Heifer
VIEW:39 DATA:01-04-2020
HEIFER.The heifer was used in agriculture (Jdg_14:18, Jer_50:11, Hos_10:11), and in religious ritual (Gen_15:9, 1Sa_16:2, Num_19:2 f. etc.). Israel is compared to a heifer in Hos_4:16, and so is Egypt in Jer_46:20, and Chaldæa in Jer_50:11. See also Ox, Red Heifer.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
eglah, parah. Used, not for plowing, but for the easier work of treading out grain. Cattle were not yoked together but trod it singly, or drew a threshing sledge over it, and were free to eat of it, being unmuzzled (Deu_25:4). An image of Israel's freedom and prosperity; but, saith God, "I passed over upon her fair neck," i.e. I will put the Assyrian yoke upon it (Hos_10:11); in Hos_4:16 translated "Israel is refractory (tossing off the yoke) as a refractory heifer." She had represented God under the calf form (1Ki_12:28), but it is herself who is one, refractory and untamed (Amo_4:1). "Ye kine (cows, feminine, marking effeminacy) of Bashan," richly fed, effeminate, nobles of Israel; compare Amo_3:9-10; Amo_3:12; Amo_3:15.
Jeremiah (Jer_46:20) says "Egypt is like a very fair heifer" appropriately, as Apis was worshipped there under the form of a fair bull with certain spots; in Jer_46:15 Septuagint and Vulgate read "thy valiant one," namely, Apis. As the gadfly attacks the heifer so "destruction cometh" on Egypt, namely, Nebuchadnezzar the destroyer or agitator sent by Jehovah; Vulgate translated suitably to the image of a heifer, "a goader," qerets. Harassing severely may be meant, rather than utter destruction. Isa_15:5, Moab's "fugitives shah flee unto Zoar," on the extreme boundary S. of the Dead Sea, raising their voices as "an heifer of three years old," i.e. one in full vigor but not yet brought under the yoke, just as Moab heretofore unsubdued is now about to be subjugated. Maurer translated "Eglath shehshijah" as "the third Eglath", to distinguish it from two others of the name.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Heifer. 1Sa_6:7-12; Job_21:10; Isa_7:21. The heifer or young cow was not commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn. Hos_10:11; but see Jdg_14:18, when it ran about without any headstall, Deu_26:4, hence, the expression an "unbroken heifer," Hos_4:16. Authorized Version, "backsliding" to which Israel is compared.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a young cow, used in sacrifice at the temple, Num_19:1-10. Moses and Aaron were instructed to deliver the divine command to the children of Israel that they should procure a red heifer, without spot, that is, one that was entirely red, without one spot of any other colour; free from blemish, and on which the yoke had never yet come, that is, which had never yet been employed in ploughing the ground or in any other work; for according to the common sense of all mankind, those animals which had been made to serve other uses, became unfit to be offered to God,a sentiment which we find in Homer and other Heathen writers.
The animal was to be delivered to the priest, who was to lead her forth out of the camp, and there to slay her; the priest was then to take of the blood with his finger, and sprinkle it seven times before the tabernacle, and afterward to burn the carcass: then to take cedar wood and hyssop, and scarlet wood, and cast them into the flames. The ashes were to be gathered up, and preserved in a secure and clean place, for the use of the congregation, by the sprinkling of which ashes in water, it became a water of separation, by means of which a typical or ceremonial purification for sin was effected, Heb_9:13.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
hef?ẽr (פרה, pārāh, in Nu 19 (see following article) and Hos_4:16; עגלה, ‛eghlāh, elsewhere in the Old Testament; δάμαλις, dámalis, in Heb_9:13):For the ?heifer of three years old? in the King James Version, the Revised Version margin of Isa_15:5; Jer_48:34, see EGLATH-SHELISHIYAH. A young cow (contrast BULLOCK). The ‛eghlāh figures specifically in religious rites only in the ceremony of Deu_21:1-9 for the cleansing of the land, where an unexpiated murder had been committed. This was not a sacrificial rite - the priests are witnesses only, and the animal was slain by breaking the neck - but sacrificial purity was required for the heifer. Indeed, it is commonly supposed that the rite as it now stands is a rededication of one that formerly had been sacrificial. In the sacrifices proper the heifer could be used for a peace offering (Lev_3:1), but was forbidden for the burnt (Lev_1:3) or sin (Lev_4:3, Lev_4:14) offerings. Hence, the sacrifice of 1Sa_16:2 was a peace offering. In Gen_15:9 the ceremony of the ratification of the covenant by God makes use of a heifer and a she-goat, but the reason for the use of the females is altogether obscure. Compare following article.
