Lubim
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LUBIM.The name of a people, standing in EV [Note: English Version.] for the Libyans in Nah_3:9, 2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8, and replaced by the word Libyans itself in Dan_11:43. These were a very ancient people living west of Egypt, who were subdued by the Egyptians at an early date and long furnished mercenary soldiers to their armies. At length they invaded Egypt, subdued it in the 10th cent. b.c., and established a powerful dynasty, of which the Biblical Shishak was the founder. Probably Lubim should be read for Ludim (wh. see) in certain passages. Cf. Lehabim.
J. F. MCurdy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
From luwb "to thirst," the thirsty land. Probably equating to the Lehabim (Gen_10:13), W. of the Nile delta. The Libyans. Allies or tributaries of Egypt (2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8; Nah_3:9; Dan_11:23). (See LIBYANS.) The Rebu or Lebu of the monumental temple at Thebes (the Medeenet Haboo) of Rameses III, who conquered them. Fair and Semitic like in the representations.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Lu'bim. (dwellers in a thirsty land). A nation mentioned as contributing, together with Cushites and Sukkiim, to Shishak's army, 2Ch_12:3, and apparently, as forming, with Cushites, the bulk of Zerah's army, 2Ch_16:8, spoken of by Nahum, Nah_3:9, with Put or Phut, as helping No-amon (Thebes), of which Cush and Egypt were the strength.
Upon the Egyptian monuments, we find representations of a people called Rebu or Lebu, who correspond to the Lubim, and who may be placed on the African coast to the westward of Egypt, perhaps extending far beyond the Cyrenaica.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
lū?bim (לוּבים, lūbhı̄m): A people mentioned in the Old Testament (2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8; Dan_11:43; Nah_3:9). In all these cases the word is translated in the King James Version ?Libyans?; in the Revised Version (British and American) only in Dan_11:43. The people so named had their seat in North Africa, West of Egypt (compare Act_2:10, ?the parts of Libya about Cyrene?). See LIBYA. On three different occasions the Libyans invaded Egypt, and at length, in the 10th century BC, succeeded in founding an Egyptian dynasty under SHISHAK (which see).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Lu?bim, the Libyans [LIBYA]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Lubim
(Heb. Lubimz', לוּבַים, from the Arab., signifying inhabitants of a thirsty land, Nah_3:9; "Lubims," 2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8; also Lubbin', לֻבַּיםLibyans," Dan_11:43; Sept. everywhere Λίβυες), the Libyans, always joined with the Egyptians and Ethiopians; being "mentioned as contributing, together with Cushites and Sukkiim, to Shishak's army (2Ch_12:3); and apparently as forming with Cushites the bulk of Zerah's army (2Ch_16:8); spoken of by Nahum (Nah_3:9) with Put or Phut, as helping No-Amon (Thebes), of which Cush and Egypt were the strength; and by Daniel (Dan_11:43) as paying court with the Cushites to a conqueror of Egypt or the Egyptians. These particulars indicate an African nation under tribute to Egypt, if not under Egyptian rule, contributing, in the 10th century B.C., valuable aid in mercenaries or auxiliaries to the Egyptian armies, and down to Nahum's time, and a period prophesied of by Daniel, probably the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, SEE ANTIOCHUS IV, assisting, either politically or commercially, to sustain the Egyptian power, or, in the last case, dependent on it. These indications do not fix the geographical position of the Lubim, but they favor the supposition that their territory was near Egypt, either to the west or south. For more precise information we look to the Egyptian monuments, upon which we find representations of a people called REBU or LEBU (R and L having no distinction in hieroglyphics), who cannot be doubted to correspond to the Lubim. These Rebu were a warlike people, with whom Menptah (the son and successor of Rameses II) and Rameses III, who both ruled in the 13th century B.C., waged successful wars. The latter king routed them with much slaughter. The sculptures of the great temple he raised at Thebes, now called that of Medinet Abui, give us representations of the Rebu, showing that they were fair, and of what is called a Shemitic type, like the Berbers and Kabyles. They are distinguished as northern, that is, as parallel to, or north of, Lower Egypt. Of their being African there can be no reasonable doubt, and we may assign them to the coast of the Mediterranean, commencing not far to the westward of Egypt.
