are included. Christ in heaven intercedes for Christians who sin upon earth. The next verse declares that He is the ?propitiation for our sins? and it is His propitiatory work which lies at the basis of His intercession. The margins of the Revised Version (British and American) and the American Standard Revised Version give as alternative readings Comforter, Helper, Greek Paraclete. Beyond doubt however, ?advocate? is the correct translation in the passage in the epistle. The same Greek word also occurs in the Gospel of John (Joh_14:16, Joh_14:26; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7) referring not to Christ but to the Holy Spirit, to whom Christ refers as ?another comforter? whom He will send from the Father. In the Gospel various functions are ascribed to the Spirit in relation to believers and unbelievers. The word in the Gospel is inadequately translated ?Comforter.? The Spirit according to these passages, is more than Comforter and more than Advocate. See PARACLETE; COMFORTER; HOLY SPIRIT.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Advocate, one who pleads the cause of another; also one who exhorts, defends, comforts, prays for another. It is an appellation given to the Holy Spirit by Christ (Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7), and to Christ himself by an apostle (1Jn_2:1; see also Rom_8:34; Heb_7:25).
In the forensic sense, advocates or pleaders were not known to the Jews until they came under the dominion of the Romans, and were obliged to transact their law affairs after the Roman manner. Being then little conversant with the Roman laws, and with the forms of the jurists, it was necessary for them, in pleading a cause before the Roman magistrates, to obtain the assistance of a Roman lawyer or advocate, who was well versed in the Greek and Latin languages. In all the Roman provinces such men were found, who devoted their time and labor to the pleading of causes and the transacting of other legal business in the provincial courts. It also appears that many Roman youths who had devoted themselves to forensic business used to repair to the provinces with the consuls and pr?tors, in order, by managing the causes of the provincials, to fit themselves for more important ones at Rome. Such an advocate was Tertullus, whom the Jews employed to accuse Paul before Felix (Act_24:1) [ACCUSER].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
1Jn_2:1 (a) This title is applied to CHRIST in His office of pleading for us before GOD. He pleads for GOD's people in the presence of GOD when Satan accuses them before GOD. He shows His wounded hands and feet as He defends His people before the Judge of all the earth. He shows by the wounds that He paid the debt for the believer whom He represents.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Advocate
(Παράκλητος, PARACLETE), one who pleads the cause of another; also one who exhorts, defends, comforts, prays for another. It is an appellation given to the Holy Spirit by Christ (Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7) SEE COMFORTER] and to Christ himself by an apostle (1Jn_2:1; see also Rom_8:34; Heb_7:25).
In the forensic sense, advocates or pleaders were not known to the Jews, SEE TRIAL until they came under the dominion of the Romans, and were obliged to transact their law affairs after the Roman manner. Being then little conversant with the Roman laws and with the forms of the jurists, it was necessary for them, in pleading a cause before the Roman magistrates, to obtain the assistance of a Roman lawyer or advocate who was well versed in the Greek and Latin languages (Otti Spicil. Crim. p. 325). In all the Roman provinces such men were found who devoted their time and labor to the pleading of causes and the transacting of other legal business in the provincial courts (Lamprid. Vit. Alex. Sev. c. 44). It also appears (Cic. pro Coelio, c. 30) that many Roman youths who had devoted themselves to forensic business used to repair to the provinces with the consuls and praetors, in order, by managing the causes of the provincials, to fit themselves for more important ones at Rome. Such an advocate was Tertullus, whom the Jews employed to accuse Paul before Felix (Act_24:1); for although ῾Ρήτωρ, the term applied to him, signifies primarily an orator or speaker, yet it also denotes a pleader or advocate (Kuinol, Comment., and Bloomfield, Recens Synopt. ad Act_24:2). SEE ACCUSER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Comforter, though a true and beautiful designation of the Holy Spirit, is an impossible rendering. It is true that parakalein means either comfort (Mat_5:4, 2Co_1:4; 2Co_7:6) or call to ones side (Act_28:20), but paraklçtos must be associated with the latter signification. It is a passive form, and denotes not one who comforts (parakalei) but one who is called in to aid (parakaleitai). It was a forensic term, signifying the counsel for the defence and corresponding exactly to our advocate (Lat. advocatus). Singularly enough, the Greek-speaking Fathers mostly took the word in the impossible sense of Comforter, influenced perhaps by the false analogy of Menahem (Consolator), a Jewish name for the Messiah. Cf. Cyril of Jerusalem, Cat. xvi. 20: He is called Parakletos because He comforts (parakalei) and consoles and helps our infirmity. Were it understood in its literal sense of Strengthener (Confortator), Comforter would be a fair rendering; but as a matter of fact it originated in an error; nor does it suggest the true idea to the English reader. It should be observed that comfortless in Joh_14:18 lends it no support. RV [Note: Revised Version.] gives desolate; literally, as in the margin of both Versions, orphans.
