Mouse
VIEW:34 DATA:01-04-2020
MOUSE (akbâr).Probably a generic term including field-mice, hamsters, dormice, and even jerboas. The male of the last named is called akbâr by the Arabs. All these small rodents are exceedingly plentiful in Palestine. The hamster (Cricetus phus) and the jerboa, of which three varieties have been found in the land, are eaten by the Arabs (cf. Isa_66:17). Metal mice as amulets have been found in the Palestine plain (cf. 1Sa_6:4-5). The mouse was forbidden food to the Israelites (Lev_11:28).
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
'akbar. The "jumping mouse," Dipus jaculus Egyptius (Gesenius); or as the Arabic farah, any small rodent (Tristram); the field mouse or vole, with larger head, shorter ears and tail, and stouter form, than the house mouse; and the long-tailed field mouse, Mus sylvaticus. The ravages of these rodents among grain, etc., made the Philistines propitiate with "golden mice" (five answering to their five political divisions and lords) the God whose instrument of "marring the land" they were (1 Samuel 6). The scourges on them were humiliating to their pride, the tiny mouse and hemorrhoids in the back, where for a warrior to be smitten is a shame (Psa_78:66). So Sminthian Apollo was worshipped in Crete and the Troad; derived from smintha, Cretan for "mouse"; Apollo was represented with one foot upon a mouse. The Egyptian account of Sennacherib's discomfiture was that the gods sent mice which gnawed his archers' bowstrings, in his expedition to Egypt. The mouse was legally unclean (Isa_66:67).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Mouse. (the corn-eater). The name of this animal occurs in Lev_11:29; 1Sa_6:4-5; Isa_66:17. The Hebrew word is in all probability, generic, and is not intended to denote any particular species of mouse. The original word denotes a field-ravager, and may, therefore, comprehend any destructive rodent. Tristram found twenty-three species of mice in Palestine. It is probable that in 1Sa_6:5, the expression, "the mice that mar the land," includes, and, more particularly, refers to the short-tailed field-mice (Arvicola agrestis, Flem.), which cause great destruction to the corn-lands of Syria.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
עכבר , in Chaldee acalbar, probably the same with the aliarbui of the Arabians, or the jerboa, Lev_11:29; 1Sa_6:4-5; 1Sa_6:11; 1Sa_6:18; Isaiah 46:17. All interpreters acknowledge that the Hebrew word achbar signifies a mouse, and more especially a field mouse. Moses declares it to be unclean, which insinuates that it was sometimes eaten; and, indeed, it is affirmed that the Jews were so oppressed with famine during the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans, that, notwithstanding this prohibition, they were compelled to eat dogs, mice, and rats. Isa_66:17, justly reproaches the Jews with eating the flesh of mice and other things that were impure and abominable. It is known what spoil was made by mice in the fields of the Philistines, 1Sa_6:5-6, &c, after this people had brought into the country the ark of the Lord; so that they were obliged to take the resolution to send it back, accompanied with mice and emerods of gold, as an atonement for the irreverence they had committed, and to avert from their land the vengeance that pursued them. Judea has suffered by these animals in other times. William, archbishop of Tyre, records, that in the beginning of the twelfth century a penitential council was held at Naplouse, where five and twenty canons were framed for the correction of the manners of the inhabitants of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, who, they apprehended, had provoked God to bring upon them the calamities of earthquakes, war, and famine. This last the archbishop ascribes to locusts and devouring mice, which had for four years together so destroyed the fruits of the earth, as seemed to cause almost a total failure in their crops. Bochart has collected many curious accounts relative to the terrible devastation made by these animals.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
