Ox
VIEW:27 DATA:01-04-2020
OX.An ancestor of Judith (Jdt_8:1).
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(See BULL.) The law prohibiting the slaughter of clean beasts in the wilderness, except before the tabernacle, at once kept Israel from idolatry and tended to preserve their herds. During the 40 years oxen and sheep were seldom killed for food, from whence arose their lustings after flesh (Lev_17:1-6).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Ox. There was no animal in the rural economy of the Israelites, or indeed in that of the ancient Orientals generally, that was held in higher esteem, than the ox and deservedly so, for the ox was the animal, upon whose patient labors depended, all the ordinary operations of farming.
Oxen were used for ploughing, Deu_22:10; 1Sa_14:14; etc.;
for treading out corn, Deu_25:4; Hos_10:11; etc.;
for draught purposes, when they were generally yoked in pairs, Num_7:3; 1Sa_6:7; etc.;
as beasts of burden, 1Ch_12:40;
their flesh was eaten, Deu_14:4; 1Ki_1:9; etc.;
they were used in the sacrifices;
cows supplied milk, butter, etc. Deu_32:14; 2Sa_17:29; Isa_7:22.
Connected with the importance of oxen, in the rural economy of the Jews, is the strict code of laws, which was mercifully enacted by God, for their protection and preservation. The ox that threshed the corn was by no means to be muzzled; he was to enjoy rest on the Sabbath, as well as his master. Exo_23:12; Deu_5:14. The ox was seldom slaughtered. Lev_17:1-6.
It seems clear from Pro_15:17 and 1Ki_4:23, that cattle were, sometimes, stall-fed, though as a general rule, it is probable that they fed in the plains, or on the hills of Palestine. The cattle that grazed at large in the open country would no doubt, often become fierce and wild, for it is to be remembered that, in primitive times, the lion and other wild beasts of prey roamed about Palestine. Hence, the force of the Psalmist's complaint of his enemies. Psa_22:13.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
בקר , in Arabic, boekerre and bykar, the male of horned cattle of the beeve kind, at full age, when fit for the plough. Younger ones are called bullocks. Michaelis, in his elaborate work on the laws of Moses, has proved that castration was never practised. The rural economy of the Israelites led them to value the ox as by far the most important of domestic animals, from the consideration of his great use in all the operations of farming. In the patriarchal ages, the ox constituted no inconsiderable portion of their wealth. Thus Abraham is said to be very rich in cattle, Gen_24:35. Men of every age and country have been much indebted to the labours of this animal. So early as in the days of Job, who was probably contemporary with Isaac, the oxen were ploughing, and the asses were feeding beside them, when the Sabeans fell upon them, and took them away. In times long posterior, when Elijah was commissioned to anoint Elisha, the son of Shaphat, prophet in his stead, he found him ploughing with twelve yoke of oxen, 1Ki_19:19. For many ages the hopes of oriental husbandmen depended entirely on their labours. This was so much the case in the time of Solomon, that he observes, in one of his proverbs, Where no oxen are, the crib is clean, or rather empty; but much increase is by the strength of the ox, Pro_14:4. The ass, in the course of ages, was compelled to bend his stubborn neck to the yoke, and share the labours of the ox; that still the preparation of the ground in the time of spring depended chiefly on the more powerful exertions of the latter. When this animal was employed in bringing home the produce of the harvest, he was regaled with a mixture of chaff, chopped straw, and various kinds of grain, moistened with acidulated water. But among the Jews, the ox was best fed when employed in treading out the corn; for the divine law, in many of whose precepts the benevolence of the Deity conspicuously shines, forbad to muzzle him, and, by consequence, to prevent him from eating what he would of the grain he was employed to separate from the husks. The ox was also compelled to the labour of dragging the cart or wagon. The number of oxen commonly yoked to one cart appears to have been two, Num_7:3; Num_7:7-8; 1 Samuel 5, 7; 2Sa_6:3; 2Sa_6:6.
