Self-Surrender
VIEW:31 DATA:01-04-2020
SELF-SURRENDER.1. The military metaphor underlying the idea of surrendering oneself is suggestive. The keys of the citadel of self are handed over to the rightful Lord, whose most powerful weapons of attack have been the entreaties of His love. The surrender is not for demolition, but for restoration in beauty and strength. It is a voluntary act, implying the presenting of ourselves unto God, and involving the presenting of our members as instruments of righteousness unto God (Rom_6:13; cf. Rom_12:1). A similar conception finds expression in the Gr. word (hypotassesthai) which RV [Note: Revised Version.] tr. [Note: translate or translation.] to be subject to, lit. to set oneself under. The proof that in the mind the ruling element is not flesh but spirit is the absence of hostility to God; this state of life and peace is the result of subjecting oneself to the law of God (Rom_8:8 f.; cf. Rom_10:3, Jam_4:7). In Heb_12:9 this unreserved surrender of ourselves to God is represented as the only worthy recognition of His absolute claims, and as, therefore, thoroughly consistent with a due regard to the development of our own personality. To be in subjection to the Father of spirits is indeed to live. Such absolute subjection is crowned by the highest blessing. True life comes from complete self-surrender (Westcott, Com., in loc.).
2. It depends upon the point of view whether the Christian ideal of life is described as the life of self-surrender or as the life of self-development. Repentance and faith are alike acts in which, at one and the same time, will-will is surrendered and the higher self is realized.
Our wills are ours, we know not how,
Our wills are ours to make them Thine.
Our self-surrender is the condition of the Divine co-operation; His working in us both to will and to do enables us to respond to the exhortation: work out your own salvation (Php_2:12 f.). Every real sacrifice is at the same time self-preservation, namely, preservation of the ideal self (Paulsen, System of Ethics, p. 248). To yield oneself up as the organ of a higher spirit which disposes of us as may be fit constitutes the mystic ideal of perfect life (Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory, ii. 273). The open secret of that life is revealed in St. Pauls profound words: I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I that live, but Christ liveth in me (Gal_2:20).
J. G. Tasker.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
self-su-ren?dẽr: The struggle between the natural human impulses of selfseeking, self-defence and the like, on the one hand, and the more altruistic impulse toward self-denial, self-surrender, on the other, is as old as the race. All religions imply some conception of surrender of self to deity, ranging in ethical quality from a heathen fanaticism which impels to complete physical exhaustion or rapture, superinduced by more or less mechanical means, to the high spiritual quality of self-sacrifice to the divinest aims and achievements. The Scriptures represent self-surrender as among the noblest of human virtues.
I. In the Old Testament.
1. Illustrious Examples:
In the Old Testament self-surrender is taught in the early account of the first pair. Each was to be given to the other (Gen_2:24; Gen_3:16) and both were to be surrendered to God in perfect obedience (Gen_3:1-15). The faithful ones, throughout the Bible narratives, were characterized by self-surrender. Abraham abandons friends and native country to go to a land unknown to him, because God called him to do so (Gen_12:1). He would give up all his cherished hopes in his only son Isaac, at the voice of God (Gen 22:1-18). Moses, at the call of Yahweh, surrenders self, and undertakes the deliverance of his fellow-Hebrews (Ex 3:1 through 4:13; compare Heb_11:25). He would be blotted out of God's book, if only the people might be spared destruction (Exo_32:32).
2. The Levitical System:
The whole Levitical system of sacrifice may be said to imply the doctrine of self-surrender. The nation itself was a people set apart to Yahweh, a holy people, a surrendered nation (Exo_19:5, Exo_19:6; Exo_22:31; Lev_20:7; Deu_7:6; Deu_14:2). The whole burnt offering implied the complete surrender of the worshipper to God (Lev 1). The ceremony for the consecration of priests emphasized the same fundamental doctrine (Lev 8); so also the law as to the surrender of the firstborn child (Exo_13:13 ff; Exo_22:29).
