Latin
VIEW:35 DATA:01-04-2020
LATIN.In such provinces as Judæa the Latin language alone had place in official acts and Roman courts. Where Greek was allowed in court pleadings, it was, so to speak, an act of grace on the judges part, and there can be little doubt that, e.g., the speech of Tertullus in Act_24:1-27 was in Latin. The Latin words used in a Greek form in the NT are mainly administrative, legal, or military (e.g. census, custodia, prtorium, colonia, libertinus, centurio, legio), or names of Roman coins (denarius, quadrans), but the total number of such Latin words occurring is only about 25. The Gentile names adopted by Jews were generally of Greek form (e.g. Philip)a Latin form like the name of St. Paul was an exception (to be expected perhaps with one so proud of Roman citizenship). Throughout Palestine, while Latin was the language of the administration, Greek was the main language of commerce, and Aramaic the language of common intercourse among Jews. Hence we find all three languages used for the superscription on the cross (Luk_23:38).
A. E. Hillard.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Lat'in. The language spoken by the Romans, is mentioned only in Joh_19:20 and Luk_23:38.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
lat?in: Was the official language of the Roman Empire as Greek was that of commerce. In Palestine Aramaic was the vernacular in the rural districts and remoter towns, while in the leading towns both Greek and Aramaic were spoken. These facts furnish the explanation of the use of all three tongues in the inscription on the cross of Christ (Mat_27:37; Mar_15:26; Luk_23:38; Joh_19:19). Thus the charge was written in the legal language, and was technically regular as well as recognizable by all classes of the people. The term ?Latin? occurs in the New Testament only in Joh_19:20, Ῥωμαΐστί, Rhōmaistı̄, and in Luk_23:38, Ῥωμαΐκοῖς (γράμμασιν), Rhōmaikoı̄s (grámmasin), according to Codices Sinaiticus, A, D, and N. It is probable that Tertullus made his plea against Paul before Felix (Acts 24) in Latin, though Greek was allowed in such provincial courts by grace of the judge. It is probable also that Paul knew and spoke Latin; compare W.M. Ramsay, Pauline and Other Studies, 1906, 65, and A. Souter, ?Did Paul Speak Latin?? The Expositor, April, 1911. The vernacular Latin had its own history and development with great influence on the ecclesiastical terminology of the West. See W. Bury, ?The Holy Latin Tongue,? Dublin Review, April, 1906, and Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, 1874, 480 f. There is no doubt of the mutual influence of Greek and Latin on each other in the later centuries. See W. Schulze, Graeca Latina, 1891; Viereck, Sermo Graecus, 1888.
It is doubtful if the Latin syntax is clearly perceptible in the koinē (see LANGUAGE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT).
Deissmann (Light from the Ancient East, 117 f) finds ἐργασίαν δίδωμι, ergası́an dı́domi (operam dare) in an xyrhynchus papyrus letter of the vulgar type from 2nd century BC (compare Luk_12:58). A lead tablet in Amorgus has κρίνω τὸ δίκαιον, krı́nō tó dı́kaion (compare Luk_12:57). The papyri (2nd century AD) give συναίρω lo&gon, sunaı́rō lógon (compare Mat_18:23 f). Moulton (Expositor, February, 1903, 115) shows that τὸ ικανὸν ποιεῖν, tó hikanón poieı́n (satisfacere), is as old as Polybius. Even βούλιον λαμβάνειν, sumboúilion lambánien (concilium capere), may go with the rest like σὺ ὄψη, sú ópsē (Mat_27:4), for videris (Thayer). Moulton (Prol., 21) and Thumb (Griechische Sprache, 121) consider the whole matter of syntactical Latinisms in the New Testament inconclusive. But see also C. Wessely, ?Die lateinischen Elemente in der Gracitat d. agypt. Papyrusurkunden,? Wien. Stud., 24; Laforcade. Influence du Latin sur le Grec. 83-158.
There are Latin words in the New Testament: In particular Latin proper names like Aquila, Cornelius, Claudia, Clemens, Crescens, Crispus, Fortunatus, Julia, Junia, etc., even among the Christians in the New Testament besides Agrippa, Augustus, Caesar, Claudius, Felix, Festus, Gallio, Julius, etc.
