Servant
VIEW:25 DATA:01-04-2020
SERVANT.See next art. and Slave.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
na'ar, meshareth. In our sense, "a free, voluntary attendant", as Joshua of Moses (Exo_33:11; so 2Ki_4:12; 2Ki_4:43; 2Ki_5:20; 2Ki_6:15 margin "minister"; 2Sa_13:17-18; 1Ki_20:14-15). 'Ebed on the other hand is "a bondservant or slave".
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Servant. See Slave.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
The word generally signifies a slave. For formerly among the Hebrews, and the neighbouring nations, the greater part of servants were slaves, that is to say, they belonged absolutely to their masters, who had a right to dispose of their persons, their bodies, goods, and even of their lives, in some cases. The Hebrews had two sorts of servants or slaves, Lev_25:44-45, &c. Some were strangers, either bought, or taken in the wars. The others were Hebrew slaves, who, being poor, sold themselves, or were sold to pay their debts; or were delivered up for slaves by their parents, in cases of necessity. This sort of Hebrew slaves continued in slavery but to the year of jubilee; then they might return to liberty again, and their masters could not retain them against their wills. If they would continue voluntarily with their masters, they were brought before the judges; there they made a declaration, that for this time they disclaimed the privilege of the law, had their ears bored with an awl, by applying them to the doorposts of their master, Exo_21:2; Exo_21:5-7, &c; and after that they had no longer any power of recovering their liberty, except at the next year of jubilee. Servant is also taken for a man that dedicates himself to the service of another, by the choice of his own will and inclination. Thus Joshua was the servant of Moses, Elisha of Elijah, Gehazi of Elisha; St. Peter, St. Andrew, St. Philip, and the rest, were servants of Jesus Christ.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Old and New Testaments alike use the one word servant to translate a variety of words from the original languages. In many cases the word servant is really slave.
In English slaves and servants suggest different classes of people, but this distinction is not so clear in the original languages. Often the words are used interchangeably. If there is a difference, it is usually one of suitability to context. Slaves may be used of people in relation to their masters, but servants in relation to their work. The former may be in a context of submission to a superior (e.g. Mat_6:24; Rom_6:16-18; Eph_6:6-7; see SLAVE), the latter in the context of service for others (e.g. Mat_20:28 : Luk_10:40; Rom_12:7; see MINISTER).
A special kind of service
Christians are slaves of God and servants of God (1Co_4:1; 1Co_7:22-23). They are not to be ashamed of these titles, as if God has denied them ordinary human dignity or reduced them to some low and humiliating status. The Bible uses many pictures to describe the relationship between Christ and his people, and each picture illustrates only one aspect of a many-sided relationship.
Therefore, although Christians are sometimes called Christs servants, other times they are called his friends and ambassadors. Service for him is a privilege (Joh_15:15; Joh_15:20; 2Co_5:20). Christ himself is an example of the sort of servant a Christian should be (Luk_22:27; Joh_13:12-15; see SERVANT OF THE LORD).
Service for God can take many forms. It may consist of giving practical aid to those who are poor, hungry, or otherwise in need (Rom_15:25; 1Ti_5:10; 2Ti_1:18; Heb_6:10). Some people serve God through ministries of spreading the gospel and caring for churches (Act_6:4; Act_20:24; 1Co_16:15; 2Co_3:6; Eph_3:7; Eph_4:11-12; Col_4:17); others serve him by praying for those engaged in such works (Rom_15:30-31; 2Co_1:11; Php_1:19). The title deacon, given to certain people who have various responsibilities in the church, means servant (Php_1:1; 1Ti_3:8; see DEACON).
Motives and performance
Regardless of the special ministries entrusted to certain people, all Christians are in some sense Gods servants. They have unlimited possibilities of service, and should consider that everything they do is a way of serving their Lord (Eph_6:5-8; Col_3:23). The service does not have to be in a religious setting. Christ sees everyday acts of kindness as service for him, even though the doers of those acts may not be aware of it (Mat_25:35-40). On the other hand, people may give an appearance of serving God, but if their chief concern is self-interest, they are not serving God at all (Mat_6:24).