3. The Prophets:
In the divine call to the prophets and in their life-work self-surrender is prominent. The seer, as such, must be receptive to the divine impress, and as mouthpiece of God, he must speak not his own words, but God's: ?Thus saith the Lord.? He was to be a ?man of God,? a ?man of the spirit.? 'The hand of the Lord was upon me' (Eze_1:3; Eze_3:14) implies complete divine mastery. Isaiah must submit to the divine purification of his lips, and hearken to the inquiry, ?who will go for us?? with the surrendered response, ?Here am I; send me? (Isa_6:8). Jeremiah must yield his protestations of weakness and inability to the divine wisdom and the promise of endowment from above (Jer_1:1-10). Ezekiel surrenders to the dangerous and difficult task of becoming messenger to a rebellious house (Ezek 2:1 through 3:3). Jonah, after flight from duty, at last surrenders to the divine will and goes to the Ninevites (Jon_3:3).
4. Post-Exilic Examples:
On the return of the faithful remnant from captivity, self-giving for the sake of Israel's faith was dominant, the people enduring great hardships for the future of the nation and the accomplishment of Yahweh's purposes. This is the spirit of the great Messianic passage, Isa_53:7 : ?He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he opened not his mouth; as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is dumb, so he opened not his mouth.? Nehemiah surrendered position in Shushan to help reestablish the returned exiles in Jerusalem (Neh_2:5). Esther was ready to surrender her life in pleading for the safety of her people (Est_4:16).
II. In the New Testament.
1. Christ's Teaching and Example:
In the New Testament self-surrender is still more clearly set forth. Christ's teachings and example as presented in the Gospels, give to it special emphasis. It is a prime requisite for becoming His disciple (Mat_10:38 f; Mat_16:24; Luk_9:23, Luk_9:24, Luk_9:59 f; Luk_14:27, Luk_14:33; compare Mat_19:27; Mar_8:34). When certain of the disciples were called they left all and followed (Mat_4:20; Mat_9:9; Mar_2:14; Luk_5:27 f). His followers must so completely surrender self, as that father, mother, kindred, and one's own life must be, as it were, hated for His sake (Luk_14:26). The rich young ruler must renounce self as an end and give his own life to the service of men (Mat_19:21; Mar_10:21; compare Luk_12:33). But this surrender of self was never a loss of personality; it was the finding of the true selfhood (Mar_8:35; Mat_10:39). our Lord not only taught self-surrender, but practiced it. As a child, He subjected Himself to His parents (Luk_2:51). Self-surrender marked His baptism and temptation (Mat_3:15; Mat_4:1 ff). It is shown in His life of physical privation (Mat_8:20). He had come not to do His own will, but the Fathers (Joh_4:34; Joh_5:30; Joh_6:38). He refuses to use force for His own deliverance (Mat_26:53; Joh_18:11). In His person God's will, not His own, must be done (Mat_26:29; Luk_22:42); and to the Father He at last surrendered His spirit (Luk_23:46). So that while He was no ascetic, and did not demand asceticism of His followers, He ?emptied himself ... becoming obedient even unto death, yea, the death of the cross? (Phi_2:7 f). See KENOSIS.
2. Acts of Apostles:
The early disciples practiced the virtue of self-surrender. Counting none of their possessions their own, they gave to the good of all (Act_2:44, Act_2:45; Act_4:34, Act_4:35, Act_4:37). Stephen and others threw themselves into their witnessing with the perfect abandon of the martyr; and Stephen's successor, Paul, counted not his life dear unto himself that he might finish the divinely-appointed course (Act_20:22-24).
3. Epistles of Paul:
The Epistles are permeated with the doctrine of self-surrender. The Pauline Epistles are particularly full of it. The Christian life is conceived of as a dying to self and to the world - a dying with Christ, a crucifixion of the old man, that a new man may live (Gal_2:20; Gal_6:14; Col_2:20; Col_3:3; Rom_6:6), so that no longer the man lives but Christ lives in him (Gal_2:20; Phi_1:21). The Christian is no longer his own but Christ's (1Co_6:19, 1Co_6:20). He is to be a living sacrifice (Rom_12:1); to die daily (1Co_15:31). As a corollary to surrender to God, the Christian must surrender himself to the welfare of his neighbor, just as Christ pleased not Himself (Rom_15:3); also to leaders (1Co_16:16), and to earthly rulers (Rom_13:1).
