Pledge
VIEW:29 DATA:01-04-2020
PLEDGE.The taking of a pledge for the re-payment of a loan was sanctioned by the Law, but a humanitarian provision was introduced to the effect that, when this pledge consisted of the large square outer garment or cioak called simlah, it must be returned before nightfali, since this garment often formed the only covering of the poor at night (Exo_22:26 f., Deu_24:12 f.; cf. Amo_2:8, Job_22:6; Job_24:9, Eze_18:7; Eze_18:12; Eze_18:16; Eze_33:15). It was forbidden also to take the mill or the upper millstone as a pledge (Deu_24:6). In Isa_36:8 the reference is to a pledge to be forfeited if a wager is lost (cf. RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ). In I S17:18 take their pledge probably means bring back a token of their welfare (Driver).
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Pledge. See Loan.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
plej (verbs חבל, ḥābhal (10 times), ערב, ‛ārabh (2Ki_18:23 = Isa_36:8); nouns חבל, ḥăbhāl (Eze_18:12, Eze_18:16; Eze_33:15), חבלה, ḥăbḥōlāh (Eze_18:7), ערבּה, ‛ărubbāh), (1Sa_17:18), ערבון, ‛ērābhōn (Gen_38:17, Gen_38:18, Gen_38:20); also עבט, ‛ăbhōṭ (Deu_24:10-13) and (the Revised Version (British and American) only) עבטיט, ‛abhṭı̄ṭ (Hab_2:6)): All these words have about the same meaning. (1) The ?pledge? is, as in modern English, security given for future payment (Gen_38:17-24) or conduct (Hab_2:6, where the conquered nations have given guaranties of their subserviency to the Chaldeans; the King James Version's ?thick clay? here rests on a misreading of the Hebrew). In 2Ki_18:23 (= Isa_36:8) the ?pledge? is a wager (so the Revised Version margin). Rabshakeh mockingly dares Hezekiah to stake a ?pledge? that he can produce 2,000 men for the defense of Jerusalem, although the mighty Assyrian host has that number of horses alone. The general point of the obscure passage Pro_20:16 (= Pro_27:13) is that he who guarantees strangers needs a guaranty himself. 1Sa_17:18 is uncertain and the text may be corrupt. If not, the ?pledge? is some (prearranged?) token of the welfare of David's brethren. (2) Most of the occurrences of ?pledge,? however, deal with the debts of the very poor, who had no property that they could spare even temporarily. Consequently, the exaction of a pledge from such persons worked genuine hardship, and to take a pledge at all was a cruel act (Job_24:3), although of course the dishonesty of withholding a pledge (Eze_18:7; Eze_33:15) was worse. Lowest in the scale was the creditor who took the garment the borrower was wearing (Amo_2:8; Job_22:6; Job_24:9 margin), and special legislation controlled this practice. A garment (the outer ?cloak? - see DRESS - not worn while doing manual labor) so taken must be restored at night (Exo_22:26; Deu_24:12, Deu_24:13), for it was the usual covering of the sleeper. (Apparently, though, the creditor regained custody of it in the daytime until the debt was paid.) A widow's clothing, however, was entirely exempt (Deu_24:17), as was the handmill used for bread-making (Deu_24:6). The lender had no right of entry into the borrower's house to obtain the pledge (Deu_24:10, Deu_24:11), but it is not said that he could not dictate what he would accept; indeed, the contrary is inconceivable. (3) the American Standard Revised Version gives ?pledge? for the King James Version and the English Revised Version ?faith? in 1Ti_5:12. See also EARNEST.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
[LOAN]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Pledge
(usually some form of חָבִל, chabda, to bind as by a chattel mortgage; occasionally forms of עָבִט, abdt, to exchange, and עָרִב, ardb, to give security; Talmud, מַשְׁכּוֹן), in a legal sense, an assurance given as security by a debtor to his creditor, which is alluded to in the Mosaic books in several instances. Thus
1. The creditor was not permitted to go to the house of his debtor to take his pledge, but must receive it before the door (Deu_24:10 sq.). The reason of this requirement and its merciful object are obvious.