To serve Christ means to serve others (Mat_25:35-40), and those who serve others receive Gods rewards (Mat_20:25-28; Mat_23:11-12). This does not mean that Christians serve God solely for what they can get in return. On the contrary they realize that whatever service they do is merely their duty (Luk_17:10). Yet God graciously promises to reward those who serve him faithfully (Mat_25:21; Luk_19:17; Heb_6:10; Rev_2:19; Rev_2:26; see REWARD).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
sûr?vant (עבד, ‛ebhedh; δοῦλος, doúlos): A very common word with a variety of meanings, all implying a greater or less degree of inferiority and want of freedom: (1) The most frequent usage is as the equivalent of ?slave? (which see), with its various shades in position (Gen_9:25; Gen_24:9; Exo_21:5; Mat_10:24; Luk_17:7, and often); but also a hired workman where ?hired servant? translates Hebrew and Greek expressions which differ from the above. (2) An attendant in the service of someone, as Joshua was the ?servant? the Revised Version (British and American) ?minister? of Moses (Num_11:28). (3) As a 'term of respectful self-depreciation referring to one's self, ?thy servant.? or ?your servant? is used in place of the personal pronoun of the first person: (a) in the presence of superiors (Gen_19:2; Gen_32:18, and often); (b) in addressing the Supreme Being (1Sa_3:9; Psa_19:11; Psa_27:9; Luk_2:29, and often). (4) Officials of every grade are called the ?servants? of kings, princes, etc. (1Sa_29:3; 2Sa_16:1; 1Ki_11:26; Pro_14:35, and often). (5) The position of a king in relation to his people (1Ki_12:7). (6) One who is distinguished as obedient and faithful to God or Christ (Jos_1:2; 2Ki_8:19; Dan_6:20; Col_4:12; 2Ti_2:24). (7) One who is enslaved by sin (Joh_8:34).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Servant [SLAVE]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
(usually עֶבֶד, ebed, δοῦλος, which are invariably rendered thus in the A.V. or else bondman; but servant is occasionally the rendering of נִעִר,na'ar, properly a lad or young man; or מְשָׁרֵת, meshareth [Exo_33:11; Num_11:28; 2Sa_13:17-18; Pro_29:12], a minister, as elsewhere rendered; Gr. in like manner sometimes παῖς, διάκονος, etc.). SEE EBED. The Hebrew terms na'ar and meshareth, which alone answer to our servant, in so far as this implies the notions of liberty and voluntariness, are of comparatively rare occurrence. On the other hand, ebed, which is common in the A.V., properly means a slave. In many passages the correct reading would add considerable force to the meaning e.g. in Gen_9:25, Cursed be Canaan; a slave of slaves shall he be unto his brethren; in Deu_5:15, Remember that thou wast a slave in the land of Egypt; in Job_3:19, The slave is free from his master; and particularly in passages where the speaker uses the term of himself, as in Gen_18:3, Pass not away, I pray thee, from thy slave. Slavery was, in point of fact, the normal condition of the underling in the Hebrew commonwealth, while the terms above given refer to the exceptional cases of young or confidential attendants. Joshua, for instance, is described as at once the na'ar and meshareth of Moses (Exo_33:11); Elisha's servant sometimes as the former (2Ki_4:12; 2 Kings 5, 20), sometimes as the latter (4:43; 6:15). Amnon's servant was a meshareth (2Sa_13:17-18), while young Joseph was a na'ar to the sons of Bilhah (Gen_37:2, where instead of the lad was with, we should read he was the servant boy to the sons of Bilhah). The confidential designation mesharath is applied to the priests and Levites in their relation to Jehovah (Ezr_8:17; Isa_61:6; Eze_44:11), and the cognate verb to Joseph after he found favor with Potiphar (Gen_39:4), and to the nephews of Ahaziah (2Ch_22:8). In 1Ki_20:14-15, we should substitute servants (na'ar) for young men. SEE HIRELING; SEE SLAVE.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
na'ar, meshareth. In our sense, "a free, voluntary attendant", as Joshua of Moses (Exo_33:11; so 2Ki_4:12; 2Ki_4:43; 2Ki_5:20; 2Ki_6:15 margin "minister"; 2Sa_13:17-18; 1Ki_20:14-15). 'Ebed on the other hand is "a bondservant or slave".