Besides we find in the New Testament current Latin commercial, financial, and official terms like ἀσσάριον, assárion (as), δηνάριον, dēnárion (denarius), κεντυρίων, kenturı́ōn (centurio), κῆνσος, kḗnos (census), κοδράντης, kodrántēs (quadrans), κολωνία, kolōnı́a (colonia), κουστωδία, kōustōdia (custodia), λεγεών, legeṓn (legio), λίτρα, léntion (linteum), λιβερτῖνος, libertı́nos (libertinus), λίτρα, lı́tra (litra), μάκελλον, mákellon (macellum), μεμβράνα, membrána (membrana), ,ίλιον, mı́lion (mille), μόδιος, módios (modius), ξέτης, xéstēs (sextarius), πραιτώριον, praitoriṓn (praetorium), σικάριος, sikários (sicarius), σιμικίθιον, simikı́nthion (semicinctium), σουδάριον, soudárion (sudarium), σπεκουλάτωρ, spekoulátōr (speculator), ταβέρνα, tabérna (taberna), τίτλος, tı́tlos (titulus), φελόνης, phelónēs (paenula), φόρον, phóron (forum), φραγέλλιο, phragéllion (flagellum), φραγελλόω, phragellóō (flagello), χάρτης, chártēs (charta?), χῶρος, chṓros (chorus).
Then we meet such adjectives as Ἡρωδιανοί, Hērōdianoı́, Φιλιππήσιοι, Philippḗsioi, Χριστιανοί, Christianoı́, which are made after the Latin model. Mark's Gospel shows more of these Latin words outside of proper names (compare Rom 16), as is natural if his Gospel were indeed written in Rome. See also LATIN VERSION, THE OLD.
Literature.
Besides the literature already mentioned see Schurer, Jewish People in the Time of Christ, Div II, volume I, 43 ff; Krauss, Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter im Talmud (1898, 1899); Hoole, Classical Element in the New Testament (1888); Jannaris, Historical Greek Grammar (1897); W. Schmid, Atticismus, etc. (1887-97); Kapp, Latinismis merito ac falso susceptis (1726); Georgi, De Latinismis N T (1733); Draeger, Historische Syntax der lat. Sprache (1878-81); Pfister, Vulgarlatein und Vulgargriechisch (Rh. Mus., 1912, 195-208).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Latin
( ῾ΡωμαÞκός, Boman, Luk_23:38; ῾ΡωμαÞστί, in Roman, Joh_19:20), the vernacular language of the Romans, although most of them in the time of Christ likewise spoke Greek. See the monographs on the subject cited by Volbeding, Index, page 135. SEE LATINISMS.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
A. E. Hillard.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Lat'in. The language spoken by the Romans, is mentioned only in Joh_19:20 and Luk_23:38.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
lat?in: Was the official language of the Roman Empire as Greek was that of commerce. In Palestine Aramaic was the vernacular in the rural districts and remoter towns, while in the leading towns both Greek and Aramaic were spoken. These facts furnish the explanation of the use of all three tongues in the inscription on the cross of Christ (Mat_27:37; Mar_15:26; Luk_23:38; Joh_19:19). Thus the charge was written in the legal language, and was technically regular as well as recognizable by all classes of the people. The term ?Latin? occurs in the New Testament only in Joh_19:20, Ῥωμαΐστί, Rhōmaistı̄, and in Luk_23:38, Ῥωμαΐκοῖς (γράμμασιν), Rhōmaikoı̄s (grámmasin), according to Codices Sinaiticus, A, D, and N. It is probable that Tertullus made his plea against Paul before Felix (Acts 24) in Latin, though Greek was allowed in such provincial courts by grace of the judge. It is probable also that Paul knew and spoke Latin; compare W.M. Ramsay, Pauline and Other Studies, 1906, 65, and A. Souter, ?Did Paul Speak Latin?? The Expositor, April, 1911. The vernacular Latin had its own history and development with great influence on the ecclesiastical terminology of the West. See W. Bury, ?The Holy Latin Tongue,? Dublin Review, April, 1906, and Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, 1874, 480 f. There is no doubt of the mutual influence of Greek and Latin on each other in the later centuries. See W. Schulze, Graeca Latina, 1891; Viereck, Sermo Graecus, 1888.