The word occurs where, it seems, the nomenclature in modern zoology would point out two species of distinct genera (Lev_11:29; 1Sa_6:4-5; 1Sa_6:11; 1Sa_6:18; Isa_66:17). It is likely that the Hebrews extended the acceptation of the word achbar, in the same manner as was the familiar custom of the Greeks, and still more of the Romans, who included within their term mus several species, such as shrews, stoats, etc. In the above texts, all in 1 Samuel 6 apparently refer to the short-tailed field mouse, which is still the most destructive animal to the harvests of Syria, and is most likely the species noticed in antiquity and during the crusades; for had they been jerboas in shape and resembled miniature kangaroos, we would expect William of Tyre to have mentioned the peculiar form of the destroyers, which was then unknown to Western Europe; whereas, they being of species or appearance common to the Latin nations, no particulars were required. But in Leviticus and Isaiah, where the mouse is declared an unclean animal, the species most accessible and likely to invite the appetite of nations who, like the Arabs, were apt to covet all kinds of animals, even when expressly forbidden, were, no doubt, the hamster and the dormouse; and both are still eaten in common with the jerboa, by the Bedouins, who are but too often driven to extremity by actual want of food.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Mouse
(עִכְבָּר, akbar', according to Bochart, Hieroz. 1:1017, a compound of the Chald. עֲכִל, to devour, and בִּר, afield, from its ravages; but according to Gesenius, Thes. Heb. page 508, from the Arab. for swift digger; Gr. μῦς), by which especially the field-mouse (Mishna, Moed Katon, 1:4) a species, on account of its voracity and rapid increase, very injurious to crops (Aristotle, Anim. 6:37; Strabo, 3:165; AElian, Anim. 6:41; Pliny, 10:85; comp. Russell, Aleppo, 2:59) appears to be designated in 1Sa_6:4 sq. SEE HEMORRHOID. It was an unclean animal (Lev_11:29), in which passage, however, all the species of the genus mus are doubtless included (Bochart, Hieroz. 2:429 sq.). But in Isa_66:7, a different creature seems to be denoted, apparently some esculent species of glis. or dormouse (see Varro, R.R. 2:15); or perhaps the leaping variety of mouse, mus jaculus, or jerboa, which is designated in Arabic by a name corresponding to the Heb. akbar, although this animal has often been identified with the Heb. shaphan, or "coney." SEE MOLE.
It is likely that the Hebrews extended the acceptation of the word akbar in the same manner as was the familiar custom of the Greeks, and still more of the Romans, who included within their term mus insectivore of the genus sorex, that is "shrews;" carnivora, among which was the Mustela erminea, "stoat" or "ermine," their Mnusponticus; and in the systematic order Rodentia, the mnusidce contain Myoxus flis, or fat dormouse; Dipus jaculus, or Egyptian jerboa; Mus, rats and mice properly so called, constituting several modern genera; and cricetus, or hamster, which includes the marmot or Roman Mus Alpinus. In the above texts, those in 1 Samuel 6 apparently refer to the shorttailed field-mouse, which is still the most destructive animal to the harvests of Syria (see William of Tyre, Gesta Dei, page 823), and is most likely the species noticed in antiquity and during the crusades; for, had they been jerboas in shape and resembled miniature kangaroos, we would expect William of Tyre to have mentioned the peculiar form of the destroyers, which was then unknown to Western Europe; whereas, they being of species or appearance common to the Latin nations, no particulars were required. But in Leviticus and Isaiah, where the mouse is declared an unclean animal, the species most accessible and likely to invite the appetite of nations who, like the Arabs, were apt to covet all kinds of animals, even when expressly forbidden, were no doubt the hamster and the dormouse; and both are still eaten in common with the jerboa by the Bedouins, who are but too often driven to extremity by actual want of food. The common field-vole, often called the short-tailed field-mouse, is the campagnol of the French, and the Arvicola agrestis of modern zoologists. It is about the size of the house-mouse, to which it bears a general resemblance, but is easily distinguished by its larger head, its short ears and tail, its stouter form, and its reddish color, no less than by its habits (Fairbairn). "Of all the smaller rodentia which are injurious, both in the fields and in the woods, there is not," says Prof. Bell (Hist. Brit. Quad. page 325), "one which produces such extensive destruction as this little animal, when its increase, as is sometimes the case, becomes multitudinous." The ancient writers frequently speak of the great ravages committed by mice. Herodotus (2:141) ascribes the loss of Sennacherib's army to mice, which in the night-time gnawed through the bow-strings and shield-straps. See generally Bochart, Hieroz. 2:448 sq.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