2. The articles which were forbidden to be taken in pledge were,
(a) the raiment or outer garment (Exo_22:26 sq.; Deu_24:10 sq., but see below), because this served the poor also as a covering by night for the bed;
(b) the hand mill (q.v.; Exo_24:6. Comp. Mishna, Baba Mez. 9, 13). But notwithstanding these merciful provisions of the law, hard- hearted creditors were found among the Israelites who oppressed their debtors by taking pledges (Pro_20:16; Pro_27:13; Eze_18:12; Eze_33:15; Hab_2:6; comp. Job_22:6; Job_24:3). See Delitzsch, ad loc., and especially Michaelis, Aos. Recht, 3, 61 sq. The custom of giving pledges prevailed extensively in the ages succeeding the exile, from the fact that by the decisions of the scribes all Jews were prohibited from making any payments on the Sabbath; hence he who would make a purchase on that day left some pledge with the seller (see Mishna, Shab. 23, 1), as his outer garment, to be redeemed by payment the next day. The taking of pledges is still further restricted by the Talmud (Baba Mez. 9, 13). A pledging of land, mortgaging, appears first in the Talmud (Mishna, Shebiith, 10, 6). However, the legal transfer of land under the Mosaic economy was properly but a pledging; for it could at any time be redeemed, and in the year of Jubilee it returned without repayment to the original owner. Pawning of personal property for debt, however, was a very ancient custom (Gen_38:17 sq.). Personal guarantees of faith. pledges, or hostages, are mentioned (2Ki_14:14, בְּנֵי תִּעִרֻרוֹת). The general abhorrence of the usurer, and of his taking pledges, among the Arabs of the present day, is often mentioned by travelers. Mohammed entirely forbids all lending on interest, and the Mosaic precepts (comp. Exo_22:25-27) are generally so understood in the East. Yet nothing is more common there than exorbitant usury, and the taking of pledges (Thomson, Land and Book, 1, 499 sq.). SEE LOAN.
PLEDGE is something given in hand as a security for the fulfillment of a contract or the performance of a promise. When a man of veracity pledges his word, his affirmation becomes an assurance that he will fulfill what he has promised. But as the word of every man is not equally valid in matters of importance, it becomes necessary that a valuable article of some kind should be deposited as a bond for fulfillment on his part. In the Protestant Episcopal Church Catechism a sacrament is defined as ;an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace given unto us; ordained by Christ himself, as a Ineans whereby we receive the same, and a pledge to assure us thereof; in which the pledge is the token that we receive the grace.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Pledge. See Loan.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
plej (verbs חבל, ḥābhal (10 times), ערב, ‛ārabh (2Ki_18:23 = Isa_36:8); nouns חבל, ḥăbhāl (Eze_18:12, Eze_18:16; Eze_33:15), חבלה, ḥăbḥōlāh (Eze_18:7), ערבּה, ‛ărubbāh), (1Sa_17:18), ערבון, ‛ērābhōn (Gen_38:17, Gen_38:18, Gen_38:20); also עבט, ‛ăbhōṭ (Deu_24:10-13) and (the Revised Version (British and American) only) עבטיט, ‛abhṭı̄ṭ (Hab_2:6)): All these words have about the same meaning. (1) The ?pledge? is, as in modern English, security given for future payment (Gen_38:17-24) or conduct (Hab_2:6, where the conquered nations have given guaranties of their subserviency to the Chaldeans; the King James Version's ?thick clay? here rests on a misreading of the Hebrew). In 2Ki_18:23 (= Isa_36:8) the ?pledge? is a wager (so the Revised Version margin). Rabshakeh mockingly dares Hezekiah to stake a ?pledge? that he can produce 2,000 men for the defense of Jerusalem, although the mighty Assyrian host has that number of horses alone. The general point of the obscure passage Pro_20:16 (= Pro_27:13) is that he who guarantees strangers needs a guaranty himself. 