Tahpanhes
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TAHPANHES (Jer_2:16; Jer_43:7 ff; Jer_44:1; Jer_46:14, Eze_30:18 (Tehaphnehes), in Jdt_1:9 AV [Note: Authorized Version.] Taphnes).An Egyptian city, the same as the Greek Daphnæ, now Tett Defne. The Egyptian name is unknown. It lay on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which is now silted up, and the whole region converted into a waste. Petries excavations showed that Daphnæ was founded by Psammetichus i. on the 26th Dyn. (b.c. 664610). According to Herodotus, it was the frontier fortress of Egypt on the Asiatic side, and was garrisoned by Greeks. In its ruins was found an abundance of Greek pottery, iron armour, and arrowheads of bronze and iron, while numerous small weights bore testimony to the trade that passed through it. The garrison was kept up by the Persians in the 5th cent., and the town existed to a much later period. After the murder of Gedaliah (b.c. 586), Johanan took the remnant of the Jews from Jerusalem, including Jeremiah, to Tahpanhes.
F. Ll. Griffith.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
A city on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, in Lower Egypt, called by the Greeks Daphne. On the N.E. border, near Pelusium, of which it was the outpost; therefore soon reached from Palestine by Johanan (Jer_43:7; Jer_43:9). Pharaoh had there a "palace" being built or repaired in the prophet's time, with bricks made of clay in a "brick kiln" at the entry. Of the same materials, Jeremiah foretells, should the substructure of Nebuchadnezzar's throne be built, implying that Nebuchadnezzar's throne should be raised on the downfall of Pharaoh's throne: Jer_46:14, "publish in Migdol (E.) ... Noph (S.), ... T." (W.); here Jews were dwelling (Jer_44:1). In Isa_30:4 it is "Hanes" by contraction. In Jer_2:16 "the children of Noph (Memphis, the capital) and Tahapanes" (with which the Jews came most in contact) represent the Egyptians generally, who under Pharaoh Necho slew the king of Judah, Josiah, at Megiddo, and deposed Jehoahaz for Eliakim or Jehoiakim (2Ki_23:29-30; 2Ki_23:33-35). Called from the goddess Tphnet. Now Tel Defenneh.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Tah'panhes. A city of Egypt, mentioned in the time of the prophets, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. The name is evidently Egyptian, and closely resembles that of the Egyptian queen, Tahpenes. It was evidently a town of lower Egypt, near or on the eastern border. When Johanan, and the other captains, went into Egypt, "they came to Tahpanhes." Jer_43:7. The Jews in Jeremiah's time remained here. Jer_44:1. It was an important town, being twice mentioned by the latter prophet with Noph or Memphis. Jer_2:16; Jer_46:14. Here stood a house of Pharaoh-hophra, before which Jeremiah hid great stones. Jer_43:8-10.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
ta?pan-hēz, ta-pan?hēz (usually in the Old Testament תּחפּנחס, taḥpanḥēṣ; Septuagint Ταφνάς, Taphnás; Coptic, Taphnes): The various spellings of the Hebrew text are fairly well indicated in the King James Version by Tahapanes (Jer_2:16); Tahpanhes (Jer_43:7-9; Jer_44:1; Jer_46:14); Tehaphnehes (Eze_30:18), while an Egyptian queen (XXIst Dynasty) is named Tahpenes (1Ki_11:19, 1Ki_11:20). Tahpanhes was a city on the eastern frontier of Lower Egypt, represented today by Tell Defenneh, a desert mound lying some 20 miles Southwest from Pelusium (Biblical ?Sin?) and a little North of the modern Al-Kantarah (?the bridge?), marking the old caravan route from Egypt to Palestine, Mesopotamia and Assyria. Its Egyptian name is unknown, but it was called Δαφναί, Daphnaı́, by the Greeks, and by the modern Arabs Def'neh. The site is now desolate, but it was a fertile district when watered by the Pelusiac branch of the Nile (compare Isa_19:6, Isa_19:7). Tahpanhes was so powerful that Jeremiah can say that it, with Memphis, has ?broken the crown? of Israel's head (Jer_2:16), and Ezekiel can speak of its ?daughters? (colonies or suburban towns), and names it with Heliopolis and Bubastis when the ?yokes Septuagint ?sceptres?) of Egypt? shall be broken by Yahweh (Eze_30:18). In a later passage Jeremiah describes the flight of the Jews from their ruined capital to Tahpanhes after the death of Gedaliah (Jer_43:1-7) and prophesies that Nebuchadnezzar shall invade Egypt and punish it, establishing his throne upon the brick pavement (the King James Version ?kiln?) which is at the entry of Pharaoh's royal palace at Tahpanhes (Jer_43:8-11). He calls Tahpanhes as a witness to the desolation of the cities of Judah (Jer_44:1), but prophesies an equal destruction of Tahpanhes and other Egyptian cities (probably occupied by fugitive Jews) when Nebuchadnezzar shall smite them (Jer_46:14).