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Servant. See Slave.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
The word generally signifies a slave. For formerly among the Hebrews, and the neighbouring nations, the greater part of servants were slaves, that is to say, they belonged absolutely to their masters, who had a right to dispose of their persons, their bodies, goods, and even of their lives, in some cases. The Hebrews had two sorts of servants or slaves, Lev_25:44-45, &c. Some were strangers, either bought, or taken in the wars. The others were Hebrew slaves, who, being poor, sold themselves, or were sold to pay their debts; or were delivered up for slaves by their parents, in cases of necessity. This sort of Hebrew slaves continued in slavery but to the year of jubilee; then they might return to liberty again, and their masters could not retain them against their wills. If they would continue voluntarily with their masters, they were brought before the judges; there they made a declaration, that for this time they disclaimed the privilege of the law, had their ears bored with an awl, by applying them to the doorposts of their master, Exo_21:2; Exo_21:5-7, &c; and after that they had no longer any power of recovering their liberty, except at the next year of jubilee. Servant is also taken for a man that dedicates himself to the service of another, by the choice of his own will and inclination. Thus Joshua was the servant of Moses, Elisha of Elijah, Gehazi of Elisha; St. Peter, St. Andrew, St. Philip, and the rest, were servants of Jesus Christ.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Old and New Testaments alike use the one word servant to translate a variety of words from the original languages. In many cases the word servant is really slave.
In English slaves and servants suggest different classes of people, but this distinction is not so clear in the original languages. Often the words are used interchangeably. If there is a difference, it is usually one of suitability to context. Slaves may be used of people in relation to their masters, but servants in relation to their work. The former may be in a context of submission to a superior (e.g. Mat_6:24; Rom_6:16-18; Eph_6:6-7; see SLAVE), the latter in the context of service for others (e.g. Mat_20:28 : Luk_10:40; Rom_12:7; see MINISTER).
A special kind of service
Christians are slaves of God and servants of God (1Co_4:1; 1Co_7:22-23). They are not to be ashamed of these titles, as if God has denied them ordinary human dignity or reduced them to some low and humiliating status. The Bible uses many pictures to describe the relationship between Christ and his people, and each picture illustrates only one aspect of a many-sided relationship.
Therefore, although Christians are sometimes called Christs servants, other times they are called his friends and ambassadors. Service for him is a privilege (Joh_15:15; Joh_15:20; 2Co_5:20). Christ himself is an example of the sort of servant a Christian should be (Luk_22:27; Joh_13:12-15; see SERVANT OF THE LORD).
Service for God can take many forms. It may consist of giving practical aid to those who are poor, hungry, or otherwise in need (Rom_15:25; 1Ti_5:10; 2Ti_1:18; Heb_6:10). Some people serve God through ministries of spreading the gospel and caring for churches (Act_6:4; Act_20:24; 1Co_16:15; 2Co_3:6; Eph_3:7; Eph_4:11-12; Col_4:17); others serve him by praying for those engaged in such works (Rom_15:30-31; 2Co_1:11; Php_1:19). The title deacon, given to certain people who have various responsibilities in the church, means servant (Php_1:1; 1Ti_3:8; see DEACON).
Motives and performance
Regardless of the special ministries entrusted to certain people, all Christians are in some sense Gods servants. They have unlimited possibilities of service, and should consider that everything they do is a way of serving their Lord (Eph_6:5-8; Col_3:23). The service does not have to be in a religious setting. Christ sees everyday acts of kindness as service for him, even though the doers of those acts may not be aware of it (Mat_25:35-40). On the other hand, people may give an appearance of serving God, but if their chief concern is self-interest, they are not serving God at all (Mat_6:24).
