Sepharvaim
VIEW:27 DATA:01-04-2020
the two books; the two scribes
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
SEPHARVAIM.1. A city mentioned in 2Ki_18:34 (Isa_36:19) and Isa_19:13 (Isa_37:13) as among those captured by the Assyrians, all apparently in Syria. Probably it answers to the Shabarain named in the Babylonian Chronicle as taken just before the fall of Samaria. Sibraim of Eze_47:8 may then be the same city. 2. A word of exactly the same form as the above occurs in 2Ki_17:24-31 as the name of a place whose inhabitants were deported to Samaria. The context favours the supposition that the famous city Sippar in North Babylonia is intended. Probably the similarity between the words led some early copyist to write Sepharvaim by mistake.
J. F. McCurdy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
From southern Ava, Cuthah, and Hamath, the Assyrian king brought colonists to people Samaria, after the ten tribes were deported (2Ki_17:24). Rabshakeh and Sennacherib (2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13) boastingly refer to Assyria's conquest of Sepharvaim as showing the hopelessness of Samaria's resistance (Isa_36:19): "where are the gods of Hamath ... Sepharvaim? have they (the gods of Hamath and Sepharvaim) delivered Samaria out of my hand?" How just the retribution in kind, that Israel having chosen the gods of Hamath and Sepharvaim should be sent to Hamath and Sepharvaim as their place of exile, and that the people of Hamath and Sepharvaim should be sent to the land of Israel to replace the Israelites! (Pro_1:31; Jer_2:19).
Sepharvaim is Sippara, N. of Babylon, built on both banks of Euphrates (or of the canal nahr Agane), from whence arises its dual form, -aim, "the two Sipparas." Above the nahr Malka. The one Sippara was called Sipar-sa-samas, i.e. consecrated to Samas "the sun god"; the other, Sipar-sa-Anunit, consecrated to "the goddess Anunit". The Sepharvites burned their children in fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the "male and female powers of the sun"; on the monuments Sepharvaim is called "Sepharvaim of the sun."(See ADRAMMELECH; ANAMMELECH.)
Nebuchadnezzar built the old temple, as the sacred spot where Xisuthrus deposited the antediluvian annals before entering the ark, from whence his posterity afterward recovered them (Berosus Fragm. 2:501; 4:280). Part of Sepharvaim was called Agana from Nebuchadnezzar's reservoir adjoining. Sepharvaim is shortened into Sivra and Sura, the seat of a famed Jewish school. Mosaib now stands near its site. The name Sippara means "the city of books." The Berosian fragments designate it Pantibiblia, ("all books"). Here probably was a library, similar to that found at Nineveh, and which has been in part deciphered by G. Smith and others.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Sepharva'im. (the two Sipparas). Sepharvaim is mentioned, by Sennacherib, in his letter to Hezekiah, as a city whose king had been unable to resist the Assyrians. 2Ki_19:13; Isa_37:13. Compare 2Ki_18:34. It is identified with the famous town of Sippara, on the Euphrates above Babylon, which was near the site of the modern Mosaib. The dual form indicates that there were two Sipparas, one on either side of the river. Berosus celled Sippara, "a city of the sun"; and in the inscriptions, it bears the same title, being called Tsipar sha Shamas, or "Sippara of the Sun" ? the sun being the chief object of worship there. Compare 2Ki_17:31.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a country of Assyria, 2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_17:31. This province cannot now be exactly delineated in respect to its situation. The Scripture speaks of the king of the city of Sepharvaim, which probably was the capital of the people of this name, 2Ki_19:13; Isa_37:13.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
sef-ar-vā?im, sē-far-vā?im (ספרוים, ṣepharwayı̄m: Σεφφαρουάιμ, Sephpharouáim, Σεπφαρουάιμ, Seppharouáim, Σεπφαρούν, Seppharoún, Σεπφαρουμάιν, Seppharoumáin, Ἐπφαρουάιμ, Eppharouáim, Σεπφαρείμ, Sepphareı́m, the first two being the forms in manuscripts Alexandrinus and Vaticanus respectively, of the passages in Kings, and the last two in Isaiah):
1. Formerly Identified with the Two Babylonian Sippars:
This city, mentioned in 2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_36:19; Isa_37:13, is generally identified with the Sip(p)ar of the Assyrians-Babylonian inscriptions (Zimbir in Sumerian), on the Euphrates, about 16 miles Southwest of Bagdad. It was one of the two great seats of the worship of the Babylonian sun-god Šamaš, and also of the goddesses Išhtar and Anunit, and seems to have had two principal districts, Sippar of Šamaš, and Sippar of Anunit, which, if the identification were correct, would account for the dual termination -ayim, in Hebrew. This site is the modern ‛Abu-Habbah, which was first excavated by the late Hormuzd Rassam in 1881, and has furnished an enormous number of inscriptions, some of them of the highest importance.