Figuratively: The heifer appears as representing sleekness combined with helplessness in Jer_46:20 (compare the comparison of the soldiers to 'stalled calves' in the next verse). In Jer_50:11; Hos_10:11, the heifer is pictured as engaged in threshing. This was particularly light work, coupled with unusually abundant food (Deu_25:4), so that the threshing heifer served especially well for a picture of contentment. (?Wanton? in Jer_50:11, however, is an unfortunate translation in the Revised Version (British and American).) Hosea, in contrast, predicts that the ?heifers? shall be set to the hard work of plowing and breaking the sods. In Jdg_14:18, Samson uses ?heifer? in his riddle to refer to his wife. This, however, was not meant to convey the impression of licentiousness that it gives the modern reader.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Gen_15:9 (c) In this way we may understand the service character of the Lord JESUS CHRIST. He served as a young man. He was crucified after He had been only three and one-half years in public ministry. The Jewish priest began to serve at thirty.
Num_19:2-4 (c) This may be taken as a picture of the Lord JESUS CHRIST as a strong, vigorous youth. The red may represent the precious Blood of CHRIST. Both the Saviour and His work at Calvary are necessary to separate us from the world. (See Heb_9:13).
Isa_15:5 (a) This is an interesting type of the Moabites who, though strong, active and energetic, will need to flee for their lives because of the invading enemy. At three years of age, the heifer is reckoned to have reached his maturity, and is ready for breeding purposes, or other acts which can only be given to a matured animal. (See Jer_48:34).
Hos_4:16 (a) The heifer evidently is difficult to break for work. This is a picture of this young animal sitting down on her haunches, planting her feet in the ground, and trying to prevent the cowboy from pulling her along. It was GOD's desire to bring Israel back into a place of blessing, but she resisted, refused and held back.
Hos_10:11 (a) This type represents Israel in her true condition of sincere service to GOD, and her spirit of obedience.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Heifer
(עֶגְלָה, eglah', fem. of עֵגֶל, calf; פָּרָה, parah', fern. of פָּר, bullock; Sept. and N.T. δάμαλις; Vulg. vacca). The Hebrew language has no expression that exactly corresponds to our heifer, for both eglah and parah are applied to cows that have calved (1Sa_6:7-12; Job_21:10; Isa_7:21); indeed, eylah means a young animal of any species, the full expression being עֶגְלִת בָּקָר, heifer of kine (Deu_21:3; 1Sa_16:2; Isa_7:21). The heifer or young cow was not commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn (Hos_10:11; but see Jdg_14:18), when it ran about without any headstall (Deu_25:4); hence the expression an unbroken heifer (Hos_4:16; Auth. V. backsliding), to which Israel is compared. A similar sense has been attached to the expression calf of three years old, עֶגְלִת שְׁלַישַׁיָּה, i.e. unsubdued, in Isa_15:5; Jer_48:34 : but it has by some been taken as a proper name, Eglath Shelishiyah, such names being not very uncommon. The sense of dissolute is conveyed undoubtedly in Amo_4:1. The comparison of Egypt to a fair heifer (Jer_46:20) may be an allusion to the well- known form under which Apis was worshipped (to which we may also refer the words in Jer_46:15, as understood in the Sept., Why is the bullock [μόσχος ἐκλεκτός] swept away?), the destruction threatened being the bite of the gad-fly, to which the word keretz would fitly apply. To plough with another man's heifer (Jdg_14:18) implies that an advantage has been gained by unfair means. The proper names Eglah, Eneglaim, and Parah are derived from the Hebrew terms at the head of this article. SEE RED HEIFER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
eglah, parah. Used, not for plowing, but for the easier work of treading out grain. Cattle were not yoked together but trod it singly, or drew a threshing sledge over it, and were free to eat of it, being unmuzzled (Deu_25:4). An image of Israel's freedom and prosperity; but, saith God, "I passed over upon her fair neck," i.e. I will put the Assyrian yoke upon it (Hos_10:11); in Hos_4:16 translated "Israel is refractory (tossing off the yoke) as a refractory heifer." She had represented God under the calf form (1Ki_12:28), but it is herself who is one, refractory and untamed (Amo_4:1). "Ye kine (cows, feminine, marking effeminacy) of Bashan," richly fed, effeminate, nobles of Israel; compare Amo_3:9-10; Amo_3:12; Amo_3:15.
