Viper
VIEW:18 DATA:01-04-2020
VIPER.See Serpent.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(See ADDER; SERPENT.) Epheh (Isa_59:5); viviparous, as the derivation of viper implies. Symbol of hypocrisy and malignity (Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Viper. See Serpent.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
אפעה , Job_20:16; Isa_30:6; Isa_59:5; εχιδνα, Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7; Act_28:3; a serpent famed for the venomousness of its bite, which is one of the most dangerous poisons in the animal kingdom. So remarkable, says Dr. Mead, has the viper been for its venom, that the remotest antiquity made it an emblem of what is hurtful and destructive. Nay, so terrible was the nature of these creatures, that they were very commonly thought to be sent as executioners of divine vengeance upon mankind, for enormous crimes which had escaped the course of justice. An instance of such an opinion as this we have in the history of St. Paul, Acts xxviii, whom the people of Melita, when they saw the viper leap upon his hand, presently concluded to be a murderer; and as readily made a god of him when, instead of having his hand inflamed, or falling down dead, one or other of which is usually the effect of these bites, he without any harm shook the reptile into the fire: it being obvious enough to imagine that he must stand in a near relation at least to the gods themselves, who could thus command the messengers of their vengeance, and counterwork the effects of such powerful agents.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
vı̄?pẽr (אפעה, 'eph‛eh (Job_20:16; Isa_30:6; Isa_59:5); ἄχιδνα, échidna (Mat_3:7 = Luk_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Act_28:3)): Several vipers are found in Palestine, but it is not certain that 'eph‛eh referred definitely to any of them. See SERPENT.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
[SERPENT]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Isa_59:5 (b) This indicates the product of the works and the plans of wicked Israel in producing evil and harmful results.
Mat_3:7 (a) This type represents wicked teachers whose messages from their mouths poison those who hear them so that they are eternally lost. Not all snakes are vipers. Vipers are snakes which kill with the poison from their fangs, such as the cobra and the rattlesnake. Vipers are a type of false teachers of false cults, who damage and destroy the souls of all who believe their teachings. (See also Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7).
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
is the uniform rendering, in the A.V., of עֶפְעֶה, eph'êh (from פָּעִה, prob. to hiss), which occurs only in Job_20:16; Isa_30:6; Isa_59:5; and of ἔχιδνα (Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7; Act_28:3). In all instances a venomous serpent is evidently denoted, but the particular kind, if anything more than a generic term, is indeterminable. The English name is derived from the Latin vivipara, which signifies bringing, forth its young alive; but, though the young are thus produced, they are previously formed in an egg within the parent's ovary, and hence Isaiah's allusion to the hatching of vipers (Isa_59:5) is perfectly justified by physiology and natural history. Hence it is used tropically for deceitful and wicked men (Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7).
From the earliest ages the viper has been dreaded for its venomous bite, and made the emblem of everything that is hurtful and destructive; indeed, its poison is one of the most active and dangerous in the animal kingdom. The true viper is the adder (Pelias berus or Vipera berus), which retains its eggs until hatched. Its bite, however, is not necessarily fatal. So terrible was the nature of these creatures that they were very commonly thought to be sent as executioners of divine vengeance upon mankind for enormous crimes which had escaped the course of justice. The people of Melita showed that they were thoroughly imbued with this superstition when Paul was shipwrecked on the island (Act_28:3). Such a dangerous serpent is known in the East by the name of leffah (i.e. el-effah, equivalent to the Heb. word); it is thus described by Shaw and Jackson as the most venomous of the serpent tribe in Northern Africa and South-western-Asia. It is remarkable for its quick and penetrating poison; it is about two feet long, and as thick as a man's arm, beautifully spotted with yellow and brown, and sprinkled over with blackish specks similar to the horn-nosed snake. These serpents have a wide mouth with which they inhale a. great quantity of air, and when inflated therewith they eject it with such force as to be heard a considerable distance. The modern Oriental name is derived from an Arabic word which signifies to burn, whence some have inferred that the fiery serpents sent to chastise the Israelites in the desert were leffahs, or vipers. SEE SERPENT.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(See ADDER; SERPENT.) Epheh (Isa_59:5); viviparous, as the derivation of viper implies. Symbol of hypocrisy and malignity (Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Viper. See Serpent.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