'akbar. The "jumping mouse," Dipus jaculus Egyptius (Gesenius); or as the Arabic farah, any small rodent (Tristram); the field mouse or vole, with larger head, shorter ears and tail, and stouter form, than the house mouse; and the long-tailed field mouse, Mus sylvaticus. The ravages of these rodents among grain, etc., made the Philistines propitiate with "golden mice" (five answering to their five political divisions and lords) the God whose instrument of "marring the land" they were (1 Samuel 6). The scourges on them were humiliating to their pride, the tiny mouse and hemorrhoids in the back, where for a warrior to be smitten is a shame (Psa_78:66). So Sminthian Apollo was worshipped in Crete and the Troad; derived from smintha, Cretan for "mouse"; Apollo was represented with one foot upon a mouse. The Egyptian account of Sennacherib's discomfiture was that the gods sent mice which gnawed his archers' bowstrings, in his expedition to Egypt. The mouse was legally unclean (Isa_66:67).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Mouse. (the corn-eater). The name of this animal occurs in Lev_11:29; 1Sa_6:4-5; Isa_66:17. The Hebrew word is in all probability, generic, and is not intended to denote any particular species of mouse. The original word denotes a field-ravager, and may, therefore, comprehend any destructive rodent. Tristram found twenty-three species of mice in Palestine. It is probable that in 1Sa_6:5, the expression, "the mice that mar the land," includes, and, more particularly, refers to the short-tailed field-mice (Arvicola agrestis, Flem.), which cause great destruction to the corn-lands of Syria.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
עכבר , in Chaldee acalbar, probably the same with the aliarbui of the Arabians, or the jerboa, Lev_11:29; 1Sa_6:4-5; 1Sa_6:11; 1Sa_6:18; Isaiah 46:17. All interpreters acknowledge that the Hebrew word achbar signifies a mouse, and more especially a field mouse. Moses declares it to be unclean, which insinuates that it was sometimes eaten; and, indeed, it is affirmed that the Jews were so oppressed with famine during the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans, that, notwithstanding this prohibition, they were compelled to eat dogs, mice, and rats. Isa_66:17, justly reproaches the Jews with eating the flesh of mice and other things that were impure and abominable. It is known what spoil was made by mice in the fields of the Philistines, 1Sa_6:5-6, &c, after this people had brought into the country the ark of the Lord; so that they were obliged to take the resolution to send it back, accompanied with mice and emerods of gold, as an atonement for the irreverence they had committed, and to avert from their land the vengeance that pursued them. Judea has suffered by these animals in other times. William, archbishop of Tyre, records, that in the beginning of the twelfth century a penitential council was held at Naplouse, where five and twenty canons were framed for the correction of the manners of the inhabitants of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, who, they apprehended, had provoked God to bring upon them the calamities of earthquakes, war, and famine. This last the archbishop ascribes to locusts and devouring mice, which had for four years together so destroyed the fruits of the earth, as seemed to cause almost a total failure in their crops. Bochart has collected many curious accounts relative to the terrible devastation made by these animals.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
