Munition
VIEW:25 DATA:01-04-2020
MUNITION occurs in a few passages of AV [Note: Authorized Version.] in the sense of a fortified place, e.g. Isa_29:7, where RV [Note: Revised Version.] has stronghold. The word is retained in Nah_2:1, where, however, Amer. RV [Note: Revised Version.] has the more intelligible fortress. In 1Ma_14:10 all manner of munition is literally with implements of defence (cf. RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ), as the same original is rendered in 1Ma_10:11.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
mū́-nish?un. See SIEGE, 4, (b).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Munition
(מְצָד, metsad', Isa_23:16; usually rendered " stronghold"), a fortress on a rocky eminence, such as those-to which David resorted for safety from Saul (1Sa_23:14); especially a "castle" or acropolis, as of Mount Zion (1Ch_11:7). SEE FORT.
In ancient times every city was located upon a naturally strong position, SEE CITY; SEE HILL, and served itself for a stronghold (עַיר בְּצוּרָה, עַיר הִמַּבְצָר); yet in the period before ;he exile among the Hebrews particular strategic points, especially on the frontier and in low and level tracts, were more strongly and systematically fortified (1Ki_15:17; 1Ki_15:22; 2Ch_8:3; 2Ch_11:5 sq.; 2Ch_14:6 sq.; 2Ch_26:6; 2Ch_27:4), in anticipation of sieges (2Ch_17:2), which, by reason of the more strenuous warfare, still oftener took place in post-exilian times (see 1Ma_4:61; 1Ma_12:35; 1Ma_13:30; 1Ma_14:33 sq. [1Ma_15:39]), when the residences of Palestine were distributed in citadels, walled towns, and open villages. First of all, strongholds were surrounded by one or more (2Ch_32:5) walls (חוֹמָה), which were sometimes very thick (Jer_51:58), and were furnished with battlements (פַּנּוֹת, 2Ch_26:15; Zep_1:16; or שְׁמָשׁוֹה, Isa_54:12), parapet, and towers (מַגְדָּלַים, 2Ch_14:7; 2Ch_32:5; 1Ma_5:65; comp. Eze_26:4; Eze_27:11; Jer_51:12; Zep_2:14; Jdt_1:3), and were closed by powerful (in Babylon iron-bound, Isa_45:2; Herod. 1:179) and strictly guarded (1Ki_4:13) gates (q.v.). Over these last were placed watch-towers (2Sa_13:34; 2Sa_18:24; 2Sa_18:33; 2Ki_9:17; 2Ch_26:9; comp. Homer, II. 3:145, 154). See, generally, 2Ch_14:7. Around the wall lay the חֵיל (2Sa_20:15; Isa_26:1; Nah_3:8; 1Ki_21:23), apparently a moat with a rampart, but according to Kimchi a small outer wall (בִּי שׁוּרָה). SEE TRENCH.
There were also watch-towers and forts (בַּירָנַיּוֹת) in the open field (2Ki_18:8, 2Ch_27:4), as well as castles in and at the cities for a final refuge (Jdg_9:51 sq.). The most important fortress of Palestine in all ancient times was Jerusalem (q.v.). Other strong castles, especially for the protection of the borders, were, in the closing period of Jewish history, Alexandrium (Josephus, Ant. 13:16, 3), Machaerus, Masada, Hyrcania (comp. Josephus, Ant. 13:16), Herodium (ib. 15:9, 4; War, 1:21, 10), etc. They were usually located on hills (Ant. 14:6, 2). Caves and chasms in rocks were the first natural fastnesses (Jdg_9:2). SEE CAVE.