This invasion of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar was for a long time strenuously denied (e.g. as late as 1889 by Kuenen, Historisch-critisch Onderzoek, 265-318); but since the discovery and publication (1878) of fragments of Nebuchadnezzar's annals in which he affirms his invasion of Egypt in his 37th year (568-567 BC), most scholars have agreed that the predictions of Jeremiah (Jer_43:9-13; Jer_44:30) uttered shortly after 586 BC and of Ezekiel (Eze_29:19) uttered in 570 BC were fulfilled, ?at least in their general sense? (Driver, Authority and Archaeology, 116). Three cuneiform inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar were found by Arabs probably on or near this site. The excavation of Tahpanhes in 1886 by W. M. Flinders Petrie made it ?highly probable that the large oblong platform of brickwork close to the palace fort built at this spot by Psammetichus I, circa 664 BC, and now called Kasr Bint el-Yehudi, 'the castle of the Jew's daughter,' is identical with the quadrangle 'which is at the entry of Pharaoh's house in Tahpanhes' in which Jeremiah was commanded to bury the stones as a token that Nebuchadnezzar would spread his pavilion over them when he led his army into Egypt? (ibid., 117). Josephus explicitly mentions that Nebuchadnezzar, when he captured Tahpanhes, carried off a Jewish contingent from that city (Ant., IX, vii). Dr. Petrie found that while a small fort had existed here since the Rameside era (compare Herodotus ii. 17), yet the town was practically founded by Psammetichus I, continued prosperous for a century or more, but dwindled to a small village in Ptolemaic times. Many sealings of wine jars stamped with the cartouches of Psammetichus I and Amosis were found in situ. Tahpanhes being the nearest Egyptian town to Palestine, Jeremiah and the other Jewish refugees would naturally flee there (Jer_43:7). It is not at all unlikely that Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Egypt was partly due to Egypt's favorable reception of these refugees.
The pottery found at Tahpanhes ?shows on the whole more evidence of Greeks than Egyptians in the place... Especially between 607-587 BC a constant intercourse with the Greek settlers must have been going on and a wider intercourse than even a Greek colony in Palestine would have produced... The whole circumstances were such as to give the best possible opportunity for the permeation of Greek words and Greek ideas among the upper classes of the Jewish exiles? (Petrie, Nebesheh and Defenneh, 1888, 50). This was, however, only one of many places where the Greeks and Hebrews met freely in this century (see e.g. Duruy, History of Greece, II, 126-80; Cobern, Daniel, 301-307). A large foreign traffic is shown at Tahpanhes in which no doubt the Jews took part. Discoveries from the 6th century BC included some very finely painted pottery, ?full of archaic spirit and beauty,? many amulets and much rich jewelry and bronze and iron weapons, a piece of scale armor, thousands of arrow heads, and three seals of a Syrian type. One of the few inscriptions prays the blessing of Neit upon ?all beautiful souls.? There was also dug up a vast number of minute weights evidently used for weighing precious metals, showing that the manufacture of jewelry was carried on here on a large scale. One of the most pathetic and suggestive ?finds? from this century, which witnessed the Babylonian captivity, consisted of certain curious figures of captives, carved in limestone, with their legs bent backward from their knees and their ankles and elbows bound together (Petrie, op. cit., chapters ix-xii).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Tahp?anhes, or Tehaphnehes, a city of Egypt. The former name is used by Jeremiah (Jer_2:16; Jer_43:7-9; Jer_44:1; Jer_46:14), and the latter by Ezekiel (Eze_30:18). This was doubtless Daphne, a strong boundary city on the Pelusiac arm of the Nile. A mound called Tel Defenneh, nearly in a direct line between the modern Zan and Pelusium, is supposed from its name and position to mark the site of Daphne. Isaiah (Isa_30:4) names it in the abbreviated form Hanes. It was to this place that Johanan and his party repaired, taking Jeremiah with them, after the murder of Gedaliah.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
