Preparation
VIEW:31 DATA:01-04-2020
PREPARATION (Gr. paraskeuç).A term applied by the Jews to the day preceding the Sabbath, or any of the sacred festivals, especially the Passover.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
prep-a-rā?shun: The concordances indicate that the word ?preparation? occurs only twice in the Old Testament, once in 1Ch_22:5, where it is used in the ordinary sense ?to make preparation,? and once in Nah_2:3, ?in the day of his preparation,? both of them translating the same Hebrew root and requiring no special elucidation. In Eph_6:15 the apostle speaks of the equipment of the Christian as including the ?feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace,? which means, according to Thayer, ?with the promptitude and alacrity which the gospel produces.?
The word occurs with technical significance (?the Preparation?) in the gospel narratives of the crucifixion, translating the Greek παρασκευή, paraskeuḗ (Mat_27:62; Mar_15:42; Luk_23:54; Joh_19:14, Joh_19:31, Joh_19:42). It is used as a technical term indicating the day of the preparation for the Sabbath, that is, the evening of Friday. This is its use in Josephus, Ant., XVI, vi, 2, and presumably in the Synoptics. Later its use seems to have been extended to denote regularly the 6th day (Friday) of each week. So in the Didache, viii and the Martyrdom of Polycarp, vii.
The addition of the phrase τοῦ πάσχα, tou páscha, ?of the passover,? in Joh_19:14, and of the phrase ?for the day of that sabbath was a high day,? in Joh_19:31, seems to indicate that the author of the Fourth Gospel regarded the Passover as occurring on the Sabbath in the year of the crucifixion. This is clearly the natural interpretation of the words of John's Gospel, and if it were not for the seeming contradiction to the narrative of the Synoptics it is very doubtful whether any other interpretation would ever have been put upon them. This question is discussed in the articles on the date of the crucifixion and the Lord's Supper, and it will be necessary only to allude to it here.
It is possible that the phrase the ?Preparation of the passover? in Joh_19:14 may mean it was the preparation day (Friday) of the Passover week (see Andrews, Life of Our Lord, 451 ff; and most recently Zahn, Das Evangelium des Johannes, 1908, 637 ff). This method of harmonizing seems to the present writer to be forced, and it therefore seems wiser to give to the words of Joh_19:14 their natural interpretation, and to maintain that, according to the author of the Fourth Gospel, the Passover had not been celebrated at the time of the crucifixion. There seems to be reason to believe that the ordinary view that the Lord's Supper was instituted in connection with the Passover, based upon the narrative in Mark (Mar_14:12 ff), does not have the unanimous support of the Synoptic Gospels.
Literature.
In addition to references in the body of the article, the commentaries, especially Plummer, Cambridge Bible, ?St. John,? Appendix A; Allen, ICC, ?St. Matthew,? 270-74; Godet, Commentary on the New Testament; Gospel of John, English translation, New York, 1886, II, 378, 379; and the significant articles on the interpretation of Luk_22:15, Luk_22:16 by Burkitt and Brooke, Journal of Theological Studies, IX, 569 ff, and by Box, ib, X, 106.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Preparation
(Παρασκευή) in Mar_15:42; Luk_23:54; Joh_19:42, and Mat_27:62, is doubtless the day or evening before the commencement of the Sabbath, with which, at that time, according to the Synoptical Gospels, coincided the first day of the Passover. (But Schneckenburger [Beitrage Zür Einleit. ins N.T. p. 1 sq.] supposes the preparation in Matthew to mean the feast-day of the Easter period, and which was viewed as a preparatory festival to the Passover.) This day was devoted to preparation for the holyday -especially preparing food for the Sabbath. Mark explains the word by the day before the Sabbath (προσάββατον; comp. Jdt_8:6; Josephus, Ant. 16:6, 2). The Jewish expression for it is ערובתא(see Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 1660). So, too, the Peshito renders in the places quoted above. Every feast, like the Sabbath, had a preparation-day before it, which is often mentioned by the Talmudists (Deyling, Observ. 1, 162; with this may be compared παρασκευὴ τοῦ πάσχα, Joh_19:14; Preparation for Easter, the 14th of Nisan; comp. Bleek, Beiträge zur Evangelienkritik, p. 114 sq.). See Passover.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
prep-a-rā?shun: The concordances indicate that the word ?preparation? occurs only twice in the Old Testament, once in 1Ch_22:5, where it is used in the ordinary sense ?to make preparation,? and once in Nah_2:3, ?in the day of his preparation,? both of them translating the same Hebrew root and requiring no special elucidation. In Eph_6:15 the apostle speaks of the equipment of the Christian as including the ?feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace,? which means, according to Thayer, ?with the promptitude and alacrity which the gospel produces.?