To serve Christ means to serve others (Mat_25:35-40), and those who serve others receive Gods rewards (Mat_20:25-28; Mat_23:11-12). This does not mean that Christians serve God solely for what they can get in return. On the contrary they realize that whatever service they do is merely their duty (Luk_17:10). Yet God graciously promises to reward those who serve him faithfully (Mat_25:21; Luk_19:17; Heb_6:10; Rev_2:19; Rev_2:26; see REWARD).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
sûr?vant (עבד, ‛ebhedh; δοῦλος, doúlos): A very common word with a variety of meanings, all implying a greater or less degree of inferiority and want of freedom: (1) The most frequent usage is as the equivalent of ?slave? (which see), with its various shades in position (Gen_9:25; Gen_24:9; Exo_21:5; Mat_10:24; Luk_17:7, and often); but also a hired workman where ?hired servant? translates Hebrew and Greek expressions which differ from the above. (2) An attendant in the service of someone, as Joshua was the ?servant? the Revised Version (British and American) ?minister? of Moses (Num_11:28). (3) As a 'term of respectful self-depreciation referring to one's self, ?thy servant.? or ?your servant? is used in place of the personal pronoun of the first person: (a) in the presence of superiors (Gen_19:2; Gen_32:18, and often); (b) in addressing the Supreme Being (1Sa_3:9; Psa_19:11; Psa_27:9; Luk_2:29, and often). (4) Officials of every grade are called the ?servants? of kings, princes, etc. (1Sa_29:3; 2Sa_16:1; 1Ki_11:26; Pro_14:35, and often). (5) The position of a king in relation to his people (1Ki_12:7). (6) One who is distinguished as obedient and faithful to God or Christ (Jos_1:2; 2Ki_8:19; Dan_6:20; Col_4:12; 2Ti_2:24). (7) One who is enslaved by sin (Joh_8:34).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Servant [SLAVE]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
(usually עֶבֶד, ebed, δοῦλος, which are invariably rendered thus in the A.V. or else bondman; but servant is occasionally the rendering of נִעִר,na'ar, properly a lad or young man; or מְשָׁרֵת, meshareth [Exo_33:11; Num_11:28; 2Sa_13:17-18; Pro_29:12], a minister, as elsewhere rendered; Gr. in like manner sometimes παῖς, διάκονος, etc.). SEE EBED. The Hebrew terms na'ar and meshareth, which alone answer to our servant, in so far as this implies the notions of liberty and voluntariness, are of comparatively rare occurrence. On the other hand, ebed, which is common in the A.V., properly means a slave. In many passages the correct reading would add considerable force to the meaning e.g. in Gen_9:25, Cursed be Canaan; a slave of slaves shall he be unto his brethren; in Deu_5:15, Remember that thou wast a slave in the land of Egypt; in Job_3:19, The slave is free from his master; and particularly in passages where the speaker uses the term of himself, as in Gen_18:3, Pass not away, I pray thee, from thy slave. Slavery was, in point of fact, the normal condition of the underling in the Hebrew commonwealth, while the terms above given refer to the exceptional cases of young or confidential attendants. Joshua, for instance, is described as at once the na'ar and meshareth of Moses (Exo_33:11); Elisha's servant sometimes as the former (2Ki_4:12; 2 Kings 5, 20), sometimes as the latter (4:43; 6:15). Amnon's servant was a meshareth (2Sa_13:17-18), while young Joseph was a na'ar to the sons of Bilhah (Gen_37:2, where instead of the lad was with, we should read he was the servant boy to the sons of Bilhah). The confidential designation mesharath is applied to the priests and Levites in their relation to Jehovah (Ezr_8:17; Isa_61:6; Eze_44:11), and the cognate verb to Joseph after he found favor with Potiphar (Gen_39:4), and to the nephews of Ahaziah (2Ch_22:8). In 1Ki_20:14-15, we should substitute servants (na'ar) for young men. SEE HIRELING; SEE SLAVE.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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