The reduction (comp. צור, נצר) of strong places, to which the inhabitants retreated on the invasion of an enemy (Jer_8:14), began, after a demand to capitulate (Deu_20:10; comp. 2Ki_18:17 sq.), with the demarcation of a line of circumvolution (בָּנָה מָצוֹר, Ecc_9:14; בָּנָה דָיֵק, 2Ki_25:1; Jer_6:6; Jer_52:4; Eze_4:2; Eze_17:17, etc.), and throwing up a bank (שׁ4פִךְ סוֹלְלָה, 2Sa_20:15; 2Ki_19:32; Isaiah 27:33; Hab_1:10; Jer_6:6; Eze_4:2; Eze_17:17; Eze_26:8; 1Ma_11:20; 1Ma_13:43; comp. Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 2), and next proceeded by the employment of beleaguering engines (μηχαναί, 1 Mace. 11:20, i.e., battering-rams,
כָּרַים, Eze_4:2; Eze_21:27; comp. Josephus, War, 3:9; Vitruv. 10:19). with which a breach was effected (Eze_21:27. A description of the customary Roman machine obsidionales, which Titus used-but for a long time in vain-ins the siege of Jerusalem [Josephus, War, 5:6, 2 sq.; 9, 2; 6:2, 3, etc.], is given by Ammian. Marcel. 23:4. On the Roman aries especially, see Josephus, War, 3:7, 19). A simpler operation was to set the fort on fire, and thus destroy at once both it and the besieged (Jdg_9:49). As an example of undermining the walls, Jer_51:58 is adduced only by a gloss in the Sept. and Vulg.; in later times this process becomes clearer (Josephus. War, 2:17, 8; comp. Dio Cass. 69, 12; Veget. Mil. 4:24). The demolition of the aqueducts is once mentioned (Jdt_7:6). For defence the besieged were accustomed not only to shoot darts from the walls (2Sa_11:24), but also to hurl large stones and beams (Jdg_9:53; 2Sa_11:21; Josephus War, 5:3, 3; 6, 3), and even to pour down boiling oil (Josephus, War, 3:7, 28); in later times they used slinging- machines (חַשַּׁבֹנוֹת, 2Ch_26:15; Dio Cass. 66:41). Also by skilfully. managed sorties, which were disguised by mines (Josephus, Ant. 14:16, 2; War, 5:11, 4, etc.), they strove (especially by burning the siege- works) to break the siege (1Ma_6:3; Josephus, War, 5:6, 6; 11, 5; 6;, 6, 4), and for this purpose they watched the enemy by sentinels posted on the walls (Josephus, War, 5:2, 5).
The Israelites were enjoined to spare fruit- trees when they laid siege to a city (Deu_20:19 sq.; yet see 2Ki_3:25; comp. Michaelis, A Mos. Recht, 1:378 sq.). The beleaguering of strongholds was sometimes carried on for a long time (so Hyrcanus was able to reduce Samaria only after an investment of a whole year, Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 3), and brought upon the besieged (even when they had provisioned themselves beforehand, 1Ma_13:3) so severe a famine (2Ki_6:25 sq.; 1Ma_6:53 sq. but of a lack of water in besieged places there is seldom any mention [see Josephus, War, 3:7, 12; Ant. 14:14, 6], probably owing to the copious cisterns usually at hand) that they were often obliged to resort to very unusual (comp. Jdt_11:11) and even nauseous means of subsistence (2Ki_6:25; 2Ki_6:29; 2Ki_18:27; Lam_4:10; Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 2; War, 5:10, 3; 13, 7; 6:3, 3; comp. Barhebr. Chronicles pages 149, 488). But the garrison sometimes contrived ingeniously to conceal from the besiegers the food and provisions brought into the city (Josephus, War, 3:7,12). Obstinate fortresses were taken by storm (comp. 1 Mace. 5:51), and the houses were razed to the ground (Jdg_9:45; 1Ma_5:52; Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 3. Occasionally the plough was passed over the site of a captured town laid in ashes, Horace, Od. 1:16, 21; Senec. Clement. 1:26; but Mic_3:12 has no such allusion), the inhabitants massacred, manacled, and reduced to slavery (Jdg_1:25; 1Ma_5:52; comp. 2Ma_5:13 sq.; 2Ma_10:17; 2Ma_10:23). SEE SIEGE. On the other hand, the enemy usually spared such places as surrendered (1Ma_13:43 sq.). Citadels which had never been captured were called in Oriental phrase virgins (see Gesenius, Jesa. 1:736). SEE FORTIFICATION.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
mū́-nish?un. See SIEGE, 4, (b).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Munition
(מְצָד, metsad', Isa_23:16; usually rendered " stronghold"), a fortress on a rocky eminence, such as those-to which David resorted for safety from Saul (1Sa_23:14); especially a "castle" or acropolis, as of Mount Zion (1Ch_11:7). SEE FORT.
