Bed
VIEW:11 DATA:01-04-2020
The outer garment worn by day sufficed the poor for bedstead, bed beneath, and covering above, whence it was forbidden to keep it in pledge after sunset, lest the poor man should be without covering (Deu_24:13). The bolster was often of platted goat's hair (1Sa_19:13). A quilt to wrap one's self in is the bed meant in the miracle of Jesus when He said "Take up thy bed and walk" (Joh_5:8-11). The cushion or seat at the stern was our Lord's "pillow" on the lake of Galilee (Mar_4:38). Stones served as Jacob's "pillows" (Hebrew) and afterwards as the consecrated pillar to commemorate the divine vision granted him (Gen_28:11). The divan or platform at the end or sides of a room often served as bedstead. In such a room the master of the house and his family lay, according to the parable (Luk_11:7), "My children are with me in bed."
The little chamber, bed, stool, table, and candlestick of Elijah (2Ki_4:10) were and are the usual furniture of a sleeping room. Some bed frame is implied in Est_1:6; 2Sa_3:31, "bier," margin bed. The giant Og had one of iron, a marvel in those days (one made of palm sticks is common in the present day), and required by his enormous weight and size (Deu_3:11). Og in some expedition of his against Ammon may have left behind him his gigantic bed, to impress his enemy with his super-human greatness, and the Ammonites may have preserved it in Rabbath, their capital; or Israel may have sent it to Ammon as a pledge of their friendly intentions (Jehovah having charged them not to disturb Ammon), and also a visible proof of their power in having conquered so mighty a prince as Og.
Royal beds (Son_3:9-10 margin) had pillars of marble or silver, the bottom gold, the covering of purple and divers colors, hangings fastened to the pillarsupported canopy, the beds of gold upon a tesselated pavement (Est_1:6); compare Amo_6:4, "beds of ivory." Often used as couches in the day (Eze_23:41; Est_7:8). Watchers of vineyards had hammocks slung from trees (Isa_1:8; Isa_24:20). Hebrew melunah, "a lodge for the night." Arab watchers sleep in them to be secure froth wild beasts; translate "the earth shall wave to and fro like a hammock," swung about by the wind.
The "bedchamber" where Joash was hidden was a storeroom for beds, and so well fitted for concealment (2Ki_11:2; 2Ch_22:11), not the usual reclining chamber. The bedroom was usually in the most retired part of the house (1Ki_22:25; Exo_8:3; Ecc_10:20). In Eze_13:18, "Woe to the women that sew pillows to all armholes" ("elbows") the allusion is to false prophetesses making their dupes rest on elbow cushions in fancied ecstasy, a symbol of the "peace" they falsely promised (Eze_13:16). Beds were placed at the end of the chamber, on an ascent approached by steps: hence "I will not go up into my bed" (Psa_132:3).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Bed. The Jewish bed consisted of the mattress, a mere mat, or one or more quilts; the covering, a finer quilt, or sometimes, the outer garment worn by day, 1Sa_19:13, which, the law provided, should not be kept in pledge after sunset, that the poor man might not lack his needful covering, Deu_24:13, the pillow, 1Sa_19:13, probably formed of sheep's fleece or goat's skin with a stuffing of cotton, etc.; the bedstead, a divan or bench along the side or end of the room, sufficing as a support for the bedding.
Besides, we have bedsteads made of ivory, wood, etc. Referred to in Deu_3:11; Amo_6:4. The ornamental portions were pillars and a canopy, Jdt_13:9, ivory carvings, gold and silver, and probably mosaic work, purple and fine linen. Est_1:6; Son_3:9-10. The ordinary furniture of a bedchamber, in private life, is given in 2Ki_4:10.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Mattresses, or thick cotton quilts folded, were used for sleeping upon. These were laid upon the duan, or divan, a part of the room elevated above the level of the rest, covered with a carpet in winter, a fine mat in summer. (See Accubation and Banquets.) A divan cushion serves for a pillow and bolster. They do not keep their beds made; the mattresses are rolled up, carried away, and placed in a cupboard till they are wanted at night. And hence the propriety of our Lord's address to the paralytic, Arise, take up thy bed, or mattress, and walk, Mat_9:6. The duan on which these mattresses are placed, is at the end of the chamber, and has an ascent of several steps. Hence Hezekiah is said to turn his face to the wall when he prayed, that is, from his attendants. In the day the duan was used as a seat, and the place of honour was the corner, Amo_3:12.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Psa_41:3 (b) This is a figure of the Lord bringing comfort, peace and blessing to those who care for the sorrows of others. Someone has rendered this passage, "Thou wilt smooth out the wrinkles of his bed in his sickness."