The substitution of Advocate for Comforter reveals a wealth of meaning in our Lords address to the Eleven on that night in which He was betrayed. During His earthly ministry He had been Gods Advocate with men, pleading Gods cause with them and seeking to win them for Him. He was going away, but God would not be left without an Advocate on the earth. I will pray the Father, and another Advocate he will give you, that he may be with yon for everthe Spirit of Truth. Not received, because unrecognized, by the unspiritual world, the Advocate would be recognized and welcomed by believers (Joh_14:16-17; Joh_14:25-26). And He would testify to them about Jesus, the unseen Lord, and they would repeat His testimony to the world (Joh_15:26-27). And He would make their testimony effective, convicting the, world regarding sin, righteousness, and judgment (Joh_16:8-11).
Jesus told the Eleven that it was expedient for them that he should go away, since His departure was the condition of the advent of the Advocate (Joh_16:7); and 1Jn_2:1 furnishes a profound commentary on this declaration. Jesus in the days of His flesh was Gods Advocate on the earth, pleading with men for God. The Holy Spirit has taken His place, and performs this office. But Jesus is still an Advocate. He is the Advocate of sinners up in heaven, pleading their cause with God, and, in the language of St. Paul (Rom_8:34), making intercession for them.
And thus it was expedient for us that He should go away, that we might enjoy a double advocacythe Holy Spirits here, pleading with us for God; and that of Jesus in the court of heaven, pleading with God for us. There are three dispensations in the history of redemption, each richer and fuller than the last: (1) The OT dispensation, under which men knew only of God in high heaven; (2) that of the Incarnation, under which the Father came near to men in Jesus Christ and by His gracious advocacy appealed to their hearts; (3) that of the Holy Spirit, under which the Holy Spirit is the Fathers Advocate here, and Jesus our Advocate above, our Friend before the throne of love.
David Smith.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(paraklete); one who pleads another's cause, exhorts, comforts, prays for another. The Holy Spirit (Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7); though our KJV always translates it "Comforter" when applied to Him, and "Advocate" when to Christ (1Jn_2:1). But all the ideas included in the word apply both to the Holy Spirit and to Christ. For if Christ intercedes with God for us above, the Holy Spirit does so in us below; compare Rom_8:26; Rom_8:34 with Heb_7:25.
The Holy Spirit, testifying of Christ within us, answers, as our Advocate before our consciences, the law's demands; He, as the Spirit of prayer and adoption, inspires in us prayers which words cannot fully utter. If the Holy Spirit be named "another Comforter" by Jesus, yet He implies that Himself also is so, as indeed the Holy Spirit is His Spirit; absent in body, He is still present by His Spirit (Joh_14:16; Joh_14:18). Tertullus (Acts 24) is a sample of the advocates usually employed by clients in the Roman provinces.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Advocate. Advocate or Paraclete, one that pleads the cause of another. 1Jn_2:1. Used by Christ, Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7, to describe the office and work of the Holy Spirit, and translated Comforter, that is, (see margin of Revised Version), Advocate, Helper, Intercessor.
This use of the word is derived from the fact that the Jews, being largely ignorant of the Roman law and the Roman language, had to employ Roman advocates in their trials before Roman courts. Applied to Christ, 1Jn_2:1.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Παρακλητος, a patron, one who pleads the cause of any one before another. In this sense the term is applied to Christ our intercessor, 1Jn_2:1. It signifies also a comforter, and an instructer; and is used of the Holy Spirit, Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
The word sometimes translated in the Bible as advocate denoted a person who came and stood beside someone to help in a time of need. People today usually think of an advocate as one who pleads on behalf of another in a court of law, but only occasionally does the Bible use the word in this legal sense (e.g. 1Jn_2:1). In most cases it uses the word in the broader sense of a counsellor or helper (e.g. Joh_14:26).
Jesus had been a counsellor or helper to his followers while he was with them, and promised that when he left them and returned to his Father, he would send them another counsellor, the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit would dwell with Jesus followers, giving them the sort of teaching, guidance and help that Jesus had given them (Joh_14:16-17; Joh_14:26; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7; cf. Mat_10:19-20; Rom_8:26). (For further details see HOLY SPIRIT.)
While the Holy Spirit is within believers on earth, Jesus Christ appears before the Father as their advocate in heaven. Christians need this advocate because of the difficulties they face in a sinful world. Inevitably they will sometimes sin and as a result need Gods forgiveness. Their sin does not cause them to lose their salvation, but it spoils their fellowship with God. In Jesus they have a heavenly advocate who, when they confess their sin, brings their case before the merciful God and asks his forgiveness. Just as Jesus death and resurrection was the basis on which God accepted them as his people in the first place, so it is the basis on which God continues to forgive their failures (Rom_8:34; 1Jn_1:9; 1Jn_2:1-2).