We do not find them to have been mercenaries of Egypt from the monuments, but we know that the kindred Mashashasha-u were so employed by the Bubastite family, to which Shishak and probably Zerah also belonged; and it is not unlikely that the latter are intended by the Lubim, used in a more generic sense than Rebu, in the Biblical mention of the armies of these kings (Brugsch, Geogr. Isschr. 2:79 sq.). We have already shown that the Lubim are probably the Mizraite LEHABIM: if so, their so-called Shemitic physical characteristics, as represented on the Egyptian monuments, afford evidence of great importance for the inquirer into primeval history. The mention in Manetho's Dynasties that, under Necherophes, or Necherochis, the first Memphite king, and head of the third dynasty (B.C. cir. 2600), the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians, but returned to their allegiance through fear, on a wonderful increase of the moon, may refer to the Lubim, but may as probably relate to some other African people, perhaps the Naphtuhim, or Phut (Put).
The historical indications of the Egyptian monuments thus lead us to place the seat of the Lubim, or primitive Libyans, on the African coast to the westward of Egypt, perhaps extending far beyond Cyrenaica. From the earliest ages of which we have any record, a stream of colonization has flowed from the East along the coast of Africa, north of the Great Desert, as far as the Pillars of Hercules. The oldest of these colonists of this region were doubtless the Lubim and kindred tribes, particularly the Mashawasha-u and Tahen-nu of the Egyptian monuments, all of whom appear to have ultimately taken their common name of Libyans from the Lubim. They seem to have been first reduced by the Egyptians about B.C. 1250, and to have afterwards been driven inland by the Phoenician and Greek colonists. Now, they still remain on the northern confines of the Great Desert, and even within it, and in the mountains, while their later Shemitic rivals pasture their flocks in the rich plains. Many as are the Arab tribes of Africa, one great tribe, that of the Beni 'Ali, extends from Egypt to Morocco, illustrating the probable extent of the territory of the Lubim and their cognates. It is possible that in Eze_30:5, Lub, לוּב, should be read for Chub, כּוּב; but there is no other instance of the use of this form: as, however, לוּדand לוּדַיםare used for one people, apparently the Mizraite Ludim, most probably kindred to the Lubim, this objection is not conclusive. SEE CHUB; SEE LUDIM. In Jer_46:9, the A.V. renders Phut 'the Libyans;' and in Eze_38:5, Libya.'" SEE LIBYA.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
J. F. MCurdy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
From luwb "to thirst," the thirsty land. Probably equating to the Lehabim (Gen_10:13), W. of the Nile delta. The Libyans. Allies or tributaries of Egypt (2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8; Nah_3:9; Dan_11:23). (See LIBYANS.) The Rebu or Lebu of the monumental temple at Thebes (the Medeenet Haboo) of Rameses III, who conquered them. Fair and Semitic like in the representations.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Lu'bim. (dwellers in a thirsty land). A nation mentioned as contributing, together with Cushites and Sukkiim, to Shishak's army, 2Ch_12:3, and apparently, as forming, with Cushites, the bulk of Zerah's army, 2Ch_16:8, spoken of by Nahum, Nah_3:9, with Put or Phut, as helping No-amon (Thebes), of which Cush and Egypt were the strength.