The wild ox, תאו , Deu_14:5, is supposed to be the oryx of the Greeks, which is a species of large stag.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Having already noticed the domestic beeves under Calf (to which we refer), the few words added here will apply to the breeds of Western Asia and the manner of treating them. The earliest pastoral tribes appear to have had domesticated cattle in the herd; and judging from the manners of South Africa, where we find nations still retaining in many respects primeval usages, it is likely that the patriarchal families, or at least their moveables, were transported on the backs of oxen in the manner which the Caffres still practice, as also the Gwallahs and grain-merchants in India, who come down from the interior with whole droves bearing burdens.
The breeds of Egypt were various, differing in the length and flexures of the horns. There were some with long horns, others with short, and even none, while a hunched race of Nubia reveals an Indian origin, and indicates that at least one of the nations on the Upper Nile had come from the valleys of the Ganges; for it is to the east of the Indus alone that that species is to be found whose original stock appears to be the mountain yak.
The domestic buffalo was unknown to Western Asia and Egypt till after the Arabian conquest: it is now common in the last-mentioned region and far to the south, but not beyond the equator; and from structural differences it may be surmised that there was in early ages a domesticated distinct species of this animal in Africa. In Syria and Egypt the present races of domestic cattle are somewhat less than the large breeds of Europe, and those of Palestine appear to be of at least two forms, both with short horns and both used to the plow, one being tall and lanky, the other more compact; and we possess figures of the present Egyptian cattle with long horns bent down and forwards. From Egyptian pictures it is to be inferred that large droves of fine cattle were imported from Abyssinia, and that in the valley of the Nile they were in general stall-fed, used exclusively for the plow, and treated with humanity. In Palestine the Mosaic law provided with care for the kind treatment of cattle; for in treading out corn?the Oriental mode of separating the grain from the straw?it was enjoined that the ox should not be muzzled (Deu_25:4), and old cattle that had long served in tillage were often suffered to wander at large till their death?a practice still in vogue, though from a different motive, in India. But the Hebrews and other nations of Syria grazed their domestic stock, particularly those tribes which, residing to the east of the Jordan, had fertile districts for that purpose. Here, of course, the droves became shy and wild; and though we are inclined to apply the passage in Psa_22:12, to wild species, yet old bulls, roaming at large in a land where the lion still abounded, no doubt became fierce; and as they would obtain cows from the pastures, there must have been feral breeds in the woods, as fierce and resolute as real wild Uri.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Job_1:14 (c) As in other cases where these two animals are mentioned together, the ox represents the believer who has been made clean by the sacrifice of the lamb, while the ass, an unclean animal, represents the unsaved man who has not been redeemed. In this case the oxen were producing value for their owner, and this the Christian does. The ass was eating up what the owner had, and was not producing any value. This is as the sinner does.
Isa_1:3 (b) This type represents the Christian who is more interested in his blessed Lord than he is in His gifts. The ass represents the unsaved, who is more interested in the gifts than in the Giver.
Isa_32:20 (c) Our Lord is teaching us that His people should be busy at profitable work for Him among all people (the waters), and that we should have a part in sending forth those who will labor for our Lord in every clime and nation.
Isa_66:3 (b) Our Lord uses this strange language to express His feelings about those who come to Him with a good offering from a bad heart. These people were enemies of our Lord while they were performing the religious rites prescribed by the law of Moses. They were hypocrites, and the Lord saw through their hypocrisy.
Eze_1:10 (b) This symbol represents the Lord JESUS as the servant of GOD and the servant of man. The ox lives entirely for the service of others. It is a beast of burden and is used for no other purpose. Our Lord JESUS was GOD's servant, as we read in Isa_42:1. He also came to serve us, as we read in Luk_22:27. This same figure is used about our Lord in Eze_10:14, and again in Rev_4:7.
1Co_9:9 (b) By this figure the Lord is describing our obligation to the servant of GOD who preaches and teaches in the church of GOD. As the animal who works for his owner is entitled to the food, so the servant of GOD is entitled to remuneration from those whom he serves.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Ox
(῎Ωξ, Vulg. Idox), given (Jdt_8:1) as the son of Joseph, and father of Mereri, among the ancestors of Judith (q.v.).