Another picture of the risen Christs work on behalf of his people is that of high priesthood. In this picture Jesus work is similar to that of an advocate. He is his peoples great high priest, who understands their needs and appears in the presence of God to plead for them (Heb_7:25; Heb_9:24). (For further details see PRIEST, sub-heading The high priesthood of Jesus.)
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
ad?vo-kā̇t (παράκλητος, paráklētos): Found in 1Jo_2:1, ?If any man sin, we have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous.? The Greek word has several shades of meaning: (1) a legal advocate; (2) an intercessor, (3) a helper generally. In the passage before us the first and second meanings are included. Christ in heaven intercedes for Christians who sin upon earth. The next verse declares that He is the ?propitiation for our sins? and it is His propitiatory work which lies at the basis of His intercession. The margins of the Revised Version (British and American) and the American Standard Revised Version give as alternative readings Comforter, Helper, Greek Paraclete. Beyond doubt however, ?advocate? is the correct translation in the passage in the epistle. The same Greek word also occurs in the Gospel of John (Joh_14:16, Joh_14:26; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7) referring not to Christ but to the Holy Spirit, to whom Christ refers as ?another comforter? whom He will send from the Father. In the Gospel various functions are ascribed to the Spirit in relation to believers and unbelievers. The word in the Gospel is inadequately translated ?Comforter.? The Spirit according to these passages, is more than Comforter and more than Advocate. See PARACLETE; COMFORTER; HOLY SPIRIT.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Advocate, one who pleads the cause of another; also one who exhorts, defends, comforts, prays for another. It is an appellation given to the Holy Spirit by Christ (Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7), and to Christ himself by an apostle (1Jn_2:1; see also Rom_8:34; Heb_7:25).
In the forensic sense, advocates or pleaders were not known to the Jews until they came under the dominion of the Romans, and were obliged to transact their law affairs after the Roman manner. Being then little conversant with the Roman laws, and with the forms of the jurists, it was necessary for them, in pleading a cause before the Roman magistrates, to obtain the assistance of a Roman lawyer or advocate, who was well versed in the Greek and Latin languages. In all the Roman provinces such men were found, who devoted their time and labor to the pleading of causes and the transacting of other legal business in the provincial courts. It also appears that many Roman youths who had devoted themselves to forensic business used to repair to the provinces with the consuls and pr?tors, in order, by managing the causes of the provincials, to fit themselves for more important ones at Rome. Such an advocate was Tertullus, whom the Jews employed to accuse Paul before Felix (Act_24:1) [ACCUSER].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
1Jn_2:1 (a) This title is applied to CHRIST in His office of pleading for us before GOD. He pleads for GOD's people in the presence of GOD when Satan accuses them before GOD. He shows His wounded hands and feet as He defends His people before the Judge of all the earth. He shows by the wounds that He paid the debt for the believer whom He represents.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Advocate
(Παράκλητος, PARACLETE), one who pleads the cause of another; also one who exhorts, defends, comforts, prays for another. It is an appellation given to the Holy Spirit by Christ (Joh_14:16; Joh_15:26; Joh_16:7) SEE COMFORTER] and to Christ himself by an apostle (1Jn_2:1; see also Rom_8:34; Heb_7:25).
In the forensic sense, advocates or pleaders were not known to the Jews, SEE TRIAL until they came under the dominion of the Romans, and were obliged to transact their law affairs after the Roman manner. Being then little conversant with the Roman laws and with the forms of the jurists, it was necessary for them, in pleading a cause before the Roman magistrates, to obtain the assistance of a Roman lawyer or advocate who was well versed in the Greek and Latin languages (Otti Spicil. Crim. p. 325). In all the Roman provinces such men were found who devoted their time and labor to the pleading of causes and the transacting of other legal business in the provincial courts (Lamprid. Vit. Alex. Sev. c. 44). It also appears (Cic. pro Coelio, c. 30) that many Roman youths who had devoted themselves to forensic business used to repair to the provinces with the consuls and praetors, in order, by managing the causes of the provincials, to fit themselves for more important ones at Rome. Such an advocate was Tertullus, whom the Jews employed to accuse Paul before Felix (Act_24:1); for although ῾Ρήτωρ, the term applied to him, signifies primarily an orator or speaker, yet it also denotes a pleader or advocate (Kuinol, Comment., and Bloomfield, Recens Synopt. ad Act_24:2). SEE ACCUSER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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