Upon the Egyptian monuments, we find representations of a people called Rebu or Lebu, who correspond to the Lubim, and who may be placed on the African coast to the westward of Egypt, perhaps extending far beyond the Cyrenaica.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
lū?bim (לוּבים, lūbhı̄m): A people mentioned in the Old Testament (2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8; Dan_11:43; Nah_3:9). In all these cases the word is translated in the King James Version ?Libyans?; in the Revised Version (British and American) only in Dan_11:43. The people so named had their seat in North Africa, West of Egypt (compare Act_2:10, ?the parts of Libya about Cyrene?). See LIBYA. On three different occasions the Libyans invaded Egypt, and at length, in the 10th century BC, succeeded in founding an Egyptian dynasty under SHISHAK (which see).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Lu?bim, the Libyans [LIBYA]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Lubim
(Heb. Lubimz', לוּבַים, from the Arab., signifying inhabitants of a thirsty land, Nah_3:9; "Lubims," 2Ch_12:3; 2Ch_16:8; also Lubbin', לֻבַּיםLibyans," Dan_11:43; Sept. everywhere Λίβυες), the Libyans, always joined with the Egyptians and Ethiopians; being "mentioned as contributing, together with Cushites and Sukkiim, to Shishak's army (2Ch_12:3); and apparently as forming with Cushites the bulk of Zerah's army (2Ch_16:8); spoken of by Nahum (Nah_3:9) with Put or Phut, as helping No-Amon (Thebes), of which Cush and Egypt were the strength; and by Daniel (Dan_11:43) as paying court with the Cushites to a conqueror of Egypt or the Egyptians. These particulars indicate an African nation under tribute to Egypt, if not under Egyptian rule, contributing, in the 10th century B.C., valuable aid in mercenaries or auxiliaries to the Egyptian armies, and down to Nahum's time, and a period prophesied of by Daniel, probably the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, SEE ANTIOCHUS IV, assisting, either politically or commercially, to sustain the Egyptian power, or, in the last case, dependent on it. These indications do not fix the geographical position of the Lubim, but they favor the supposition that their territory was near Egypt, either to the west or south. For more precise information we look to the Egyptian monuments, upon which we find representations of a people called REBU or LEBU (R and L having no distinction in hieroglyphics), who cannot be doubted to correspond to the Lubim. These Rebu were a warlike people, with whom Menptah (the son and successor of Rameses II) and Rameses III, who both ruled in the 13th century B.C., waged successful wars. The latter king routed them with much slaughter. The sculptures of the great temple he raised at Thebes, now called that of Medinet Abui, give us representations of the Rebu, showing that they were fair, and of what is called a Shemitic type, like the Berbers and Kabyles. They are distinguished as northern, that is, as parallel to, or north of, Lower Egypt. Of their being African there can be no reasonable doubt, and we may assign them to the coast of the Mediterranean, commencing not far to the westward of Egypt.
We do not find them to have been mercenaries of Egypt from the monuments, but we know that the kindred Mashashasha-u were so employed by the Bubastite family, to which Shishak and probably Zerah also belonged; and it is not unlikely that the latter are intended by the Lubim, used in a more generic sense than Rebu, in the Biblical mention of the armies of these kings (Brugsch, Geogr. Isschr. 2:79 sq.). We have already shown that the Lubim are probably the Mizraite LEHABIM: if so, their so-called Shemitic physical characteristics, as represented on the Egyptian monuments, afford evidence of great importance for the inquirer into primeval history. The mention in Manetho's Dynasties that, under Necherophes, or Necherochis, the first Memphite king, and head of the third dynasty (B.C. cir. 2600), the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians, but returned to their allegiance through fear, on a wonderful increase of the moon, may refer to the Lubim, but may as probably relate to some other African people, perhaps the Naphtuhim, or Phut (Put).
The historical indications of the Egyptian monuments thus lead us to place the seat of the Lubim, or primitive Libyans, on the African coast to the westward of Egypt, perhaps extending far beyond Cyrenaica. From the earliest ages of which we have any record, a stream of colonization has flowed from the East along the coast of Africa, north of the Great Desert, as far as the Pillars of Hercules. The oldest of these colonists of this region were doubtless the Lubim and kindred tribes, particularly the Mashawasha-u and Tahen-nu of the Egyptian monuments, all of whom appear to have ultimately taken their common name of Libyans from the Lubim. They seem to have been first reduced by the Egyptians about B.C. 1250, and to have afterwards been driven inland by the Phoenician and Greek colonists. Now, they still remain on the northern confines of the Great Desert, and even within it, and in the mountains, while their later Shemitic rivals pasture their flocks in the rich plains. Many as are the Arab tribes of Africa, one great tribe, that of the Beni 'Ali, extends from Egypt to Morocco, illustrating the probable extent of the territory of the Lubim and their cognates. It is possible that in Eze_30:5, Lub, לוּב, should be read for Chub, כּוּב; but there is no other instance of the use of this form: as, however, לוּדand לוּדַיםare used for one people, apparently the Mizraite Ludim, most probably kindred to the Lubim, this objection is not conclusive. SEE CHUB; SEE LUDIM. In Jer_46:9, the A.V. renders Phut 'the Libyans;' and in Eze_38:5, Libya.'" SEE LIBYA.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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