Ephod

VIEW:47 DATA:01-04-2020

EPHOD.—1. Father of Hanniel (Num_34:23 P [Note: Priestly Narrative.] ). 2. See Dress, § 2 (c), and Priests and Levites. 3. The ‘ephod’ of Jdg_8:27; Jdg_17:5; Jdg_18:14; Jdg_18:17-18; Jdg_18:20 is probably an image.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909

1. The high priest's vestment, with the breast-plate and Urim and Thrumhim (some material objects in the bag of the breast-plate, used for consulting Jehovah by casting lots: Speaker's Commentary; but (See HIGH PRIEST) in it. This Abiathar carried off from the tabernacle at Nob, and David consulted (1Sa_21:9; 1Sa_23:6; 1Sa_23:9; 1Sa_30:7). The breast-plate, with its twelve precious stones, gave an importance to the ephod which led to its adoption in the idolatries of Gideon and Micah (Jdg_8:27; Jdg_17:5; Jdg_18:14).
The large amount of gold used by Gideon on his ephod was not the material of it, but the means wherewith he completed it; including the breast-plate (choshen), the 12 precious stones, and the two for the shoulders, the gold thread throughout, and gold braid, and gold twist chains fastening the breast-plate upon the ephod, and lastly the price of the labor (Exo_28:6-30). (See GIDEON.) His aim was by wearing it to have a vehicle for inquiring the will of Jehovah, through the Urim and Thummim, the holy lot, and breast-plate.
The ephod was also used, but without the breast-plate, by the ordinary priests, as their characteristic robe (1Sa_2:28; 1Sa_14:3; 1Sa_22:18; Hos_3:4). David's ephod, in bringing the ark to Jerusalem, differed from the priests' in being of ordinary linen (baad), whereas theirs was of fine linen (sheesh).
2. Father of Hanniel, head of Manasseh, assisted Joshua and Eleazar in apportioning Canaan (Num_34:23).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.

E'phod. (image).
1. Father of Hanniel, of the tribe of Manesseh. Num_34:23.
2. A sacred vestment originally appropriate to the high priest. Exo_28:4.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863

אפוד . This article of dress was worn by laymen as well as by the high priest. The sacred ephod, the one made for the high priest, differed from the others, in being fabricated of cotton, which was coloured with crimson, purple, and blue, and in being ornamented with gold. In the time of Josephus, it was a cubit of the larger size in length, and was furnished with sleeves. The high priest's ephod had a very rich button upon each shoulder, made of a large onyx stone set in gold. This stone was so large, that the names of the twelve tribes of Israel were engraven, six on each stone, Exo_28:9-12. The word shoham, which we render onyx, is translated, by the Septuagint, smaragdos, an emerald; but as we have no certain knowledge either of this, or of any of the twelve stones of the breastplate, we may as well be satisfied with our translation as with any other. To the ephod belonged a curious girdle, of the same rich fabric as the ephod itself. This girdle is said to be upon the ephod, Exo_28:8; that is, woven with the ephod, as Maimonides understands; and, coming out from the ephod on each side, it was brought under the arms like a sash, and tied upon the breast. Samuel, though Levite only, and a child, wore a linen ephod, 1Sa_2:18. And David, in the ceremony of removing the ark from the house of Obed-edom to Jerusalem, was girt with a linen ephod, 2Sa_6:14. The Levites were not generally allowed to wear the ephod; but in the time of Agrippa, as we are told by Josephus, a little before the taking of Jerusalem by the Romans, they obtained of that prince permission to wear the linen stole, as well as the priests. Spencer and Cunaeus are of opinion, that the Jewish kings had a right to wear the ephod, because David, coming to Ziklag, and finding that the Amalekites had plundered the city, and carried away his and the people's wives, ordered Abiathar, the high priest, to bring him the ephod, which being done, David inquired of the Lord, saying, “Shall I pursue after this troop?”
1Sa_30:8. Whence they infer, that David consulted God by urim and thummim, and consequently put on the ephod. But it is probable the text only means that he ordered the priest to do what he is himself said to have done. The ephod of Gideon is remarkable for having become the occasion of a new kind of idolatry to the Israelites, Jdg_8:27. What this consisted in, is matter of dispute among the learned. Some authors are of opinion that this ephod, as it is called, was an idol; others, that it was only a trophy in memory of the signal victory obtained by Gideon, and that the Israelites paid a kind of divine worship to it; so that Gideon was the innocent cause of their idolatry, in like manner as Moses had been in making the brazen serpent, which was afterward worshipped.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.

An ephod was a short sleeveless linen garment, something like a long shirt or coat. It was a common piece of Hebrew clothing (1Sa_2:18; 2Sa_6:14), but in most cases where the Bible mentions an ephod the reference is to an article of the high priest’s dress (Exo_28:4-30; Exo_29:5).
The high priest’s ephod was made of multi-coloured embroidered linen similar to the curtains of the tabernacle, but with gold thread woven into the cloth (Exo_39:2-3; cf. Exo_26:31). It was held in place by two shoulder straps and bound at the waist by a sash (Exo_28:7-8). (For further details and an illustration of the high priest’s dress see PRIEST.)
Since the ephod was the most distinctive article of the high priest’s dress, people often referred to priests as those who ‘wore the ephod’ (1Sa_2:28; 1Sa_14:3; 1Sa_22:18; Hos_3:4). Sometimes a priest was asked to ‘bring the ephod’. This was because within the flat pouch, or breastpiece, on the front of the ephod were two objects, the Urim and the Thummim, which the priest used to find out God’s will (1Sa_23:9-12; 1Sa_30:7-8; Ezr_2:63; see URIM AND THUMMIM).
During the time of Israel’s unfaithfulness in the period of the judges, Gideon made a golden ephod that soon became an object of idolatrous worship (Jdg_8:26-27). On another occasion idolatrous priests, who were not even legally entitled to be priests, wore the traditional priestly ephod (Jdg_17:5-6; Jdg_18:14-20).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.

E?phod, an article of dress worn by the Hebrew priests [PRIEST].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.

Exo_25:7 (c) This garment represents part of that wardrobe described in Isa_61:10 as the "garments of salvation." It was on this garment that the twelve stones were set in the breastplate and fastened to the garment. It may represent that part of our Christian experience in which and through which we show forth the virtues of our Lord JESUS CHRIST. The ephod contained gold, blue, purple crimson and cotton. These colors and materials represent the various and glorious characteristics of our Lord JESUS, and are imparted and imputed to us when we are made children of GOD. On the shoulder pieces of this garment were two large stones on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes, six on each stone. All of this refers in some way to our Lord JESUS who carries us on His shoulders and on His breast.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.

Ephod
(Hebrews Ephod', אֵפֹד, an ephod [q.v.]; Sept. Οὐφίδ v.r. Σουφί, Vulg. Ephod), the father of Hanniel, which latter, as head of the tribe of Manasseh, was one of the men appointed to assist Joshua and Eleazar in the apportionment of the land of Canaan (Num_34:23). B.C. ante 1618.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.

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