4. Epistles of Peter:
In the Epistles of Peter self-surrender is taught more than once. Those who were once like sheep astray now submit to the guidance of the Shepherd of souls (1Pe_2:25). The Christian is to humble himself under the mighty hand of God (1Pe_5:6); the younger to be subject to the elder (1Pe_5:5); and all to civil ordinances for the Lord's sake (1Pe_2:13).
So also in other Epistles, the Christian is to subject himself to God (Jam_4:7; Heb_12:9).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
2. It depends upon the point of view whether the Christian ideal of life is described as the life of self-surrender or as the life of self-development. Repentance and faith are alike acts in which, at one and the same time, will-will is surrendered and the higher self is realized.
Our wills are ours, we know not how,
Our wills are ours to make them Thine.
Our self-surrender is the condition of the Divine co-operation; His working in us both to will and to do enables us to respond to the exhortation: work out your own salvation (Php_2:12 f.). Every real sacrifice is at the same time self-preservation, namely, preservation of the ideal self (Paulsen, System of Ethics, p. 248). To yield oneself up as the organ of a higher spirit which disposes of us as may be fit constitutes the mystic ideal of perfect life (Martineau, Types of Ethical Theory, ii. 273). The open secret of that life is revealed in St. Pauls profound words: I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I that live, but Christ liveth in me (Gal_2:20).
J. G. Tasker.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
self-su-ren?dẽr: The struggle between the natural human impulses of selfseeking, self-defence and the like, on the one hand, and the more altruistic impulse toward self-denial, self-surrender, on the other, is as old as the race. All religions imply some conception of surrender of self to deity, ranging in ethical quality from a heathen fanaticism which impels to complete physical exhaustion or rapture, superinduced by more or less mechanical means, to the high spiritual quality of self-sacrifice to the divinest aims and achievements. The Scriptures represent self-surrender as among the noblest of human virtues.
I. In the Old Testament.
1. Illustrious Examples:
In the Old Testament self-surrender is taught in the early account of the first pair. Each was to be given to the other (Gen_2:24; Gen_3:16) and both were to be surrendered to God in perfect obedience (Gen_3:1-15). The faithful ones, throughout the Bible narratives, were characterized by self-surrender. Abraham abandons friends and native country to go to a land unknown to him, because God called him to do so (Gen_12:1). He would give up all his cherished hopes in his only son Isaac, at the voice of God (Gen 22:1-18). Moses, at the call of Yahweh, surrenders self, and undertakes the deliverance of his fellow-Hebrews (Ex 3:1 through 4:13; compare Heb_11:25). He would be blotted out of God's book, if only the people might be spared destruction (Exo_32:32).
2. The Levitical System:
The whole Levitical system of sacrifice may be said to imply the doctrine of self-surrender. The nation itself was a people set apart to Yahweh, a holy people, a surrendered nation (Exo_19:5, Exo_19:6; Exo_22:31; Lev_20:7; Deu_7:6; Deu_14:2). The whole burnt offering implied the complete surrender of the worshipper to God (Lev 1). The ceremony for the consecration of priests emphasized the same fundamental doctrine (Lev 8); so also the law as to the surrender of the firstborn child (Exo_13:13 ff; Exo_22:29).
3. The Prophets:
In the divine call to the prophets and in their life-work self-surrender is prominent. The seer, as such, must be receptive to the divine impress, and as mouthpiece of God, he must speak not his own words, but God's: ?Thus saith the Lord.? He was to be a ?man of God,? a ?man of the spirit.? 'The hand of the Lord was upon me' (Eze_1:3; Eze_3:14) implies complete divine mastery. Isaiah must submit to the divine purification of his lips, and hearken to the inquiry, ?who will go for us?? with the surrendered response, ?Here am I; send me? (Isa_6:8). Jeremiah must yield his protestations of weakness and inability to the divine wisdom and the promise of endowment from above (Jer_1:1-10). Ezekiel surrenders to the dangerous and difficult task of becoming messenger to a rebellious house (Ezek 2:1 through 3:3). Jonah, after flight from duty, at last surrenders to the divine will and goes to the Ninevites (Jon_3:3).
