Foreigner
VIEW:38 DATA:01-04-2020
FOREIGNER.See Nations, Stranger.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Almost every large community contains some people whom the community regards as foreigners. This often creates tensions (Num_12:1; Neh_13:23-25; Act_18:2; 1Th_2:16), in spite of Gods desire that there be tolerance and harmony (cf. Mat_5:9; Rom_12:18; Eph_2:14-16).
When the Israelites migrated from Egypt to Canaan, many foreigners were among them (Exo_12:38). In Canaan more foreigners were among them, because of the Israelites failure to wipe out the local people (Jos_17:12; Jdg_3:5). (Concerning the specific reasons for exterminating the Canaanites see CANAAN.) Israelites themselves brought in more foreigners by taking people captive in war and bringing them back to Israel to work as slaves and labourers (Num_31:9; Jos_9:22-24; Jos_17:13; 1Ki_9:21; see SLAVE).
God has a special concern for those who are resident foreigners or who belong to other minority groups that are liable to unfair treatment by the majority (Deu_10:17-19; Psa_146:9). He instructed Israelites to treat foreigners with tolerance and kindness, and to remember how they themselves felt when they were foreigners in Egypt (Exo_23:9; Deu_24:19-22; see HOSPITALITY).
Foreigners who worked for Israelites were to have one day rest in seven the same as Israelites (Exo_20:10). They were under the law of Israel (Exo_12:19; Lev_17:10; Lev_18:26; Lev_20:2; Lev_24:16), but they also shared the national blessings of Israel (Deu_29:10-13; Jos_8:33; Jos_20:9). They could join in some of Israels ceremonies (Num_15:14; Deu_26:11), but they could not join in the Passover unless they had formally become members of the covenant people (Exo_12:48-50; see CIRCUMCISION; PROSELYTE). Under the new covenant, by contrast, there is no distinction between Israelites and foreigners. All believers are united in one body through faith, regardless of nationality (Gal_3:28; Eph_2:19; see GENTILE; RACE).
Among Old Testament Israelites there was a sense in which even they were foreigners. The land of Canaan belonged to God and the Israelites were like foreign visitors, or pilgrims people whom God allowed to live for a time in his land. That was why, after Joshua divided the land among the families of Israel, no one was to sell any portion of land permanently (Lev_25:23; see JUBILEE).
In a sense all the inhabitants of the world are like foreign visitors, for the world is only their temporary dwelling place (1Ch_29:15; Psa_39:12). This is particularly true of believers, whose real dwelling place is heaven (Heb_11:13-16; Heb_13:14; 1Pe_1:1; 1Pe_1:17; 1Pe_2:11).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
for?in-ẽr The translation of נכרי, nokhrı̄, ?unknown,? ?foreign,? frequently rendered ?stranger? (Deu_15:3; Oba_1:11); of תּושב, tōshābh, ?a settler,? ?an alien resident? (Exo_12:45; the Revised Version (British and American) ?sojourner?; compare Lev_25:47; Psa_39:12); of pároikos, ?dwelling near,? ?sojourner? (Eph_2:19, the Revised Version (British and American) sojourners?).
Revised Version has ?foreigner? for ?stranger? (Deu_17:15; Deu_23:20; Deu_29:22; Rth_2:10; 2Sa_15:19), for ?alien? (Deu_14:21); ?the hand of a foreigner? for ?a stranger's hand? (Lev_22:25). See ALIEN; STRANGER AND SOJOURNER.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Eph_2:19 (a) This describes the spiritual condition of those who have never accepted CHRIST JESUS and therefore do not belong to GOD's family, GOD's church, nor the "holy nation" of the saints.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Foreigner
(נָכְרַי, nokri', Deu_15:3; Oba_1:11, a stranger, as elsewhere rendered; תּוֹשָׁב, toshab', Exo_12:45, a sojourner, as usually rendered; πάροικος, lit. a neighbor, Eph_2:19, elsewhere stranger or sojourner), a resident in a country not native to him, i.e., in the Jewish sense a Gentile. SEE ALIEN. Such non-Israelites (גֵּרַים, Josephus ἀλλοτριόχωροι, Ant. 3:12, 3) as resided among the Hebrews were by the Mosaic law not only commended in general to the sympathy and humanity of the citizens (Exo_22:21; Exo_23:9; Lev_19:33-34; Deu_10:18 sq.; comp. Jer_7:6; Eze_22:7; Zec_7:10; Mal_3:5; see Josephus, Apion, 2:28), but were also entitled to certain privileges belonging to the poor, namely, to participation in the festivals and decennial feasts (Deu_14:28 sq.; Deu_16:10 sq.; Deu_26:11 sq.; Tob_1:7), to gleanings in the vineyards and fields (Lev_19:10; Lev_23:22; Deu_24:19 sq.), and to the harvest in the year of jubilee (Lev_25:6); prescriptions which found a definite point of support in Oriental hospitality. Before the courts they had equal rights with the native-born residents (Exo_12:49; Lev_24:22; Num_15:15 sq.; Deu_1:16; Deu_24:17; Deu_27:19), and the cities of refuge were appointed for them likewise in case of unintentional homicide (Num_35:15). On the other hand, they also were not allowed to perform anything which was an abomination according to the Hebrew law (Exo_20:10; Lev_17:10; Lev_18:26; Lev_20:2; Lev_24:16; Deu_5:14; Eze_14:7); yet they were exempted from the prohibition of using the flesh of animals that died of themselves (Deu_14:21; but there are also other distinctions between this passage and Lev_17:15. SEE CARCASE ).