(Heb. Tachpanches', תִּחְפִּנְחֵס, Jeremiah 2, 16 [marg.]; 43:7, 8, 9; 44:1; 46:14), Ta-hap'anes (Heb. Tachpanes', תִּחְפֲּנֵם, 2, 16 [text]), or Tehaph'nehes (Heb. Techaphneches', תְּחִפְנְחֵס, Eze_30:18; all of Egyptian origin [see below]; Sept. Τάφνας or Τάφναι; Vulg. Taphne or Taphnis), a city of Egypt, of importance in the time of the prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel. The name is clearly Egyptian, and closely resembles that of the Egyptian queen TAHPENES SEE TAHPENES (q.v.), which, however, throws no light upon it. The Coptic name of this place, Taphnas (Quatremere, Mem. Geog. et Hist. 1, 297, 298), is obviously derived from the Sept. form: the Gr. and Lat. forms, Δάφναι, Herod., Δάφνη, Steph. Byz., Dafno, Itin. Ant., are perhaps nearer to the Egyptian original (see Parthey, Zur Erdkunde des alten Aegyptens, p. 528). Can the name be of Greek origin? If the HANES mentioned by Isaiah (Isa_30:4) be the same as Tahpanhes, as we have suggested (s.v.), this conjecture must be dismissed. No satisfactory Egyptian etymology of this name has been suggested, Jablonski's Taphenes, the head or beginning of the age (Opusc. 1, 343), being quite untenable; nor has any Egyptian name resembling it been discovered. Dr. Brugsch (Geogr. Inschr. 1, 300, 301, Taf. lvi, No. 1728), following Mr. Heath (Exodus Papyri, p. 174), identifies the fort Tebenet with Tahpanhes; but it is doubtless the present Tell Defenneh (described in the 4th Report of Egyptian Expl. Fund, Lond. 1888).
Tahpanhes was evidently a town of Lower Egypt near or on the eastern border. When Johanan and the other captains went into Egypt they came to Tahpanhes (Jer_43:7). Here Jeremiah prophesied the conquest of the country by Nebuchadnezzar (Jer_43:8-13). Ezekiel foretells a battle to be there fought apparently by the king of Babylon just mentioned (Eze_30:18). The Jews in Jeremiah's time remained here (Jer_46:1). It was an important town, being twice mentioned by the latter prophet with Noph or Memphis (Jer_2:16; Jer_46:14), as well as in the passage last cited. Here stood a house of Pharaoh. Hophra before which Jeremiah hid great stones, where the throne of Nebuchadnezzar would afterwards be set, and his pavilion spread (Jer_43:8-10). It is mentioned with Ramesse and all the land of Gesen in Judith 1, 9. Herodotus calls this place Daphnae of Pelusium (Δάφναι αὶ Πηλουσίαι), and relates that Psammetichus I had here a garrison against the Arabians and Syrians, as at Elephantine against the Ethiopians, and at Marea against Libya, adding that in his own time the Persians had garrisons at Daphne and Elephantine (2:30). Daphne was therefore a very important post under the twenty-sixth dynasty. According to Stephanus, it was near Pelusium (s.v.). In the Itinerary of Antoninus this town, called Dafno, is placed sixteen Roman miles to the south-west of Pelusium (ap. Parthey, Map 6 where observe that the name of Pelusium is omitted). This position seems to agree with that of Tel-Defenneh, which Sir Gardner Wilkinson supposes to mark the site of Daphnae (Modern Egypt and Thebes, 1, 447, 448). This identification favors the inland position of the site of Pelusium, if-we may trust to the distance stated in the Itinerary. SEE SIN. Sir Gardner Wilkinson (loc. cit.) thinks it was an outpost of Pelusium.