1Sa_17:18 is uncertain and the text may be corrupt. If not, the ?pledge? is some (prearranged?) token of the welfare of David's brethren. (2) Most of the occurrences of ?pledge,? however, deal with the debts of the very poor, who had no property that they could spare even temporarily. Consequently, the exaction of a pledge from such persons worked genuine hardship, and to take a pledge at all was a cruel act (Job_24:3), although of course the dishonesty of withholding a pledge (Eze_18:7; Eze_33:15) was worse. Lowest in the scale was the creditor who took the garment the borrower was wearing (Amo_2:8; Job_22:6; Job_24:9 margin), and special legislation controlled this practice. A garment (the outer ?cloak? - see DRESS - not worn while doing manual labor) so taken must be restored at night (Exo_22:26; Deu_24:12, Deu_24:13), for it was the usual covering of the sleeper. (Apparently, though, the creditor regained custody of it in the daytime until the debt was paid.) A widow's clothing, however, was entirely exempt (Deu_24:17), as was the handmill used for bread-making (Deu_24:6). The lender had no right of entry into the borrower's house to obtain the pledge (Deu_24:10, Deu_24:11), but it is not said that he could not dictate what he would accept; indeed, the contrary is inconceivable. (3) the American Standard Revised Version gives ?pledge? for the King James Version and the English Revised Version ?faith? in 1Ti_5:12. See also EARNEST.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
[LOAN]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Pledge
(usually some form of חָבִל, chabda, to bind as by a chattel mortgage; occasionally forms of עָבִט, abdt, to exchange, and עָרִב, ardb, to give security; Talmud, מַשְׁכּוֹן), in a legal sense, an assurance given as security by a debtor to his creditor, which is alluded to in the Mosaic books in several instances. Thus
1. The creditor was not permitted to go to the house of his debtor to take his pledge, but must receive it before the door (Deu_24:10 sq.). The reason of this requirement and its merciful object are obvious.
2. The articles which were forbidden to be taken in pledge were,
(a) the raiment or outer garment (Exo_22:26 sq.; Deu_24:10 sq., but see below), because this served the poor also as a covering by night for the bed;
(b) the hand mill (q.v.; Exo_24:6. Comp. Mishna, Baba Mez. 9, 13). But notwithstanding these merciful provisions of the law, hard- hearted creditors were found among the Israelites who oppressed their debtors by taking pledges (Pro_20:16; Pro_27:13; Eze_18:12; Eze_33:15; Hab_2:6; comp. Job_22:6; Job_24:3). See Delitzsch, ad loc., and especially Michaelis, Aos. Recht, 3, 61 sq. The custom of giving pledges prevailed extensively in the ages succeeding the exile, from the fact that by the decisions of the scribes all Jews were prohibited from making any payments on the Sabbath; hence he who would make a purchase on that day left some pledge with the seller (see Mishna, Shab. 23, 1), as his outer garment, to be redeemed by payment the next day. The taking of pledges is still further restricted by the Talmud (Baba Mez. 9, 13). A pledging of land, mortgaging, appears first in the Talmud (Mishna, Shebiith, 10, 6). However, the legal transfer of land under the Mosaic economy was properly but a pledging; for it could at any time be redeemed, and in the year of Jubilee it returned without repayment to the original owner. Pawning of personal property for debt, however, was a very ancient custom (Gen_38:17 sq.). Personal guarantees of faith. pledges, or hostages, are mentioned (2Ki_14:14, בְּנֵי תִּעִרֻרוֹת). The general abhorrence of the usurer, and of his taking pledges, among the Arabs of the present day, is often mentioned by travelers. Mohammed entirely forbids all lending on interest, and the Mosaic precepts (comp. Exo_22:25-27) are generally so understood in the East. Yet nothing is more common there than exorbitant usury, and the taking of pledges (Thomson, Land and Book, 1, 499 sq.). SEE LOAN.
PLEDGE is something given in hand as a security for the fulfillment of a contract or the performance of a promise. When a man of veracity pledges his word, his affirmation becomes an assurance that he will fulfill what he has promised. But as the word of every man is not equally valid in matters of importance, it becomes necessary that a valuable article of some kind should be deposited as a bond for fulfillment on his part. In the Protestant Episcopal Church Catechism a sacrament is defined as ;an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace given unto us; ordained by Christ himself, as a Ineans whereby we receive the same, and a pledge to assure us thereof; in which the pledge is the token that we receive the grace.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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