Isa_28:20 (b) Here is a type of man-made religious programs and humanly devised schemes of salvation on which men rest their souls for eternity. They will find in the great judgment day that this bed was too short, and insufficient.
Isa_57:2 (a) The prophet is telling us that GOD's people who are the righteous ones will enter into perfect rest and peace throughout eternity.
Isa_57:7 (b) The Lord seems to be telling us that there are those who will be at ease and comfort while they are exalted by their sins, their pride and their rebellion. (See also Psa_73:46).
Eze_23:17 (b) This reveals that Israel accepts all the offers and proffers of lust and profit offered by the Babylonians.
Hos_7:14 (c) This is a picture of the rebellion of Israel even in affliction and trouble. Though forced to their beds by illness they still rebelled against the GOD who could heal them.
Amo_3:12 (b) This interesting passage indicates that Israel will be at ease in comfort and asleep in the midst of sin and trouble. The expression "corner of a bed" indicates that he is sleeping on the side of the bed to make room for a companion who will share his indifference to the evils that surround him.
Mar_4:21 (b) The teaching is that we should not hide our testimony under indolence and laziness. We should be active and zealous for GOD even in our business and in our social life. (See also Luk_8:16).
Rev_2:22 (a) The indication is that GOD will "rub their nose in it." He will bind these to their sins and will fulfill Rev_22:11. They will receive all the consequences of their sin.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Bed
properly מִטָּה, mittah', κλίνη, either for rest at night, Exo_8:3; 1Sa_19:13; 1Sa_19:15-16; 1Ki_17:19; 2Ki_4:10; 2Ki_4:21; 2Ki_11:2; 2Ch_22:11; Psa_6:6; Pro_26:14; Mar_4:21; Luk_8:16; Luk_17:34; or during illness, Gen_47:31; Gen_48:2; Gen_49:33; 1Sa_28:23; 2Ki_1:4; 2Ki_1:6; 2Ki_1:16; 2Ki_4:32; Mar_7:30; Rev_2:22; often simply a sofa for ease and quiet, 1Sa_28:23; Est_7:8; Amo_3:12; Amo_6:4; once a sedan for pleasure, Son_3:7; in the New Test. frequently a mere couch, consisting of a litter and coverlet, Mat_9:2; Mat_9:6; Luk_5:18; Act_5:15 (for which more properly the diminutive κλινιδίον, couch,, Luk_5:19; Luk_5:24; or κράββατος, frequently occurring, usually bed, once couch, Act_5:15; and once in the sense of a more permanent sick-bed, Act_9:33); used also for bier for dead bodies, 2Sa_3:31; and specially of the triclinium, or dinner-bed, Est_1:6; Eze_23:41; table, Mar_7:4. Another term of frequent occurrence is מִשְׁכָּב, mishkab', κοίτη, which almost always has the signification of marriage-bed, or some analogous idea (except in the Chaldee equivalent, מִשְׁכִּבof Dan.), and is often translated by terms expressive of that sense. To these may be added the poetic יָצוּעִ, yatsu'a, Job_17:13; Psa_63:6; Psa_132:3; signifying the same as the preceding in Gen_49:4; 1Ch_5:1; and chamber in prose, 1Ki_6:5-6; 1Ki_6:10; also מִצָּע, matstsa', Isa_28:20; and, finally, עֶרֶשׂ, er'es, signifying, as the derivation shows, a canopied bed of more imposing style, for whatever purpose, Job_7:13; Psa_41:3; Psa_132:3 (in the original); Pro_7:16; Son_1:16; couch in Psa_6:6; Amo_3:12; Amo_6:4; and properly rendered bedstead in Deu_3:11. In this last-named passage a coffin is thought by some to be meant. SEE GIANT.
We may distinguish in the Jewish bed the following principal parts:
1. The bedstead was not always necessary, the divan, or platform along the side or end of an Oriental room, sufficing as a support for the bedding. SEE BEDCHAMBER. Yet some slight and portable frame seems implied among the senses of the word מִטָה, mittah', which is used for a bier (2Sa_3:31), and for the ordinary bed (2Ki_4:10), for the litter on which a sick person might be carried (1Sa_19:15), for Jacob's bed of sickness (Gen_47:31), and for the couch on which guests reclined at a banquet (Est_1:6). SEE COUCH. Thus it seems the comprehensive and generic term. The proper word for a bedstead appears to be עֶרֶשׂ, e'res, used Deu_3:11, to describe that on which lay the giant Og, whose vast bulk and weight required one of iron. SEE BEDSTEAD.