Jeremiah (Jer_46:20) says "Egypt is like a very fair heifer" appropriately, as Apis was worshipped there under the form of a fair bull with certain spots; in Jer_46:15 Septuagint and Vulgate read "thy valiant one," namely, Apis. As the gadfly attacks the heifer so "destruction cometh" on Egypt, namely, Nebuchadnezzar the destroyer or agitator sent by Jehovah; Vulgate translated suitably to the image of a heifer, "a goader," qerets. Harassing severely may be meant, rather than utter destruction. Isa_15:5, Moab's "fugitives shah flee unto Zoar," on the extreme boundary S. of the Dead Sea, raising their voices as "an heifer of three years old," i.e. one in full vigor but not yet brought under the yoke, just as Moab heretofore unsubdued is now about to be subjugated. Maurer translated "Eglath shehshijah" as "the third Eglath", to distinguish it from two others of the name.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Heifer. 1Sa_6:7-12; Job_21:10; Isa_7:21. The heifer or young cow was not commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn. Hos_10:11; but see Jdg_14:18, when it ran about without any headstall, Deu_26:4, hence, the expression an "unbroken heifer," Hos_4:16. Authorized Version, "backsliding" to which Israel is compared.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a young cow, used in sacrifice at the temple, Num_19:1-10. Moses and Aaron were instructed to deliver the divine command to the children of Israel that they should procure a red heifer, without spot, that is, one that was entirely red, without one spot of any other colour; free from blemish, and on which the yoke had never yet come, that is, which had never yet been employed in ploughing the ground or in any other work; for according to the common sense of all mankind, those animals which had been made to serve other uses, became unfit to be offered to God,a sentiment which we find in Homer and other Heathen writers.
The animal was to be delivered to the priest, who was to lead her forth out of the camp, and there to slay her; the priest was then to take of the blood with his finger, and sprinkle it seven times before the tabernacle, and afterward to burn the carcass: then to take cedar wood and hyssop, and scarlet wood, and cast them into the flames. The ashes were to be gathered up, and preserved in a secure and clean place, for the use of the congregation, by the sprinkling of which ashes in water, it became a water of separation, by means of which a typical or ceremonial purification for sin was effected, Heb_9:13.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
hef?ẽr (פרה, pārāh, in Nu 19 (see following article) and Hos_4:16; עגלה, ‛eghlāh, elsewhere in the Old Testament; δάμαλις, dámalis, in Heb_9:13):For the ?heifer of three years old? in the King James Version, the Revised Version margin of Isa_15:5; Jer_48:34, see EGLATH-SHELISHIYAH. A young cow (contrast BULLOCK). The ‛eghlāh figures specifically in religious rites only in the ceremony of Deu_21:1-9 for the cleansing of the land, where an unexpiated murder had been committed. This was not a sacrificial rite - the priests are witnesses only, and the animal was slain by breaking the neck - but sacrificial purity was required for the heifer. Indeed, it is commonly supposed that the rite as it now stands is a rededication of one that formerly had been sacrificial. In the sacrifices proper the heifer could be used for a peace offering (Lev_3:1), but was forbidden for the burnt (Lev_1:3) or sin (Lev_4:3, Lev_4:14) offerings. Hence, the sacrifice of 1Sa_16:2 was a peace offering. In Gen_15:9 the ceremony of the ratification of the covenant by God makes use of a heifer and a she-goat, but the reason for the use of the females is altogether obscure. Compare following article.