אפעה , Job_20:16; Isa_30:6; Isa_59:5; εχιδνα, Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7; Act_28:3; a serpent famed for the venomousness of its bite, which is one of the most dangerous poisons in the animal kingdom. So remarkable, says Dr. Mead, has the viper been for its venom, that the remotest antiquity made it an emblem of what is hurtful and destructive. Nay, so terrible was the nature of these creatures, that they were very commonly thought to be sent as executioners of divine vengeance upon mankind, for enormous crimes which had escaped the course of justice. An instance of such an opinion as this we have in the history of St. Paul, Acts xxviii, whom the people of Melita, when they saw the viper leap upon his hand, presently concluded to be a murderer; and as readily made a god of him when, instead of having his hand inflamed, or falling down dead, one or other of which is usually the effect of these bites, he without any harm shook the reptile into the fire: it being obvious enough to imagine that he must stand in a near relation at least to the gods themselves, who could thus command the messengers of their vengeance, and counterwork the effects of such powerful agents.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
vı̄?pẽr (אפעה, 'eph‛eh (Job_20:16; Isa_30:6; Isa_59:5); ἄχιδνα, échidna (Mat_3:7 = Luk_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Act_28:3)): Several vipers are found in Palestine, but it is not certain that 'eph‛eh referred definitely to any of them. See SERPENT.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
[SERPENT]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Isa_59:5 (b) This indicates the product of the works and the plans of wicked Israel in producing evil and harmful results.
Mat_3:7 (a) This type represents wicked teachers whose messages from their mouths poison those who hear them so that they are eternally lost. Not all snakes are vipers. Vipers are snakes which kill with the poison from their fangs, such as the cobra and the rattlesnake. Vipers are a type of false teachers of false cults, who damage and destroy the souls of all who believe their teachings. (See also Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7).
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
is the uniform rendering, in the A.V., of עֶפְעֶה, eph'êh (from פָּעִה, prob. to hiss), which occurs only in Job_20:16; Isa_30:6; Isa_59:5; and of ἔχιδνα (Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7; Act_28:3). In all instances a venomous serpent is evidently denoted, but the particular kind, if anything more than a generic term, is indeterminable. The English name is derived from the Latin vivipara, which signifies bringing, forth its young alive; but, though the young are thus produced, they are previously formed in an egg within the parent's ovary, and hence Isaiah's allusion to the hatching of vipers (Isa_59:5) is perfectly justified by physiology and natural history. Hence it is used tropically for deceitful and wicked men (Mat_3:7; Mat_12:34; Mat_23:33; Luk_3:7).
From the earliest ages the viper has been dreaded for its venomous bite, and made the emblem of everything that is hurtful and destructive; indeed, its poison is one of the most active and dangerous in the animal kingdom. The true viper is the adder (Pelias berus or Vipera berus), which retains its eggs until hatched. Its bite, however, is not necessarily fatal. So terrible was the nature of these creatures that they were very commonly thought to be sent as executioners of divine vengeance upon mankind for enormous crimes which had escaped the course of justice. The people of Melita showed that they were thoroughly imbued with this superstition when Paul was shipwrecked on the island (Act_28:3). Such a dangerous serpent is known in the East by the name of leffah (i.e. el-effah, equivalent to the Heb. word); it is thus described by Shaw and Jackson as the most venomous of the serpent tribe in Northern Africa and South-western-Asia. It is remarkable for its quick and penetrating poison; it is about two feet long, and as thick as a man's arm, beautifully spotted with yellow and brown, and sprinkled over with blackish specks similar to the horn-nosed snake. These serpents have a wide mouth with which they inhale a. great quantity of air, and when inflated therewith they eject it with such force as to be heard a considerable distance. The modern Oriental name is derived from an Arabic word which signifies to burn, whence some have inferred that the fiery serpents sent to chastise the Israelites in the desert were leffahs, or vipers. SEE SERPENT.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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