It may be observed that the Camps, τὰ Στρατόπεδα, the fixed garrison of Ionians and Carians established by Psammetichus I, may possibly have been at Daphnae.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
F. Ll. Griffith.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
A city on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, in Lower Egypt, called by the Greeks Daphne. On the N.E. border, near Pelusium, of which it was the outpost; therefore soon reached from Palestine by Johanan (Jer_43:7; Jer_43:9). Pharaoh had there a "palace" being built or repaired in the prophet's time, with bricks made of clay in a "brick kiln" at the entry. Of the same materials, Jeremiah foretells, should the substructure of Nebuchadnezzar's throne be built, implying that Nebuchadnezzar's throne should be raised on the downfall of Pharaoh's throne: Jer_46:14, "publish in Migdol (E.) ... Noph (S.), ... T." (W.); here Jews were dwelling (Jer_44:1). In Isa_30:4 it is "Hanes" by contraction. In Jer_2:16 "the children of Noph (Memphis, the capital) and Tahapanes" (with which the Jews came most in contact) represent the Egyptians generally, who under Pharaoh Necho slew the king of Judah, Josiah, at Megiddo, and deposed Jehoahaz for Eliakim or Jehoiakim (2Ki_23:29-30; 2Ki_23:33-35). Called from the goddess Tphnet. Now Tel Defenneh.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Tah'panhes. A city of Egypt, mentioned in the time of the prophets, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. The name is evidently Egyptian, and closely resembles that of the Egyptian queen, Tahpenes. It was evidently a town of lower Egypt, near or on the eastern border. When Johanan, and the other captains, went into Egypt, "they came to Tahpanhes." Jer_43:7. The Jews in Jeremiah's time remained here. Jer_44:1. It was an important town, being twice mentioned by the latter prophet with Noph or Memphis. Jer_2:16; Jer_46:14. Here stood a house of Pharaoh-hophra, before which Jeremiah hid great stones. Jer_43:8-10.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
ta?pan-hēz, ta-pan?hēz (usually in the Old Testament תּחפּנחס, taḥpanḥēṣ; Septuagint Ταφνάς, Taphnás; Coptic, Taphnes): The various spellings of the Hebrew text are fairly well indicated in the King James Version by Tahapanes (Jer_2:16); Tahpanhes (Jer_43:7-9; Jer_44:1; Jer_46:14); Tehaphnehes (Eze_30:18), while an Egyptian queen (XXIst Dynasty) is named Tahpenes (1Ki_11:19, 1Ki_11:20). Tahpanhes was a city on the eastern frontier of Lower Egypt, represented today by Tell Defenneh, a desert mound lying some 20 miles Southwest from Pelusium (Biblical ?Sin?) and a little North of the modern Al-Kantarah (?the bridge?), marking the old caravan route from Egypt to Palestine, Mesopotamia and Assyria. Its Egyptian name is unknown, but it was called Δαφναί, Daphnaı́, by the Greeks, and by the modern Arabs Def'neh. The site is now desolate, but it was a fertile district when watered by the Pelusiac branch of the Nile (compare Isa_19:6, Isa_19:7). Tahpanhes was so powerful that Jeremiah can say that it, with Memphis, has ?broken the crown? of Israel's head (Jer_2:16), and Ezekiel can speak of its ?daughters? (colonies or suburban towns), and names it with Heliopolis and Bubastis when the ?yokes Septuagint ?sceptres?) of Egypt? shall be broken by Yahweh (Eze_30:18). In a later passage Jeremiah describes the flight of the Jews from their ruined capital to Tahpanhes after the death of Gedaliah (Jer_43:1-7) and prophesies that Nebuchadnezzar shall invade Egypt and punish it, establishing his throne upon the brick pavement (the King James Version ?kiln?) which is at the entry of Pharaoh's royal palace at Tahpanhes (Jer_43:8-11). He calls Tahpanhes as a witness to the desolation of the cities of Judah (Jer_44:1), but prophesies an equal destruction of Tahpanhes and other Egyptian cities (probably occupied by fugitive Jews) when Nebuchadnezzar shall smite them (Jer_46:14).