Foreign slaves must be circumcised, but were then entitled to eat the passover (Gen_17:12 sq.; Exo_12:44). It was lawful to take interest from foreigners for loaned capital (Deu_23:20). SEE DEBT. Under certain restrictions, when they submitted to circumcision, they became naturalized, and received the prerogatives of Jewish citizenship; Edomites and Egyptians in the: third generation (Deu_23:7 sq.; comp. Theodoret, Quaest. in Deuteronomy 26), others after a longer time. Only Ammonites, Moabites, castrated persons, and the off-spring of public harlots were altogether excluded from this privilege (Deu_23:1 sq.; comp. Neh_13:1).. Foreigners accordingly appear in the royal service (1Sa_21:7; 1Sa_22:9; 2Sa_11:3; 2Sa_11:6, etc.). SEE GITTITE. Later fanaticism, however sought to expel all foreigners from the country (Neh_13:3; on the contrary, Eze_47:22), or impose the hard conditions of circumcision (Josephus, Life, 23). See generally Michaelis, Mos. Recht, 2:443 sq.; Jahn, I, 2:346 sq. The legal treatment of foreigners was in the earlier ages the more humane, as originally at Rome (Adam, Rom. Ant. 1:145) and at Athens. SEE PROSELYTE..
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Almost every large community contains some people whom the community regards as foreigners. This often creates tensions (Num_12:1; Neh_13:23-25; Act_18:2; 1Th_2:16), in spite of Gods desire that there be tolerance and harmony (cf. Mat_5:9; Rom_12:18; Eph_2:14-16).
When the Israelites migrated from Egypt to Canaan, many foreigners were among them (Exo_12:38). In Canaan more foreigners were among them, because of the Israelites failure to wipe out the local people (Jos_17:12; Jdg_3:5). (Concerning the specific reasons for exterminating the Canaanites see CANAAN.) Israelites themselves brought in more foreigners by taking people captive in war and bringing them back to Israel to work as slaves and labourers (Num_31:9; Jos_9:22-24; Jos_17:13; 1Ki_9:21; see SLAVE).
God has a special concern for those who are resident foreigners or who belong to other minority groups that are liable to unfair treatment by the majority (Deu_10:17-19; Psa_146:9). He instructed Israelites to treat foreigners with tolerance and kindness, and to remember how they themselves felt when they were foreigners in Egypt (Exo_23:9; Deu_24:19-22; see HOSPITALITY).
Foreigners who worked for Israelites were to have one day rest in seven the same as Israelites (Exo_20:10). They were under the law of Israel (Exo_12:19; Lev_17:10; Lev_18:26; Lev_20:2; Lev_24:16), but they also shared the national blessings of Israel (Deu_29:10-13; Jos_8:33; Jos_20:9). They could join in some of Israels ceremonies (Num_15:14; Deu_26:11), but they could not join in the Passover unless they had formally become members of the covenant people (Exo_12:48-50; see CIRCUMCISION; PROSELYTE). Under the new covenant, by contrast, there is no distinction between Israelites and foreigners. All believers are united in one body through faith, regardless of nationality (Gal_3:28; Eph_2:19; see GENTILE; RACE).
Among Old Testament Israelites there was a sense in which even they were foreigners. The land of Canaan belonged to God and the Israelites were like foreign visitors, or pilgrims people whom God allowed to live for a time in his land. That was why, after Joshua divided the land among the families of Israel, no one was to sell any portion of land permanently (Lev_25:23; see JUBILEE).
