Lord

VIEW:22 DATA:01-04-2020
LORD.—The Heb. OT has three leading names for God: (1) ‘the name of four letters’ (lelragrammaton) JHWH (familiar to us in the incorrect form ‘Jehovah’; the real vocalization is almost certainly ‘Jahweh’ [see God, p. 299b]); (2) Adonai; (3) Elohim. By a misinterpretation of Lev_24:15 the Jews shrank from uttering the first of these, and added to its four consonants, in their reading of the OT, the vowels of either Adonai or Elohim. When the vowels of the former were added, the AV [Note: Authorized Version.] and RV [Note: Revised Version.] generally translate the word by ‘Lord’; when those of the latter, by ‘God’; using small capitals in each case. If, however, Adonai is originally in the text, they represent it by ‘Lord,’ using an initial capital only. Thus in the OT ‘Lord ‘represents Jahweh when it was read as Adonai; and ‘Lord’ represents Adonai when it stands in the original text. This distinctive printing is not observed in the NT. There are several other Hebrew words in the OT expressing the general Idea of lordship, which are rendered by ‘lord’ (Gen_45:8, Jos_13:3, Ezr_8:25 etc.).
In the NT ‘Lord’ is used once as tr. [Note: translate or translation.] of Rabboni (Mar_10:51), and five times of despotçs (Luk_2:29, Act_4:24, 2Pe_2:1, Jud_1:4, Rev_6:10); in all the latter cases the RV [Note: Revised Version.] has ‘master’ in text or margin. Elsewhere it represents kyrios, applying the title (1) to God (Mat_1:20, Act_5:19 etc.); (2) to Christ (Luk_6:46, Joh_20:28 etc.). Indeed, as applied to Christ, it is the highest confession of His Person (1Co_12:3, Rom_10:9, Rev_19:16). The form ‘lord’ In NT indicates mere possession of authority (Mat_18:25, Luk_16:8 etc.).
Charles T. P. Grierson.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


(See JEHOVAH.) In small letters and with initial capital "Lord" represents Adonai in KJV of Old Testament. In capitals "LORD" represents Jehovah, except Exo_23:17. The "LORD God", Adonai Jehovah, where it ought to be "the Lord Jehovah," and Exo_34:23. "GOD" in capitals also represents Jehovah (Gen_15:2, 'Adonay Yahweh). "God" in small letters, with initial capital, represents 'Elohiym. (See GOD.)
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Lord. See God.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


For the use of ‘Lord’ among the Israelites of Old Testament times see YAHWEH. For the use of ‘Lord’ among the followers of Jesus in New Testament times see JESUS CHRIST, sub-heading ‘Jesus as Lord’.
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.


A Saxon word signifying ruler or governor. In the Authorized translation of the Scriptures it is used without much discrimination for all the names applied to God, which cannot be helped, as our language does not afford the same number of distinguishing titles as the Hebrew. When, however, the word represents the dread name of Jehovah, it is printed in small capitals, Lord, and is by this contrivance made a distinguishing term. As the Hebrew name Jehovah is one never used with reference to any but the Almighty, it is to be regretted that the Septuagint, imitated by our own and other versions, has represented it by a word which is also used for the Hebrew 'Adonai,' which is applied not only to God, but, like our 'Lord,' to creatures also, as to angels (Gen_19:2; Dan_10:16-17), to men in authority (Gen_42:30; Gen_42:33), and to proprietors, owners, masters (Gen_45:8). The leading idea of the Hebrew, the Greek, and the English words, is that of an owner or proprietor, whether God or man; and it occurs in the inferior application with great frequency in the New Testament. This application is either literal or complimentary; literal, when the party is really an owner or master, as in Mat_10:24; Mat_20:8; Mat_21:40; Act_16:16; Act_16:19; Gal_4:1, etc.; or when he is so as having absolute authority over another (Mat_9:38; Luk_10:2), or as being a supreme lord or sovereign (Act_25:26); and complimentary, when used as a title of address, especially to superiors, like the English Master, Sir, as in Mat_13:27; Mat_21:30; Mar_7:28; Luk_9:54.
It cannot but be deemed desirable that, instead of the extensive use of the word Lord which we have described, discriminating terms should be adopted in translations. Apart from the Jewish superstitions which influenced the Seventy in their translation, there can be no good reason why the name Jehovah should not be retained wherever it occurs in the Hebrew. Then Lord might represent Adonai; or perhaps Sir, or Master, might be used when that word is applied to creatures; and God would very properly represent Elohim.