In ancient times every city was located upon a naturally strong position, SEE CITY; SEE HILL, and served itself for a stronghold (עַיר בְּצוּרָה, עַיר הִמַּבְצָר); yet in the period before ;he exile among the Hebrews particular strategic points, especially on the frontier and in low and level tracts, were more strongly and systematically fortified (1Ki_15:17; 1Ki_15:22; 2Ch_8:3; 2Ch_11:5 sq.; 2Ch_14:6 sq.; 2Ch_26:6; 2Ch_27:4), in anticipation of sieges (2Ch_17:2), which, by reason of the more strenuous warfare, still oftener took place in post-exilian times (see 1Ma_4:61; 1Ma_12:35; 1Ma_13:30; 1Ma_14:33 sq. [1Ma_15:39]), when the residences of Palestine were distributed in citadels, walled towns, and open villages. First of all, strongholds were surrounded by one or more (2Ch_32:5) walls (חוֹמָה), which were sometimes very thick (Jer_51:58), and were furnished with battlements (פַּנּוֹת, 2Ch_26:15; Zep_1:16; or שְׁמָשׁוֹה, Isa_54:12), parapet, and towers (מַגְדָּלַים, 2Ch_14:7; 2Ch_32:5; 1Ma_5:65; comp. Eze_26:4; Eze_27:11; Jer_51:12; Zep_2:14; Jdt_1:3), and were closed by powerful (in Babylon iron-bound, Isa_45:2; Herod. 1:179) and strictly guarded (1Ki_4:13) gates (q.v.). Over these last were placed watch-towers (2Sa_13:34; 2Sa_18:24; 2Sa_18:33; 2Ki_9:17; 2Ch_26:9; comp. Homer, II. 3:145, 154). See, generally, 2Ch_14:7. Around the wall lay the חֵיל (2Sa_20:15; Isa_26:1; Nah_3:8; 1Ki_21:23), apparently a moat with a rampart, but according to Kimchi a small outer wall (בִּי שׁוּרָה). SEE TRENCH.
There were also watch-towers and forts (בַּירָנַיּוֹת) in the open field (2Ki_18:8, 2Ch_27:4), as well as castles in and at the cities for a final refuge (Jdg_9:51 sq.). The most important fortress of Palestine in all ancient times was Jerusalem (q.v.). Other strong castles, especially for the protection of the borders, were, in the closing period of Jewish history, Alexandrium (Josephus, Ant. 13:16, 3), Machaerus, Masada, Hyrcania (comp. Josephus, Ant. 13:16), Herodium (ib. 15:9, 4; War, 1:21, 10), etc. They were usually located on hills (Ant. 14:6, 2). Caves and chasms in rocks were the first natural fastnesses (Jdg_9:2). SEE CAVE.