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(See BULL.) The law prohibiting the slaughter of clean beasts in the wilderness, except before the tabernacle, at once kept Israel from idolatry and tended to preserve their herds. During the 40 years oxen and sheep were seldom killed for food, from whence arose their lustings after flesh (Lev_17:1-6).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Ox. There was no animal in the rural economy of the Israelites, or indeed in that of the ancient Orientals generally, that was held in higher esteem, than the ox and deservedly so, for the ox was the animal, upon whose patient labors depended, all the ordinary operations of farming.
Oxen were used for ploughing, Deu_22:10; 1Sa_14:14; etc.;
for treading out corn, Deu_25:4; Hos_10:11; etc.;
for draught purposes, when they were generally yoked in pairs, Num_7:3; 1Sa_6:7; etc.;
as beasts of burden, 1Ch_12:40;
their flesh was eaten, Deu_14:4; 1Ki_1:9; etc.;
they were used in the sacrifices;
cows supplied milk, butter, etc. Deu_32:14; 2Sa_17:29; Isa_7:22.
Connected with the importance of oxen, in the rural economy of the Jews, is the strict code of laws, which was mercifully enacted by God, for their protection and preservation. The ox that threshed the corn was by no means to be muzzled; he was to enjoy rest on the Sabbath, as well as his master. Exo_23:12; Deu_5:14. The ox was seldom slaughtered. Lev_17:1-6.
It seems clear from Pro_15:17 and 1Ki_4:23, that cattle were, sometimes, stall-fed, though as a general rule, it is probable that they fed in the plains, or on the hills of Palestine. The cattle that grazed at large in the open country would no doubt, often become fierce and wild, for it is to be remembered that, in primitive times, the lion and other wild beasts of prey roamed about Palestine. Hence, the force of the Psalmist's complaint of his enemies. Psa_22:13.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
בקר , in Arabic, boekerre and bykar, the male of horned cattle of the beeve kind, at full age, when fit for the plough. Younger ones are called bullocks. Michaelis, in his elaborate work on the laws of Moses, has proved that castration was never practised. The rural economy of the Israelites led them to value the ox as by far the most important of domestic animals, from the consideration of his great use in all the operations of farming. In the patriarchal ages, the ox constituted no inconsiderable portion of their wealth. Thus Abraham is said to be very rich in cattle, Gen_24:35. Men of every age and country have been much indebted to the labours of this animal. So early as in the days of Job, who was probably contemporary with Isaac, the oxen were ploughing, and the asses were feeding beside them, when the Sabeans fell upon them, and took them away. In times long posterior, when Elijah was commissioned to anoint Elisha, the son of Shaphat, prophet in his stead, he found him ploughing with twelve yoke of oxen, 1Ki_19:19. For many ages the hopes of oriental husbandmen depended entirely on their labours. This was so much the case in the time of Solomon, that he observes, in one of his proverbs, Where no oxen are, the crib is clean, or rather empty; but much increase is by the strength of the ox, Pro_14:4. The ass, in the course of ages, was compelled to bend his stubborn neck to the yoke, and share the labours of the ox; that still the preparation of the ground in the time of spring depended chiefly on the more powerful exertions of the latter. When this animal was employed in bringing home the produce of the harvest, he was regaled with a mixture of chaff, chopped straw, and various kinds of grain, moistened with acidulated water. But among the Jews, the ox was best fed when employed in treading out the corn; for the divine law, in many of whose precepts the benevolence of the Deity conspicuously shines, forbad to muzzle him, and, by consequence, to prevent him from eating what he would of the grain he was employed to separate from the husks. The ox was also compelled to the labour of dragging the cart or wagon. The number of oxen commonly yoked to one cart appears to have been two, Num_7:3; Num_7:7-8; 1 Samuel 5, 7; 2Sa_6:3; 2Sa_6:6.