The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


This title is very widely used for many purposes and reasons. We shall enumerate some of these so that the reader may acquaint himself with the many different ways in which GOD is Lord, and in which various kinds of people, nations and rulers are lords.

The Lord:

He is GOD He is Lord of lords Deu_4:35 Deu_10:17.
He is Lord of all the earth Jos_3:11.
The Lord is King The Lord is a refuge Psa_10:16 Psa_14:6.
The Lord is my shepherd Psa_23:1.
The Lord is my light Psa_27:1.
The Lord is my salvation Psa_27:1.
The Lord is my strength Psa_28:7.
The Lord is my shield Psa_28:7.
The Lord is good Psa_34:8.
The Lord is terrible Psa_47:2.
The Lord is our defense Psa_89:18.
The Lord is upright Psa_92:15.
The Lord is merciful Psa_103:8.
The Lord is gracious Psa_103:8.
The Lord is thy keeper Psa_121:5.
The Lord is thy shade Psa_121:5.
The Lord is around us Psa_125:2.
The Lord is righteous Psa_129:4.
The Lord is nigh us Psa_145:18.
The Lord is far off Pro_15:29.
The Lord is our Maker Pro_22:2.
The Lord is that Spirit 2Co_3:17.
The Lord is at hand Phi_4:5.

He is the Lord our righteousness Jer_23:6.
He is the Lord of kings Dan_2:47.
He is the Lord of the sabbath Mar_2:28.
He is Lord and CHRIST Act_2:36.
He is Lord of all Act_10:36.
He is Lord of the dead and the living Rom_14:9.
He is the Lord of glory 1Co_2:8.
He is the Lord from Heaven 1Co_15:47.
The Lord is the avenger 1Th_4:6.
The Lord is faithful 2Th_3:3.
The Lord is pitiful Jam_5:11.