2. Difficulties of That Identification:
Besides the fact that the deities of the two cities, Sippar and Sepharvaim, are not the same, it is to be noted that in 2Ki_19:13 the king of Sepharvaim is referred to, and, as far as is known, the Babylonian Sippar never had a king of its own, nor had Akkad, with which it is in part identified, for at least 1,200 years before Sennacherib. The fact that Babylon and Cuthah head the list of cities mentioned is no indication that Sepharvaim was a Babylonian town - the composition of the list, indeed, points the other way, for the name comes after Ava and Hamath, implying that it lay in Syria.
3. Another Suggestion:
Joseph Halevy therefore suggests (ZA, II, 401 ff) that it should be identified with the Sibraim of Eze_47:16, between Damascus and Hamath (the dual implying a frontier town), and the same as the Šabara'in of the Babylonian Chronicle, there referred to as having been captured by Shalmaneser. As, however, Sabara'in may be read Samara'in, it is more likely to have been the Hebrew Shōmerōn (Samaria), as pointed out by Fried. Delitzsch.
Literature.
See Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, I, 71 f; Kittel on K; Dillmann-Kittel on Isa, at the place; HDB, under the word
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Sepharva?im, a city of the Assyrian Empire, whence colonists were brought into the territory of Israel, afterwards called Samaria (2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_36:19; Isa_37:13). The place is probably represented by Sipphara in Mesopotamia, situated upon the east bank of the Euphrates above Babylon.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
(Heb. Sepharva'yim, סְפִוְוִים; Sept. Σεπφαρουαϊvμ, Ε᾿πφαρουαϊvμ) is mentioned by Sennacherib in his letter to Hezekiah as a city whose king had been unable to resist the Assyrians (2Ki_19:13; Isa_37:13; comp. 2Ki_18:34). It is coupled with Hena and Ava, or Ivah, which were towns on the Euphrates above Babylon. Again, it is mentioned in 2Ki_17:24 as one of the places from which colonists were transported to people the desolate Samaria, after the Israelites had been carried into captivity, where it is again joined with Ava, and also with Cuthah and Babylon. These indications are enough to justify us in identifying the place with the famous town of Sippara, on the Euphrates above Babylon (Ptolemy, 5, 18), which was near the site of the modern Mosaib. Sippara was mentioned by Berosus as the place where, according to him, Xithrus (or Noah) buried the records of the antediluvian world at the time of the deluge, and from which his posterity recovered them afterwards (Fragmn. Hist. Gr. 2, 501; 4, 280). Abydenus calls it πόλιν Σιππαρηνῶν (Fragm. 9), and says that Nebuchadnezzar excavated a vast lake in its vicinity for purposes of irrigation. Pliny seems to intend the same place by his oppida Hipparenorum where, according to him, was a great seat of the Chaldaic learning (Hist. Nat. 6, 30). When Pliny places Hippara, or Sippara, on the Narragam (Nahr Agam), instead of on the Euphrates, his reference is to the artificial channel which branched off from the Euphrates at Sippara and led to the great lake (Chald. אגניא) excavated by Nebuchadnezzar. Abydenus called this branch Aracanus (Α᾿ράκανος), Ar Akan (Fragm. 10). The plural form here used by Pliny may be compared with the dual form in use among the Jews; and the explanation of both is to be found in the fact that there were two Sipparas, one on either side of the river. Berosus called Sippara a city of the sun ( ῾Ηλίου πόλιν); and in the inscriptions it bears the same title, being called Tsipar sha-Shamas, or Sippara of the Sun the sun being the chief object of worship there. Hence the Sepharvites are said, in 2Ki_17:31, to have burned their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim these two distinct deities representing respectively the male and female powers of the sun, as Lunus and Luna represented the male and female powers of the moon among the Romans.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
SEPHARVAIM.1. A city mentioned in 2Ki_18:34 (Isa_36:19) and Isa_19:13 (Isa_37:13) as among those captured by the Assyrians, all apparently in Syria. Probably it answers to the Shabarain named in the Babylonian Chronicle as taken just before the fall of Samaria. Sibraim of Eze_47:8 may then be the same city. 2. A word of exactly the same form as the above occurs in 2Ki_17:24-31 as the name of a place whose inhabitants were deported to Samaria. The context favours the supposition that the famous city Sippar in North Babylonia is intended. Probably the similarity between the words led some early copyist to write Sepharvaim by mistake.