It is doubtful if the Latin syntax is clearly perceptible in the koinē (see LANGUAGE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT).
Deissmann (Light from the Ancient East, 117 f) finds ἐργασίαν δίδωμι, ergası́an dı́domi (operam dare) in an xyrhynchus papyrus letter of the vulgar type from 2nd century BC (compare Luk_12:58). A lead tablet in Amorgus has κρίνω τὸ δίκαιον, krı́nō tó dı́kaion (compare Luk_12:57). The papyri (2nd century AD) give συναίρω lo&gon, sunaı́rō lógon (compare Mat_18:23 f). Moulton (Expositor, February, 1903, 115) shows that τὸ ικανὸν ποιεῖν, tó hikanón poieı́n (satisfacere), is as old as Polybius. Even βούλιον λαμβάνειν, sumboúilion lambánien (concilium capere), may go with the rest like σὺ ὄψη, sú ópsē (Mat_27:4), for videris (Thayer). Moulton (Prol., 21) and Thumb (Griechische Sprache, 121) consider the whole matter of syntactical Latinisms in the New Testament inconclusive. But see also C. Wessely, ?Die lateinischen Elemente in der Gracitat d. agypt. Papyrusurkunden,? Wien. Stud., 24; Laforcade. Influence du Latin sur le Grec. 83-158.
There are Latin words in the New Testament: In particular Latin proper names like Aquila, Cornelius, Claudia, Clemens, Crescens, Crispus, Fortunatus, Julia, Junia, etc., even among the Christians in the New Testament besides Agrippa, Augustus, Caesar, Claudius, Felix, Festus, Gallio, Julius, etc.
Besides we find in the New Testament current Latin commercial, financial, and official terms like ἀσσάριον, assárion (as), δηνάριον, dēnárion (denarius), κεντυρίων, kenturı́ōn (centurio), κῆνσος, kḗnos (census), κοδράντης, kodrántēs (quadrans), κολωνία, kolōnı́a (colonia), κουστωδία, kōustōdia (custodia), λεγεών, legeṓn (legio), λίτρα, léntion (linteum), λιβερτῖνος, libertı́nos (libertinus), λίτρα, lı́tra (litra), μάκελλον, mákellon (macellum), μεμβράνα, membrána (membrana), ,ίλιον, mı́lion (mille), μόδιος, módios (modius), ξέτης, xéstēs (sextarius), πραιτώριον, praitoriṓn (praetorium), σικάριος, sikários (sicarius), σιμικίθιον, simikı́nthion (semicinctium), σουδάριον, soudárion (sudarium), σπεκουλάτωρ, spekoulátōr (speculator), ταβέρνα, tabérna (taberna), τίτλος, tı́tlos (titulus), φελόνης, phelónēs (paenula), φόρον, phóron (forum), φραγέλλιο, phragéllion (flagellum), φραγελλόω, phragellóō (flagello), χάρτης, chártēs (charta?), χῶρος, chṓros (chorus).
Then we meet such adjectives as Ἡρωδιανοί, Hērōdianoı́, Φιλιππήσιοι, Philippḗsioi, Χριστιανοί, Christianoı́, which are made after the Latin model. Mark's Gospel shows more of these Latin words outside of proper names (compare Rom 16), as is natural if his Gospel were indeed written in Rome. See also LATIN VERSION, THE OLD.
Literature.
Besides the literature already mentioned see Schurer, Jewish People in the Time of Christ, Div II, volume I, 43 ff; Krauss, Griechische und lateinische Lehnworter im Talmud (1898, 1899); Hoole, Classical Element in the New Testament (1888); Jannaris, Historical Greek Grammar (1897); W. Schmid, Atticismus, etc. (1887-97); Kapp, Latinismis merito ac falso susceptis (1726); Georgi, De Latinismis N T (1733); Draeger, Historische Syntax der lat. Sprache (1878-81); Pfister, Vulgarlatein und Vulgargriechisch (Rh. Mus., 1912, 195-208).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Latin
( ῾ΡωμαÞκός, Boman, Luk_23:38; ῾ΡωμαÞστί, in Roman, Joh_19:20), the vernacular language of the Romans, although most of them in the time of Christ likewise spoke Greek. See the monographs on the subject cited by Volbeding, Index, page 135. SEE LATINISMS.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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