The wild ox, תאו , Deu_14:5, is supposed to be the oryx of the Greeks, which is a species of large stag.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Having already noticed the domestic beeves under Calf (to which we refer), the few words added here will apply to the breeds of Western Asia and the manner of treating them. The earliest pastoral tribes appear to have had domesticated cattle in the herd; and judging from the manners of South Africa, where we find nations still retaining in many respects primeval usages, it is likely that the patriarchal families, or at least their moveables, were transported on the backs of oxen in the manner which the Caffres still practice, as also the Gwallahs and grain-merchants in India, who come down from the interior with whole droves bearing burdens.
The breeds of Egypt were various, differing in the length and flexures of the horns. There were some with long horns, others with short, and even none, while a hunched race of Nubia reveals an Indian origin, and indicates that at least one of the nations on the Upper Nile had come from the valleys of the Ganges; for it is to the east of the Indus alone that that species is to be found whose original stock appears to be the mountain yak.
The domestic buffalo was unknown to Western Asia and Egypt till after the Arabian conquest: it is now common in the last-mentioned region and far to the south, but not beyond the equator; and from structural differences it may be surmised that there was in early ages a domesticated distinct species of this animal in Africa. In Syria and Egypt the present races of domestic cattle are somewhat less than the large breeds of Europe, and those of Palestine appear to be of at least two forms, both with short horns and both used to the plow, one being tall and lanky, the other more compact; and we possess figures of the present Egyptian cattle with long horns bent down and forwards. From Egyptian pictures it is to be inferred that large droves of fine cattle were imported from Abyssinia, and that in the valley of the Nile they were in general stall-fed, used exclusively for the plow, and treated with humanity. In Palestine the Mosaic law provided with care for the kind treatment of cattle; for in treading out corn?the Oriental mode of separating the grain from the straw?it was enjoined that the ox should not be muzzled (Deu_25:4), and old cattle that had long served in tillage were often suffered to wander at large till their death?a practice still in vogue, though from a different motive, in India. But the Hebrews and other nations of Syria grazed their domestic stock, particularly those tribes which, residing to the east of the Jordan, had fertile districts for that purpose. Here, of course, the droves became shy and wild; and though we are inclined to apply the passage in Psa_22:12, to wild species, yet old bulls, roaming at large in a land where the lion still abounded, no doubt became fierce; and as they would obtain cows from the pastures, there must have been feral breeds in the woods, as fierce and resolute as real wild Uri.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Job_1:14 (c) As in other cases where these two animals are mentioned together, the ox represents the believer who has been made clean by the sacrifice of the lamb, while the ass, an unclean animal, represents the unsaved man who has not been redeemed. In this case the oxen were producing value for their owner, and this the Christian does. The ass was eating up what the owner had, and was not producing any value. This is as the sinner does.
Isa_1:3 (b) This type represents the Christian who is more interested in his blessed Lord than he is in His gifts. The ass represents the unsaved, who is more interested in the gifts than in the Giver.
Isa_32:20 (c) Our Lord is teaching us that His people should be busy at profitable work for Him among all people (the waters), and that we should have a part in sending forth those who will labor for our Lord in every clime and nation.
Isa_66:3 (b) Our Lord uses this strange language to express His feelings about those who come to Him with a good offering from a bad heart. These people were enemies of our Lord while they were performing the religious rites prescribed by the law of Moses. They were hypocrites, and the Lord saw through their hypocrisy.
Eze_1:10 (b) This symbol represents the Lord JESUS as the servant of GOD and the servant of man. The ox lives entirely for the service of others. It is a beast of burden and is used for no other purpose. Our Lord JESUS was GOD's servant, as we read in Isa_42:1. He also came to serve us, as we read in Luk_22:27. This same figure is used about our Lord in Eze_10:14, and again in Rev_4:7.
1Co_9:9 (b) By this figure the Lord is describing our obligation to the servant of GOD who preaches and teaches in the church of GOD. As the animal who works for his owner is entitled to the food, so the servant of GOD is entitled to remuneration from those whom he serves.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Ox
(῎Ωξ, Vulg. Idox), given (Jdt_8:1) as the son of Joseph, and father of Mereri, among the ancestors of Judith (q.v.).
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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