J. F. McCurdy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
From southern Ava, Cuthah, and Hamath, the Assyrian king brought colonists to people Samaria, after the ten tribes were deported (2Ki_17:24). Rabshakeh and Sennacherib (2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13) boastingly refer to Assyria's conquest of Sepharvaim as showing the hopelessness of Samaria's resistance (Isa_36:19): "where are the gods of Hamath ... Sepharvaim? have they (the gods of Hamath and Sepharvaim) delivered Samaria out of my hand?" How just the retribution in kind, that Israel having chosen the gods of Hamath and Sepharvaim should be sent to Hamath and Sepharvaim as their place of exile, and that the people of Hamath and Sepharvaim should be sent to the land of Israel to replace the Israelites! (Pro_1:31; Jer_2:19).
Sepharvaim is Sippara, N. of Babylon, built on both banks of Euphrates (or of the canal nahr Agane), from whence arises its dual form, -aim, "the two Sipparas." Above the nahr Malka. The one Sippara was called Sipar-sa-samas, i.e. consecrated to Samas "the sun god"; the other, Sipar-sa-Anunit, consecrated to "the goddess Anunit". The Sepharvites burned their children in fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the "male and female powers of the sun"; on the monuments Sepharvaim is called "Sepharvaim of the sun."(See ADRAMMELECH; ANAMMELECH.)
Nebuchadnezzar built the old temple, as the sacred spot where Xisuthrus deposited the antediluvian annals before entering the ark, from whence his posterity afterward recovered them (Berosus Fragm. 2:501; 4:280). Part of Sepharvaim was called Agana from Nebuchadnezzar's reservoir adjoining. Sepharvaim is shortened into Sivra and Sura, the seat of a famed Jewish school. Mosaib now stands near its site. The name Sippara means "the city of books." The Berosian fragments designate it Pantibiblia, ("all books"). Here probably was a library, similar to that found at Nineveh, and which has been in part deciphered by G. Smith and others.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Sepharva'im. (the two Sipparas). Sepharvaim is mentioned, by Sennacherib, in his letter to Hezekiah, as a city whose king had been unable to resist the Assyrians. 2Ki_19:13; Isa_37:13. Compare 2Ki_18:34. It is identified with the famous town of Sippara, on the Euphrates above Babylon, which was near the site of the modern Mosaib. The dual form indicates that there were two Sipparas, one on either side of the river. Berosus celled Sippara, "a city of the sun"; and in the inscriptions, it bears the same title, being called Tsipar sha Shamas, or "Sippara of the Sun" ? the sun being the chief object of worship there. Compare 2Ki_17:31.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a country of Assyria, 2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_17:31. This province cannot now be exactly delineated in respect to its situation. The Scripture speaks of the king of the city of Sepharvaim, which probably was the capital of the people of this name, 2Ki_19:13; Isa_37:13.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
sef-ar-vā?im, sē-far-vā?im (ספרוים, ṣepharwayı̄m: Σεφφαρουάιμ, Sephpharouáim, Σεπφαρουάιμ, Seppharouáim, Σεπφαρούν, Seppharoún, Σεπφαρουμάιν, Seppharoumáin, Ἐπφαρουάιμ, Eppharouáim, Σεπφαρείμ, Sepphareı́m, the first two being the forms in manuscripts Alexandrinus and Vaticanus respectively, of the passages in Kings, and the last two in Isaiah):
1. Formerly Identified with the Two Babylonian Sippars:
This city, mentioned in 2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_36:19; Isa_37:13, is generally identified with the Sip(p)ar of the Assyrians-Babylonian inscriptions (Zimbir in Sumerian), on the Euphrates, about 16 miles Southwest of Bagdad. It was one of the two great seats of the worship of the Babylonian sun-god Šamaš, and also of the goddesses Išhtar and Anunit, and seems to have had two principal districts, Sippar of Šamaš, and Sippar of Anunit, which, if the identification were correct, would account for the dual termination -ayim, in Hebrew. This site is the modern ‛Abu-Habbah, which was first excavated by the late Hormuzd Rassam in 1881, and has furnished an enormous number of inscriptions, some of them of the highest importance.