Figuratively: The heifer appears as representing sleekness combined with helplessness in Jer_46:20 (compare the comparison of the soldiers to 'stalled calves' in the next verse). In Jer_50:11; Hos_10:11, the heifer is pictured as engaged in threshing. This was particularly light work, coupled with unusually abundant food (Deu_25:4), so that the threshing heifer served especially well for a picture of contentment. (?Wanton? in Jer_50:11, however, is an unfortunate translation in the Revised Version (British and American).) Hosea, in contrast, predicts that the ?heifers? shall be set to the hard work of plowing and breaking the sods. In Jdg_14:18, Samson uses ?heifer? in his riddle to refer to his wife. This, however, was not meant to convey the impression of licentiousness that it gives the modern reader.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Gen_15:9 (c) In this way we may understand the service character of the Lord JESUS CHRIST. He served as a young man. He was crucified after He had been only three and one-half years in public ministry. The Jewish priest began to serve at thirty.
Num_19:2-4 (c) This may be taken as a picture of the Lord JESUS CHRIST as a strong, vigorous youth. The red may represent the precious Blood of CHRIST. Both the Saviour and His work at Calvary are necessary to separate us from the world. (See Heb_9:13).
Isa_15:5 (a) This is an interesting type of the Moabites who, though strong, active and energetic, will need to flee for their lives because of the invading enemy. At three years of age, the heifer is reckoned to have reached his maturity, and is ready for breeding purposes, or other acts which can only be given to a matured animal. (See Jer_48:34).
Hos_4:16 (a) The heifer evidently is difficult to break for work. This is a picture of this young animal sitting down on her haunches, planting her feet in the ground, and trying to prevent the cowboy from pulling her along. It was GOD's desire to bring Israel back into a place of blessing, but she resisted, refused and held back.
Hos_10:11 (a) This type represents Israel in her true condition of sincere service to GOD, and her spirit of obedience.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Heifer
(עֶגְלָה, eglah', fem. of עֵגֶל, calf; פָּרָה, parah', fern. of פָּר, bullock; Sept. and N.T. δάμαλις; Vulg. vacca). The Hebrew language has no expression that exactly corresponds to our heifer, for both eglah and parah are applied to cows that have calved (1Sa_6:7-12; Job_21:10; Isa_7:21); indeed, eylah means a young animal of any species, the full expression being עֶגְלִת בָּקָר, heifer of kine (Deu_21:3; 1Sa_16:2; Isa_7:21). The heifer or young cow was not commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn (Hos_10:11; but see Jdg_14:18), when it ran about without any headstall (Deu_25:4); hence the expression an unbroken heifer (Hos_4:16; Auth. V. backsliding), to which Israel is compared. A similar sense has been attached to the expression calf of three years old, עֶגְלִת שְׁלַישַׁיָּה, i.e. unsubdued, in Isa_15:5; Jer_48:34 : but it has by some been taken as a proper name, Eglath Shelishiyah, such names being not very uncommon. The sense of dissolute is conveyed undoubtedly in Amo_4:1. The comparison of Egypt to a fair heifer (Jer_46:20) may be an allusion to the well- known form under which Apis was worshipped (to which we may also refer the words in Jer_46:15, as understood in the Sept., Why is the bullock [μόσχος ἐκλεκτός] swept away?), the destruction threatened being the bite of the gad-fly, to which the word keretz would fitly apply. To plough with another man's heifer (Jdg_14:18) implies that an advantage has been gained by unfair means. The proper names Eglah, Eneglaim, and Parah are derived from the Hebrew terms at the head of this article. SEE RED HEIFER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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