Amber
VIEW:54 DATA:01-04-2020
AMBER (chashmal, Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2).The translation amber is much questioned, a metallic substance being generally considered more probable. Prof. Ridgeway (Encyc. Bibl., s.v.) has, however, shown that amber may well have been known to Ezekiel. The amber commonly seen is the opaque yellow variety from the Baltic, a resinous substance changed by long submersion in the sea. It is a favourite ornament, in necklaces and bracelets, in the Orient, especially among Jewesses, and is credited with medicinal virtues.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Hebrew; chasmal. Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2. Not our amber, a bituminous substance or fossil resin, but a metal. Smooth polished brass (Gesenius). Compare Eze_1:7, brass in a glow or white heat; Ezr_8:27 margin; Rev_1:15, "His feet like unto glowing brass" (chalcolibanus; from libben, "whiten;" brass in a white heat), "as if made red hot in a furnace.". Else a composed of gold and silver, symbolizing the dazzling brightness of God's glory. From Hebrew mal (or else melala, "gold") nechash, "smooth brass."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Amber. (Hebrew, chasmal), occurs only in Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2. It is usually supposed that the Hebrew word, chasmal (denotes a metal) and not the fossil resin called amber.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
חשמל , Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2. The amber is a hard inflammable bitumen. When rubbed it is highly endowed with that remarkable property called electricity, a word which the moderns have formed from its Greek name ηλεκτρον. But the ancients had also a mixed metal of fine copper and silver, resembling the amber in colour, and called by the same name. From the version of Eze_1:4, by the LXX, Και εν τω μεσω αυτου ως υρασις ηλεκτρου εν μεσψτον πυρος, And in the midst of it as the appearance of electrum in the midst of the fire, it appears that those translators by ηλεκτρον, could not mean amber, which grows dim as soon as it feels the fire, and quickly dissolves into a resinous or pitchy substance; but the mixed metal above mentioned, which is much celebrated by the ancients for its beautiful lustre, and which, when exposed to the fire like other metals, grows more bright and shining. St. Jerom, Theodoret, St. Gregory and Origen think, that, in the above cited passages from Ezekiel, a precious and highly polished metal is meant.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
am?bẽr. See STONES, PRECIOUS.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
The substance thus designated in the Authorized Version is in Hebrew called Chasmil and was probably a composition of several sorts of metal, since even the term by which the word is rendered by the Greeks frequently signifies a composition of gold and silver. The ancients were acquainted with the art of amalgamating various species of metal; and the Latin aurichalcum is said to have possessed the brightness of gold and the hardness of copper, and might not improbably have been our present platina, which has been re-discovered in the Ural mountains, after having long been known as an American fossil. It is not improbable that this was the metal termed 'fine copper' (Ezr_8:27).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Eze_1:4 (c) This seems to be a type of the golden glow which surrounds the person of GOD and presents to us in a graphic way the marvelous glory of His person. Human words do not very well describe divine glories.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Amber
(Hebrew חִשְׁמִל, chashmal', Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2) is a yellow or straw- colored gummy substance, originally a vegetable production, but reckoned to the mineral kingdom. It is found in lumps in the sea and on the shores of Prussia, Sicily, Turkey, etc. Externally it is rough; it is very transparent, and on being rubbed yields a fragrant odor. It was formerly supposed to be medicinal, but is now employed in the manufacture of trinkets, ornaments, etc. (Penny Cyclopaedia, s. v).