The word occurs where, it seems, the nomenclature in modern zoology would point out two species of distinct genera (Lev_11:29; 1Sa_6:4-5; 1Sa_6:11; 1Sa_6:18; Isa_66:17). It is likely that the Hebrews extended the acceptation of the word achbar, in the same manner as was the familiar custom of the Greeks, and still more of the Romans, who included within their term mus several species, such as shrews, stoats, etc. In the above texts, all in 1 Samuel 6 apparently refer to the short-tailed field mouse, which is still the most destructive animal to the harvests of Syria, and is most likely the species noticed in antiquity and during the crusades; for had they been jerboas in shape and resembled miniature kangaroos, we would expect William of Tyre to have mentioned the peculiar form of the destroyers, which was then unknown to Western Europe; whereas, they being of species or appearance common to the Latin nations, no particulars were required. But in Leviticus and Isaiah, where the mouse is declared an unclean animal, the species most accessible and likely to invite the appetite of nations who, like the Arabs, were apt to covet all kinds of animals, even when expressly forbidden, were, no doubt, the hamster and the dormouse; and both are still eaten in common with the jerboa, by the Bedouins, who are but too often driven to extremity by actual want of food.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Mouse
(עִכְבָּר, akbar', according to Bochart, Hieroz. 1:1017, a compound of the Chald. עֲכִל, to devour, and בִּר, afield, from its ravages; but according to Gesenius, Thes. Heb. page 508, from the Arab. for swift digger; Gr. μῦς), by which especially the field-mouse (Mishna, Moed Katon, 1:4) a species, on account of its voracity and rapid increase, very injurious to crops (Aristotle, Anim. 6:37; Strabo, 3:165; AElian, Anim. 6:41; Pliny, 10:85; comp. Russell, Aleppo, 2:59) appears to be designated in 1Sa_6:4 sq. SEE HEMORRHOID. It was an unclean animal (Lev_11:29), in which passage, however, all the species of the genus mus are doubtless included (Bochart, Hieroz. 2:429 sq.). But in Isa_66:7, a different creature seems to be denoted, apparently some esculent species of glis. or dormouse (see Varro, R.R. 2:15); or perhaps the leaping variety of mouse, mus jaculus, or jerboa, which is designated in Arabic by a name corresponding to the Heb. akbar, although this animal has often been identified with the Heb. shaphan, or "coney." SEE MOLE.
It is likely that the Hebrews extended the acceptation of the word akbar in the same manner as was the familiar custom of the Greeks, and still more of the Romans, who included within their term mus insectivore of the genus sorex, that is "shrews;" carnivora, among which was the Mustela erminea, "stoat" or "ermine," their Mnusponticus; and in the systematic order Rodentia, the mnusidce contain Myoxus flis, or fat dormouse; Dipus jaculus, or Egyptian jerboa; Mus, rats and mice properly so called, constituting several modern genera; and cricetus, or hamster, which includes the marmot or Roman Mus Alpinus. In the above texts, those in 1 Samuel 6 apparently refer to the shorttailed field-mouse, which is still the most destructive animal to the harvests of Syria (see William of Tyre, Gesta Dei, page 823), and is most likely the species noticed in antiquity and during the crusades; for, had they been jerboas in shape and resembled miniature kangaroos, we would expect William of Tyre to have mentioned the peculiar form of the destroyers, which was then unknown to Western Europe; whereas, they being of species or appearance common to the Latin nations, no particulars were required. But in Leviticus and Isaiah, where the mouse is declared an unclean animal, the species most accessible and likely to invite the appetite of nations who, like the Arabs, were apt to covet all kinds of animals, even when expressly forbidden, were no doubt the hamster and the dormouse; and both are still eaten in common with the jerboa by the Bedouins, who are but too often driven to extremity by actual want of food. The common field-vole, often called the short-tailed field-mouse, is the campagnol of the French, and the Arvicola agrestis of modern zoologists. It is about the size of the house-mouse, to which it bears a general resemblance, but is easily distinguished by its larger head, its short ears and tail, its stouter form, and its reddish color, no less than by its habits (Fairbairn). "Of all the smaller rodentia which are injurious, both in the fields and in the woods, there is not," says Prof. Bell (Hist. Brit. Quad. page 325), "one which produces such extensive destruction as this little animal, when its increase, as is sometimes the case, becomes multitudinous." The ancient writers frequently speak of the great ravages committed by mice. Herodotus (2:141) ascribes the loss of Sennacherib's army to mice, which in the night-time gnawed through the bow-strings and shield-straps. See generally Bochart, Hieroz. 2:448 sq.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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