This title is given to us in His Word in order that we may learn to know Him more intimately and trust Him more intelligently in the many vicissitudes of life.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Lord
is the rendering in the A.V. of several Heb. and Greek words, which have a very different import from each other. "Lord" is a Saxon word signifying ruler or governor. In its original form it is hlaford, which, by dropping the aspiration, became laford, and afterwards, by contraction, lord.
1. יְהָֹוה, Yehovah', Jehovah, the proper name of the God of the Hebrews, which should always have been retained in that form, but has almost invariably been translated in the English Bible by LORD (and printed thus in small capitals), after the example of the Sept. (Κω῏/ριος) and Vulg. (Dominus). SEE JEHOVAH.
2. אָדוֹן, adon', one of the early words (hence in the early Phoenico-Greek A donis) denoting the most absolute control, and therefore most fitly represented by the English word lord, as in the A.V. (Sept. κύριος, Vulg. domimus). It is not properly a divine title, although occasionally applied to God (Psa_114:7; properly with the art. in this sense, Exo_23:13), as the supreme proprietor (Jos_3:13); but appropriately denotes a master, as of slaves (Gen_24:4; Gen_24:27; Gen_39:2; Gen_39:7), or a king, as ruler of subjects (Gen_45:8; Isa_26:13), a husband, as lord of the wife (Gen_18:12). It is frequently a term of respect, like our Sir, but with a pronoun attached ("my lord"), and often occurs in the plural. SEE MASTER.
A modified form of this word is Adonay' (אֲדוֹנָי; Sept. Κύριος, lord, master), "the old plural form of the noun אָדוֹן, adon, similar to that with the suffix of the first person, used as the pluralis excellentiae, by way of dignity, for the name of JEHOVAH. The similar form with the suffix, is also used of men, as of Joseph's master (Gen_39:2-3 sq.), of Joseph himself (Gen_42:30; Gen_42:33; so also Isa_19:4). The Jews, out of superstitious reverence for the name JEHOVAH, always, in reading, pronounce Adonai where Jehovah is written, and hence the letters יהוהare usually written with the points belonging to Adonai, JEHOVAH. The view that the word exhibits a plural termination without the affix is that of Gesenius (Thesaur. s.v. דון), and seems just, though rather disapproved by professor Lee (Lex. in אדון). The latter adds that “our English Bibles generally translate יהוהby LORD, in capitals; when preceded by האדון, they translate it GOD; when צבאות, tzabaoth, follows, by LORD, as in Isa_3:1, ‘The Lord, the LORD of Hosts.' The copies now in use are not, however, consistent in this respect" (Kitto). "In some instances it is difficult, on account of the pause accent, to say whether Adonai is the title of the Deity, or merely one of respect addressed to men. These have been noticed by the Masorites, who distinguish the former in their notes as 'holy,' and the latter as 'profane.' (See Gen_18:3; Gen_19:2; Gen_19:18; and compare the Masoretic notes on Gen_20:13; Isa_19:4)." SEE ADONAI.
3. Κύριος, the general Greek term for supreme mastery, whether royal or private; and thus, in classical Greek, distinguished from θεός, which is exclusively applied to God. The "Greek Κύριος, indeed, is used in much the same way and in the same sense as Lord. It is from κῦρος, authority, and signifies 'master' or 'possessor.' In the Septuagint, this, like Lord in our version, is invariably used for 'Jehovah' and Adonai;' while θεός, like GOD in our translation, is generally reserved to represent the Hebrew 'Elohim.' Κύριος in the original of the Greek Testament, and Lord in our version of it, are used in much the same manner as in the Septuagint; and so, also, is the corresponding title, Dominus, in the Latin versions. As the Hebrew name JEHOVAH is one never used with reference to any but the Almighty, it is to be regretted that the Septuagint, imitated by our own and other versions, has represented it by a word which is also used for the Hebrew 'Adonai,' which is applied not only to God, but, like our 'Lord,' to creatures also, as to angels (Gen_19:2; Dan_10:16-17), to men in authority (Gen_42:30; Gen_42:33), and to proprietors. owners, masters (Gen_45:8). In the New Testament, Κύριος, representing 'Adonai,' and both represented by Lords, the last, or human application of the term, is frequent. In fact, the leading idea of the Hebrew, the Greek, and the English words is that of an owner or proprietor, whether God or man; and it occurs in the inferior application with great frequency in the New Testament. This application is either literal or complimentary: literal when the party is really an owner or master. as in Mat_10:24; Mat_20:8; Mat_21:40; Act_16:16; Act_16:19; Gal_4:1, etc.; or when he is so as having absolute authority over another (Mat_9:38; Luk_10:2), or as being a supreme lord or sovereign (Act_25:26); and complimentary when used as a title of address, especially to superiors, like the English Master, Sir; the French Sieur, Monsieur; the German Herr, etc., as in Mat_13:27; Mat_21:20; Mar_7:8; Luk_9:54." See Winer, De voce Κύριος (Erlang. 1828).
4. בִּעִל, master in the sense of domination, applied to only heathen deities, or else to human relations, as husband, etc., and especially to a person skilled or chief in a trade or profession (like the vulgar boss). To this corresponds the Greek δεσπότης, whence our "despot." SEE BAAL. The remaining and less important words in the original, thus rendered in the common Bible (usually without a capital initial), are: גְּבַיר, gebir', prop. denoting physical strength or martial prowess; שִׂר, sar, a title of nobility; שָׁלַישׁ, shalish', a military officer, SEE CAPTAIN; and סֶרֶן, se'ren, a Philistine term; also the Chald. מָרֵא, mare', an official title (hence the Syriac mar, or bishop); and רִב, rab, a general name = praefect, with its reduplicate רִבְרְבָן, rabreban', and its Greek equivalent ῥαββονί, "Rabboni."

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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