The word occurs with technical significance (?the Preparation?) in the gospel narratives of the crucifixion, translating the Greek παρασκευή, paraskeuḗ (Mat_27:62; Mar_15:42; Luk_23:54; Joh_19:14, Joh_19:31, Joh_19:42). It is used as a technical term indicating the day of the preparation for the Sabbath, that is, the evening of Friday. This is its use in Josephus, Ant., XVI, vi, 2, and presumably in the Synoptics. Later its use seems to have been extended to denote regularly the 6th day (Friday) of each week. So in the Didache, viii and the Martyrdom of Polycarp, vii.
The addition of the phrase τοῦ πάσχα, tou páscha, ?of the passover,? in Joh_19:14, and of the phrase ?for the day of that sabbath was a high day,? in Joh_19:31, seems to indicate that the author of the Fourth Gospel regarded the Passover as occurring on the Sabbath in the year of the crucifixion. This is clearly the natural interpretation of the words of John's Gospel, and if it were not for the seeming contradiction to the narrative of the Synoptics it is very doubtful whether any other interpretation would ever have been put upon them. This question is discussed in the articles on the date of the crucifixion and the Lord's Supper, and it will be necessary only to allude to it here.
It is possible that the phrase the ?Preparation of the passover? in Joh_19:14 may mean it was the preparation day (Friday) of the Passover week (see Andrews, Life of Our Lord, 451 ff; and most recently Zahn, Das Evangelium des Johannes, 1908, 637 ff). This method of harmonizing seems to the present writer to be forced, and it therefore seems wiser to give to the words of Joh_19:14 their natural interpretation, and to maintain that, according to the author of the Fourth Gospel, the Passover had not been celebrated at the time of the crucifixion. There seems to be reason to believe that the ordinary view that the Lord's Supper was instituted in connection with the Passover, based upon the narrative in Mark (Mar_14:12 ff), does not have the unanimous support of the Synoptic Gospels.
Literature.
In addition to references in the body of the article, the commentaries, especially Plummer, Cambridge Bible, ?St. John,? Appendix A; Allen, ICC, ?St. Matthew,? 270-74; Godet, Commentary on the New Testament; Gospel of John, English translation, New York, 1886, II, 378, 379; and the significant articles on the interpretation of Luk_22:15, Luk_22:16 by Burkitt and Brooke, Journal of Theological Studies, IX, 569 ff, and by Box, ib, X, 106.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Preparation
(Παρασκευή) in Mar_15:42; Luk_23:54; Joh_19:42, and Mat_27:62, is doubtless the day or evening before the commencement of the Sabbath, with which, at that time, according to the Synoptical Gospels, coincided the first day of the Passover. (But Schneckenburger [Beitrage Zür Einleit. ins N.T. p. 1 sq.] supposes the preparation in Matthew to mean the feast-day of the Easter period, and which was viewed as a preparatory festival to the Passover.) This day was devoted to preparation for the holyday -especially preparing food for the Sabbath. Mark explains the word by the day before the Sabbath (προσάββατον; comp. Jdt_8:6; Josephus, Ant. 16:6, 2). The Jewish expression for it is ערובתא(see Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 1660). So, too, the Peshito renders in the places quoted above. Every feast, like the Sabbath, had a preparation-day before it, which is often mentioned by the Talmudists (Deyling, Observ. 1, 162; with this may be compared παρασκευὴ τοῦ πάσχα, Joh_19:14; Preparation for Easter, the 14th of Nisan; comp. Bleek, Beiträge zur Evangelienkritik, p. 114 sq.). See Passover.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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