2. Difficulties of That Identification:
Besides the fact that the deities of the two cities, Sippar and Sepharvaim, are not the same, it is to be noted that in 2Ki_19:13 the king of Sepharvaim is referred to, and, as far as is known, the Babylonian Sippar never had a king of its own, nor had Akkad, with which it is in part identified, for at least 1,200 years before Sennacherib. The fact that Babylon and Cuthah head the list of cities mentioned is no indication that Sepharvaim was a Babylonian town - the composition of the list, indeed, points the other way, for the name comes after Ava and Hamath, implying that it lay in Syria.
3. Another Suggestion:
Joseph Halevy therefore suggests (ZA, II, 401 ff) that it should be identified with the Sibraim of Eze_47:16, between Damascus and Hamath (the dual implying a frontier town), and the same as the Šabara'in of the Babylonian Chronicle, there referred to as having been captured by Shalmaneser. As, however, Sabara'in may be read Samara'in, it is more likely to have been the Hebrew Shōmerōn (Samaria), as pointed out by Fried. Delitzsch.
Literature.
See Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, I, 71 f; Kittel on K; Dillmann-Kittel on Isa, at the place; HDB, under the word
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Sepharva?im, a city of the Assyrian Empire, whence colonists were brought into the territory of Israel, afterwards called Samaria (2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_36:19; Isa_37:13). The place is probably represented by Sipphara in Mesopotamia, situated upon the east bank of the Euphrates above Babylon.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
(Heb. Sepharva'yim, סְפִוְוִים; Sept. Σεπφαρουαϊvμ, Ε᾿πφαρουαϊvμ) is mentioned by Sennacherib in his letter to Hezekiah as a city whose king had been unable to resist the Assyrians (2Ki_19:13; Isa_37:13; comp. 2Ki_18:34). It is coupled with Hena and Ava, or Ivah, which were towns on the Euphrates above Babylon. Again, it is mentioned in 2Ki_17:24 as one of the places from which colonists were transported to people the desolate Samaria, after the Israelites had been carried into captivity, where it is again joined with Ava, and also with Cuthah and Babylon. These indications are enough to justify us in identifying the place with the famous town of Sippara, on the Euphrates above Babylon (Ptolemy, 5, 18), which was near the site of the modern Mosaib. Sippara was mentioned by Berosus as the place where, according to him, Xithrus (or Noah) buried the records of the antediluvian world at the time of the deluge, and from which his posterity recovered them afterwards (Fragmn. Hist. Gr. 2, 501; 4, 280). Abydenus calls it πόλιν Σιππαρηνῶν (Fragm. 9), and says that Nebuchadnezzar excavated a vast lake in its vicinity for purposes of irrigation. Pliny seems to intend the same place by his oppida Hipparenorum where, according to him, was a great seat of the Chaldaic learning (Hist. Nat. 6, 30). When Pliny places Hippara, or Sippara, on the Narragam (Nahr Agam), instead of on the Euphrates, his reference is to the artificial channel which branched off from the Euphrates at Sippara and led to the great lake (Chald. אגניא) excavated by Nebuchadnezzar. Abydenus called this branch Aracanus (Α᾿ράκανος), Ar Akan (Fragm. 10). The plural form here used by Pliny may be compared with the dual form in use among the Jews; and the explanation of both is to be found in the fact that there were two Sipparas, one on either side of the river. Berosus called Sippara a city of the sun ( ῾Ηλίου πόλιν); and in the inscriptions it bears the same title, being called Tsipar sha-Shamas, or Sippara of the Sun the sun being the chief object of worship there. Hence the Sepharvites are said, in 2Ki_17:31, to have burned their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim these two distinct deities representing respectively the male and female powers of the sun, as Lunus and Luna represented the male and female powers of the moon among the Romans.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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