This invasion of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar was for a long time strenuously denied (e.g. as late as 1889 by Kuenen, Historisch-critisch Onderzoek, 265-318); but since the discovery and publication (1878) of fragments of Nebuchadnezzar's annals in which he affirms his invasion of Egypt in his 37th year (568-567 BC), most scholars have agreed that the predictions of Jeremiah (Jer_43:9-13; Jer_44:30) uttered shortly after 586 BC and of Ezekiel (Eze_29:19) uttered in 570 BC were fulfilled, ?at least in their general sense? (Driver, Authority and Archaeology, 116). Three cuneiform inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar were found by Arabs probably on or near this site. The excavation of Tahpanhes in 1886 by W. M. Flinders Petrie made it ?highly probable that the large oblong platform of brickwork close to the palace fort built at this spot by Psammetichus I, circa 664 BC, and now called Kasr Bint el-Yehudi, 'the castle of the Jew's daughter,' is identical with the quadrangle 'which is at the entry of Pharaoh's house in Tahpanhes' in which Jeremiah was commanded to bury the stones as a token that Nebuchadnezzar would spread his pavilion over them when he led his army into Egypt? (ibid., 117). Josephus explicitly mentions that Nebuchadnezzar, when he captured Tahpanhes, carried off a Jewish contingent from that city (Ant., IX, vii). Dr. Petrie found that while a small fort had existed here since the Rameside era (compare Herodotus ii. 17), yet the town was practically founded by Psammetichus I, continued prosperous for a century or more, but dwindled to a small village in Ptolemaic times. Many sealings of wine jars stamped with the cartouches of Psammetichus I and Amosis were found in situ. Tahpanhes being the nearest Egyptian town to Palestine, Jeremiah and the other Jewish refugees would naturally flee there (Jer_43:7). It is not at all unlikely that Nebuchadnezzar's invasion of Egypt was partly due to Egypt's favorable reception of these refugees.
The pottery found at Tahpanhes ?shows on the whole more evidence of Greeks than Egyptians in the place... Especially between 607-587 BC a constant intercourse with the Greek settlers must have been going on and a wider intercourse than even a Greek colony in Palestine would have produced... The whole circumstances were such as to give the best possible opportunity for the permeation of Greek words and Greek ideas among the upper classes of the Jewish exiles? (Petrie, Nebesheh and Defenneh, 1888, 50). This was, however, only one of many places where the Greeks and Hebrews met freely in this century (see e.g. Duruy, History of Greece, II, 126-80; Cobern, Daniel, 301-307). A large foreign traffic is shown at Tahpanhes in which no doubt the Jews took part. Discoveries from the 6th century BC included some very finely painted pottery, ?full of archaic spirit and beauty,? many amulets and much rich jewelry and bronze and iron weapons, a piece of scale armor, thousands of arrow heads, and three seals of a Syrian type. One of the few inscriptions prays the blessing of Neit upon ?all beautiful souls.? There was also dug up a vast number of minute weights evidently used for weighing precious metals, showing that the manufacture of jewelry was carried on here on a large scale. One of the most pathetic and suggestive ?finds? from this century, which witnessed the Babylonian captivity, consisted of certain curious figures of captives, carved in limestone, with their legs bent backward from their knees and their ankles and elbows bound together (Petrie, op. cit., chapters ix-xii).