4. Post-Exilic Examples:
On the return of the faithful remnant from captivity, self-giving for the sake of Israel's faith was dominant, the people enduring great hardships for the future of the nation and the accomplishment of Yahweh's purposes. This is the spirit of the great Messianic passage, Isa_53:7 : ?He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he opened not his mouth; as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is dumb, so he opened not his mouth.? Nehemiah surrendered position in Shushan to help reestablish the returned exiles in Jerusalem (Neh_2:5). Esther was ready to surrender her life in pleading for the safety of her people (Est_4:16).
II. In the New Testament.
1. Christ's Teaching and Example:
In the New Testament self-surrender is still more clearly set forth. Christ's teachings and example as presented in the Gospels, give to it special emphasis. It is a prime requisite for becoming His disciple (Mat_10:38 f; Mat_16:24; Luk_9:23, Luk_9:24, Luk_9:59 f; Luk_14:27, Luk_14:33; compare Mat_19:27; Mar_8:34). When certain of the disciples were called they left all and followed (Mat_4:20; Mat_9:9; Mar_2:14; Luk_5:27 f). His followers must so completely surrender self, as that father, mother, kindred, and one's own life must be, as it were, hated for His sake (Luk_14:26). The rich young ruler must renounce self as an end and give his own life to the service of men (Mat_19:21; Mar_10:21; compare Luk_12:33). But this surrender of self was never a loss of personality; it was the finding of the true selfhood (Mar_8:35; Mat_10:39). our Lord not only taught self-surrender, but practiced it. As a child, He subjected Himself to His parents (Luk_2:51). Self-surrender marked His baptism and temptation (Mat_3:15; Mat_4:1 ff). It is shown in His life of physical privation (Mat_8:20). He had come not to do His own will, but the Fathers (Joh_4:34; Joh_5:30; Joh_6:38). He refuses to use force for His own deliverance (Mat_26:53; Joh_18:11). In His person God's will, not His own, must be done (Mat_26:29; Luk_22:42); and to the Father He at last surrendered His spirit (Luk_23:46). So that while He was no ascetic, and did not demand asceticism of His followers, He ?emptied himself ... becoming obedient even unto death, yea, the death of the cross? (Phi_2:7 f). See KENOSIS.
2. Acts of Apostles:
The early disciples practiced the virtue of self-surrender. Counting none of their possessions their own, they gave to the good of all (Act_2:44, Act_2:45; Act_4:34, Act_4:35, Act_4:37). Stephen and others threw themselves into their witnessing with the perfect abandon of the martyr; and Stephen's successor, Paul, counted not his life dear unto himself that he might finish the divinely-appointed course (Act_20:22-24).
3. Epistles of Paul:
The Epistles are permeated with the doctrine of self-surrender. The Pauline Epistles are particularly full of it. The Christian life is conceived of as a dying to self and to the world - a dying with Christ, a crucifixion of the old man, that a new man may live (Gal_2:20; Gal_6:14; Col_2:20; Col_3:3; Rom_6:6), so that no longer the man lives but Christ lives in him (Gal_2:20; Phi_1:21). The Christian is no longer his own but Christ's (1Co_6:19, 1Co_6:20). He is to be a living sacrifice (Rom_12:1); to die daily (1Co_15:31). As a corollary to surrender to God, the Christian must surrender himself to the welfare of his neighbor, just as Christ pleased not Himself (Rom_15:3); also to leaders (1Co_16:16), and to earthly rulers (Rom_13:1).
4. Epistles of Peter:
In the Epistles of Peter self-surrender is taught more than once. Those who were once like sheep astray now submit to the guidance of the Shepherd of souls (1Pe_2:25). The Christian is to humble himself under the mighty hand of God (1Pe_5:6); the younger to be subject to the elder (1Pe_5:5); and all to civil ordinances for the Lord's sake (1Pe_2:13).
So also in other Epistles, the Christian is to subject himself to God (Jam_4:7; Heb_12:9).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
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