The reduction (comp. צור, נצר) of strong places, to which the inhabitants retreated on the invasion of an enemy (Jer_8:14), began, after a demand to capitulate (Deu_20:10; comp. 2Ki_18:17 sq.), with the demarcation of a line of circumvolution (בָּנָה מָצוֹר, Ecc_9:14; בָּנָה דָיֵק, 2Ki_25:1; Jer_6:6; Jer_52:4; Eze_4:2; Eze_17:17, etc.), and throwing up a bank (שׁ4פִךְ סוֹלְלָה, 2Sa_20:15; 2Ki_19:32; Isaiah 27:33; Hab_1:10; Jer_6:6; Eze_4:2; Eze_17:17; Eze_26:8; 1Ma_11:20; 1Ma_13:43; comp. Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 2), and next proceeded by the employment of beleaguering engines (μηχαναί, 1 Mace. 11:20, i.e., battering-rams,
כָּרַים, Eze_4:2; Eze_21:27; comp. Josephus, War, 3:9; Vitruv. 10:19). with which a breach was effected (Eze_21:27. A description of the customary Roman machine obsidionales, which Titus used-but for a long time in vain-ins the siege of Jerusalem [Josephus, War, 5:6, 2 sq.; 9, 2; 6:2, 3, etc.], is given by Ammian. Marcel. 23:4. On the Roman aries especially, see Josephus, War, 3:7, 19). A simpler operation was to set the fort on fire, and thus destroy at once both it and the besieged (Jdg_9:49). As an example of undermining the walls, Jer_51:58 is adduced only by a gloss in the Sept. and Vulg.; in later times this process becomes clearer (Josephus. War, 2:17, 8; comp. Dio Cass. 69, 12; Veget. Mil. 4:24). The demolition of the aqueducts is once mentioned (Jdt_7:6). For defence the besieged were accustomed not only to shoot darts from the walls (2Sa_11:24), but also to hurl large stones and beams (Jdg_9:53; 2Sa_11:21; Josephus War, 5:3, 3; 6, 3), and even to pour down boiling oil (Josephus, War, 3:7, 28); in later times they used slinging- machines (חַשַּׁבֹנוֹת, 2Ch_26:15; Dio Cass. 66:41). Also by skilfully. managed sorties, which were disguised by mines (Josephus, Ant. 14:16, 2; War, 5:11, 4, etc.), they strove (especially by burning the siege- works) to break the siege (1Ma_6:3; Josephus, War, 5:6, 6; 11, 5; 6;, 6, 4), and for this purpose they watched the enemy by sentinels posted on the walls (Josephus, War, 5:2, 5).
The Israelites were enjoined to spare fruit- trees when they laid siege to a city (Deu_20:19 sq.; yet see 2Ki_3:25; comp. Michaelis, A Mos. Recht, 1:378 sq.). The beleaguering of strongholds was sometimes carried on for a long time (so Hyrcanus was able to reduce Samaria only after an investment of a whole year, Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 3), and brought upon the besieged (even when they had provisioned themselves beforehand, 1Ma_13:3) so severe a famine (2Ki_6:25 sq.; 1Ma_6:53 sq. but of a lack of water in besieged places there is seldom any mention [see Josephus, War, 3:7, 12; Ant. 14:14, 6], probably owing to the copious cisterns usually at hand) that they were often obliged to resort to very unusual (comp. Jdt_11:11) and even nauseous means of subsistence (2Ki_6:25; 2Ki_6:29; 2Ki_18:27; Lam_4:10; Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 2; War, 5:10, 3; 13, 7; 6:3, 3; comp. Barhebr. Chronicles pages 149, 488). But the garrison sometimes contrived ingeniously to conceal from the besiegers the food and provisions brought into the city (Josephus, War, 3:7,12). Obstinate fortresses were taken by storm (comp. 1 Mace. 5:51), and the houses were razed to the ground (Jdg_9:45; 1Ma_5:52; Josephus, Ant. 13:10, 3. Occasionally the plough was passed over the site of a captured town laid in ashes, Horace, Od. 1:16, 21; Senec. Clement. 1:26; but Mic_3:12 has no such allusion), the inhabitants massacred, manacled, and reduced to slavery (Jdg_1:25; 1Ma_5:52; comp. 2Ma_5:13 sq.; 2Ma_10:17; 2Ma_10:23). SEE SIEGE. On the other hand, the enemy usually spared such places as surrendered (1Ma_13:43 sq.). Citadels which had never been captured were called in Oriental phrase virgins (see Gesenius, Jesa. 1:736). SEE FORTIFICATION.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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