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Tahp?anhes, or Tehaphnehes, a city of Egypt. The former name is used by Jeremiah (Jer_2:16; Jer_43:7-9; Jer_44:1; Jer_46:14), and the latter by Ezekiel (Eze_30:18). This was doubtless Daphne, a strong boundary city on the Pelusiac arm of the Nile. A mound called Tel Defenneh, nearly in a direct line between the modern Zan and Pelusium, is supposed from its name and position to mark the site of Daphne. Isaiah (Isa_30:4) names it in the abbreviated form Hanes. It was to this place that Johanan and his party repaired, taking Jeremiah with them, after the murder of Gedaliah.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
(Heb. Tachpanches', תִּחְפִּנְחֵס, Jeremiah 2, 16 [marg.]; 43:7, 8, 9; 44:1; 46:14), Ta-hap'anes (Heb. Tachpanes', תִּחְפֲּנֵם, 2, 16 [text]), or Tehaph'nehes (Heb. Techaphneches', תְּחִפְנְחֵס, Eze_30:18; all of Egyptian origin [see below]; Sept. Τάφνας or Τάφναι; Vulg. Taphne or Taphnis), a city of Egypt, of importance in the time of the prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel. The name is clearly Egyptian, and closely resembles that of the Egyptian queen TAHPENES SEE TAHPENES (q.v.), which, however, throws no light upon it. The Coptic name of this place, Taphnas (Quatremere, Mem. Geog. et Hist. 1, 297, 298), is obviously derived from the Sept. form: the Gr. and Lat. forms, Δάφναι, Herod., Δάφνη, Steph. Byz., Dafno, Itin. Ant., are perhaps nearer to the Egyptian original (see Parthey, Zur Erdkunde des alten Aegyptens, p. 528). Can the name be of Greek origin? If the HANES mentioned by Isaiah (Isa_30:4) be the same as Tahpanhes, as we have suggested (s.v.), this conjecture must be dismissed. No satisfactory Egyptian etymology of this name has been suggested, Jablonski's Taphenes, the head or beginning of the age (Opusc. 1, 343), being quite untenable; nor has any Egyptian name resembling it been discovered. Dr. Brugsch (Geogr. Inschr. 1, 300, 301, Taf. lvi, No. 1728), following Mr. Heath (Exodus Papyri, p. 174), identifies the fort Tebenet with Tahpanhes; but it is doubtless the present Tell Defenneh (described in the 4th Report of Egyptian Expl. Fund, Lond. 1888).
Tahpanhes was evidently a town of Lower Egypt near or on the eastern border. When Johanan and the other captains went into Egypt they came to Tahpanhes (Jer_43:7). Here Jeremiah prophesied the conquest of the country by Nebuchadnezzar (Jer_43:8-13). Ezekiel foretells a battle to be there fought apparently by the king of Babylon just mentioned (Eze_30:18). The Jews in Jeremiah's time remained here (Jer_46:1). It was an important town, being twice mentioned by the latter prophet with Noph or Memphis (Jer_2:16; Jer_46:14), as well as in the passage last cited. Here stood a house of Pharaoh. Hophra before which Jeremiah hid great stones, where the throne of Nebuchadnezzar would afterwards be set, and his pavilion spread (Jer_43:8-10). It is mentioned with Ramesse and all the land of Gesen in Judith 1, 9. Herodotus calls this place Daphnae of Pelusium (Δάφναι αὶ Πηλουσίαι), and relates that Psammetichus I had here a garrison against the Arabians and Syrians, as at Elephantine against the Ethiopians, and at Marea against Libya, adding that in his own time the Persians had garrisons at Daphne and Elephantine (2:30). Daphne was therefore a very important post under the twenty-sixth dynasty. According to Stephanus, it was near Pelusium (s.v.). In the Itinerary of Antoninus this town, called Dafno, is placed sixteen Roman miles to the south-west of Pelusium (ap. Parthey, Map 6 where observe that the name of Pelusium is omitted). This position seems to agree with that of Tel-Defenneh, which Sir Gardner Wilkinson supposes to mark the site of Daphnae (Modern Egypt and Thebes, 1, 447, 448). This identification favors the inland position of the site of Pelusium, if-we may trust to the distance stated in the Itinerary. SEE SIN. Sir Gardner Wilkinson (loc. cit.) thinks it was an outpost of Pelusium.
It may be observed that the Camps, τὰ Στρατόπεδα, the fixed garrison of Ionians and Carians established by Psammetichus I, may possibly have been at Daphnae.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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