In a sense all the inhabitants of the world are like foreign visitors, for the world is only their temporary dwelling place (1Ch_29:15; Psa_39:12). This is particularly true of believers, whose real dwelling place is heaven (Heb_11:13-16; Heb_13:14; 1Pe_1:1; 1Pe_1:17; 1Pe_2:11).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
for?in-ẽr The translation of נכרי, nokhrı̄, ?unknown,? ?foreign,? frequently rendered ?stranger? (Deu_15:3; Oba_1:11); of תּושב, tōshābh, ?a settler,? ?an alien resident? (Exo_12:45; the Revised Version (British and American) ?sojourner?; compare Lev_25:47; Psa_39:12); of pároikos, ?dwelling near,? ?sojourner? (Eph_2:19, the Revised Version (British and American) sojourners?).
Revised Version has ?foreigner? for ?stranger? (Deu_17:15; Deu_23:20; Deu_29:22; Rth_2:10; 2Sa_15:19), for ?alien? (Deu_14:21); ?the hand of a foreigner? for ?a stranger's hand? (Lev_22:25). See ALIEN; STRANGER AND SOJOURNER.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Eph_2:19 (a) This describes the spiritual condition of those who have never accepted CHRIST JESUS and therefore do not belong to GOD's family, GOD's church, nor the "holy nation" of the saints.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Foreigner
(נָכְרַי, nokri', Deu_15:3; Oba_1:11, a stranger, as elsewhere rendered; תּוֹשָׁב, toshab', Exo_12:45, a sojourner, as usually rendered; πάροικος, lit. a neighbor, Eph_2:19, elsewhere stranger or sojourner), a resident in a country not native to him, i.e., in the Jewish sense a Gentile. SEE ALIEN. Such non-Israelites (גֵּרַים, Josephus ἀλλοτριόχωροι, Ant. 3:12, 3) as resided among the Hebrews were by the Mosaic law not only commended in general to the sympathy and humanity of the citizens (Exo_22:21; Exo_23:9; Lev_19:33-34; Deu_10:18 sq.; comp. Jer_7:6; Eze_22:7; Zec_7:10; Mal_3:5; see Josephus, Apion, 2:28), but were also entitled to certain privileges belonging to the poor, namely, to participation in the festivals and decennial feasts (Deu_14:28 sq.; Deu_16:10 sq.; Deu_26:11 sq.; Tob_1:7), to gleanings in the vineyards and fields (Lev_19:10; Lev_23:22; Deu_24:19 sq.), and to the harvest in the year of jubilee (Lev_25:6); prescriptions which found a definite point of support in Oriental hospitality. Before the courts they had equal rights with the native-born residents (Exo_12:49; Lev_24:22; Num_15:15 sq.; Deu_1:16; Deu_24:17; Deu_27:19), and the cities of refuge were appointed for them likewise in case of unintentional homicide (Num_35:15). On the other hand, they also were not allowed to perform anything which was an abomination according to the Hebrew law (Exo_20:10; Lev_17:10; Lev_18:26; Lev_20:2; Lev_24:16; Deu_5:14; Eze_14:7); yet they were exempted from the prohibition of using the flesh of animals that died of themselves (Deu_14:21; but there are also other distinctions between this passage and Lev_17:15. SEE CARCASE ).
Foreign slaves must be circumcised, but were then entitled to eat the passover (Gen_17:12 sq.; Exo_12:44). It was lawful to take interest from foreigners for loaned capital (Deu_23:20). SEE DEBT. Under certain restrictions, when they submitted to circumcision, they became naturalized, and received the prerogatives of Jewish citizenship; Edomites and Egyptians in the: third generation (Deu_23:7 sq.; comp. Theodoret, Quaest. in Deuteronomy 26), others after a longer time. Only Ammonites, Moabites, castrated persons, and the off-spring of public harlots were altogether excluded from this privilege (Deu_23:1 sq.; comp. Neh_13:1).. Foreigners accordingly appear in the royal service (1Sa_21:7; 1Sa_22:9; 2Sa_11:3; 2Sa_11:6, etc.). SEE GITTITE. Later fanaticism, however sought to expel all foreigners from the country (Neh_13:3; on the contrary, Eze_47:22), or impose the hard conditions of circumcision (Josephus, Life, 23). See generally Michaelis, Mos. Recht, 2:443 sq.; Jahn, I, 2:346 sq. The legal treatment of foreigners was in the earlier ages the more humane, as originally at Rome (Adam, Rom. Ant. 1:145) and at Athens. SEE PROSELYTE..
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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