In the above passages of Ezekiel, the Hebrew word is translated by the Sept. ἤλεκτρον, and Vulgate electrum, which signify not only amber," but also a very brilliant metal, composed of silver and gold, much prized in antiquity (Pliny, 33, 4, p. 23). Others, as Bochart (Hieroz. 2, p. 877), compare here the mixture of gold and brass, aurichalcum, of which the ancients had several kinds; by which means a high degree of lustre was obtained; e.g. oes pyropum, ces Corinthium, etc. (Smith's Dict. of Class. Antiq. s.v. Bronze). Something similar to this was probably also denoted by the difficult term χαλκολίβανον, fine brass," in Rev_1:15 (comp. Ezr_8:27). SEE BRASS. The Hebrew word chashmal probably signifies smooth (i.e. polished) brass. SEE METAL.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Hebrew; chasmal. Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2. Not our amber, a bituminous substance or fossil resin, but a metal. Smooth polished brass (Gesenius). Compare Eze_1:7, brass in a glow or white heat; Ezr_8:27 margin; Rev_1:15, "His feet like unto glowing brass" (chalcolibanus; from libben, "whiten;" brass in a white heat), "as if made red hot in a furnace.". Else a composed of gold and silver, symbolizing the dazzling brightness of God's glory. From Hebrew mal (or else melala, "gold") nechash, "smooth brass."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Amber. (Hebrew, chasmal), occurs only in Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2. It is usually supposed that the Hebrew word, chasmal (denotes a metal) and not the fossil resin called amber.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
חשמל , Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2. The amber is a hard inflammable bitumen. When rubbed it is highly endowed with that remarkable property called electricity, a word which the moderns have formed from its Greek name ηλεκτρον. But the ancients had also a mixed metal of fine copper and silver, resembling the amber in colour, and called by the same name. From the version of Eze_1:4, by the LXX, Και εν τω μεσω αυτου ως υρασις ηλεκτρου εν μεσψτον πυρος, And in the midst of it as the appearance of electrum in the midst of the fire, it appears that those translators by ηλεκτρον, could not mean amber, which grows dim as soon as it feels the fire, and quickly dissolves into a resinous or pitchy substance; but the mixed metal above mentioned, which is much celebrated by the ancients for its beautiful lustre, and which, when exposed to the fire like other metals, grows more bright and shining. St. Jerom, Theodoret, St. Gregory and Origen think, that, in the above cited passages from Ezekiel, a precious and highly polished metal is meant.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
am?bẽr. See STONES, PRECIOUS.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
The substance thus designated in the Authorized Version is in Hebrew called Chasmil and was probably a composition of several sorts of metal, since even the term by which the word is rendered by the Greeks frequently signifies a composition of gold and silver. The ancients were acquainted with the art of amalgamating various species of metal; and the Latin aurichalcum is said to have possessed the brightness of gold and the hardness of copper, and might not improbably have been our present platina, which has been re-discovered in the Ural mountains, after having long been known as an American fossil. It is not improbable that this was the metal termed 'fine copper' (Ezr_8:27).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Eze_1:4 (c) This seems to be a type of the golden glow which surrounds the person of GOD and presents to us in a graphic way the marvelous glory of His person. Human words do not very well describe divine glories.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Amber
(Hebrew חִשְׁמִל, chashmal', Eze_1:4; Eze_1:27; Eze_8:2) is a yellow or straw- colored gummy substance, originally a vegetable production, but reckoned to the mineral kingdom. It is found in lumps in the sea and on the shores of Prussia, Sicily, Turkey, etc. Externally it is rough; it is very transparent, and on being rubbed yields a fragrant odor. It was formerly supposed to be medicinal, but is now employed in the manufacture of trinkets, ornaments, etc. (Penny Cyclopaedia, s. v).
In the above passages of Ezekiel, the Hebrew word is translated by the Sept. ἤλεκτρον, and Vulgate electrum, which signify not only amber," but also a very brilliant metal, composed of silver and gold, much prized in antiquity (Pliny, 33, 4, p. 23). Others, as Bochart (Hieroz. 2, p. 877), compare here the mixture of gold and brass, aurichalcum, of which the ancients had several kinds; by which means a high degree of lustre was obtained; e.g. oes pyropum, ces Corinthium, etc. (Smith's Dict. of Class. Antiq. s.v. Bronze). Something similar to this was probably also denoted by the difficult term χαλκολίβανον, fine brass," in Rev_1:15 (comp. Ezr_8:27). SEE BRASS. The Hebrew word chashmal probably signifies smooth (i.e. polished) brass. SEE METAL.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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