2. The substratum or bottom portion of the bed itself was limited to a mere mat, or one or more quilts.
3. Over this a quilt finer than those used for the under part of the bed. In summer, a thin blanket, or the outer garment worn by day (1Sa_19:13), sufficed. This latter, in the case of a poor person, often formed the entire bedding, and that without a bedstead. Hence the law provided that it should not be kept in pledge after sunset, that the poor man might not lack his needful covering (Deu_24:13). 4. The bed-clothes. The only material mentioned for this is that which occurs 1Sa_19:13, and the word used is of doubtful meaning, but seems to signify some fabric woven or plaited of goat's hair. It is clear, however, that it was something hastily adopted to serve as a pillow, and is not decisive of the ordinary use.
5. In Ezra 13:18, occurs the word כֶּסֶת, ke'seth (Sept. προσκεφάλαιον), which seems to be the proper term. Such pillows are common to this day in the East, formed of sheep's fleece or goat's skin, with a stuffing of cotton, etc. We read of a pillow, also, in the boat in which our Lord lay asleep (Mar_4:38) as he crossed the lake. The block of stone, such as Jacob used, covered, perhaps, with a garment, was not unusual among the poorer folk, shepherds, etc. SEE PILLOW.
6. The ornamental portions, and those which luxury added, were pillars and a canopy (Jdt_13:9); ivory carvings, gold and silver (Joseph. Ant. 12, 21, 14), and probably mosaic work, purple and fine linen, are also mentioned as constituting parts of beds (Est_1:6; Son_3:9-10), where the word אִפִּרְיוֹן, appiryon' (Sept. φορεῖον), seems to mean a litter (Pro_7:16-17; Amos 11:4). So also are perfumes. SEE SLEEP.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
The little chamber, bed, stool, table, and candlestick of Elijah (2Ki_4:10) were and are the usual furniture of a sleeping room. Some bed frame is implied in Est_1:6; 2Sa_3:31, "bier," margin bed. The giant Og had one of iron, a marvel in those days (one made of palm sticks is common in the present day), and required by his enormous weight and size (Deu_3:11). Og in some expedition of his against Ammon may have left behind him his gigantic bed, to impress his enemy with his super-human greatness, and the Ammonites may have preserved it in Rabbath, their capital; or Israel may have sent it to Ammon as a pledge of their friendly intentions (Jehovah having charged them not to disturb Ammon), and also a visible proof of their power in having conquered so mighty a prince as Og.
Royal beds (Son_3:9-10 margin) had pillars of marble or silver, the bottom gold, the covering of purple and divers colors, hangings fastened to the pillarsupported canopy, the beds of gold upon a tesselated pavement (Est_1:6); compare Amo_6:4, "beds of ivory." Often used as couches in the day (Eze_23:41; Est_7:8). Watchers of vineyards had hammocks slung from trees (Isa_1:8; Isa_24:20). Hebrew melunah, "a lodge for the night." Arab watchers sleep in them to be secure froth wild beasts; translate "the earth shall wave to and fro like a hammock," swung about by the wind.
The "bedchamber" where Joash was hidden was a storeroom for beds, and so well fitted for concealment (2Ki_11:2; 2Ch_22:11), not the usual reclining chamber. The bedroom was usually in the most retired part of the house (1Ki_22:25; Exo_8:3; Ecc_10:20). In Eze_13:18, "Woe to the women that sew pillows to all armholes" ("elbows") the allusion is to false prophetesses making their dupes rest on elbow cushions in fancied ecstasy, a symbol of the "peace" they falsely promised (Eze_13:16). Beds were placed at the end of the chamber, on an ascent approached by steps: hence "I will not go up into my bed" (Psa_132:3).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Bed. The Jewish bed consisted of the mattress, a mere mat, or one or more quilts; the covering, a finer quilt, or sometimes, the outer garment worn by day, 1Sa_19:13, which, the law provided, should not be kept in pledge after sunset, that the poor man might not lack his needful covering, Deu_24:13, the pillow, 1Sa_19:13, probably formed of sheep's fleece or goat's skin with a stuffing of cotton, etc.; the bedstead, a divan or bench along the side or end of the room, sufficing as a support for the bedding.
Besides, we have bedsteads made of ivory, wood, etc. Referred to in Deu_3:11; Amo_6:4. The ornamental portions were pillars and a canopy, Jdt_13:9, ivory carvings, gold and silver, and probably mosaic work, purple and fine linen. Est_1:6; Son_3:9-10. The ordinary furniture of a bedchamber, in private life, is given in 2Ki_4:10.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
Mattresses, or thick cotton quilts folded, were used for sleeping upon. These were laid upon the duan, or divan, a part of the room elevated above the level of the rest, covered with a carpet in winter, a fine mat in summer. (See Accubation and Banquets.) A divan cushion serves for a pillow and bolster. They do not keep their beds made; the mattresses are rolled up, carried away, and placed in a cupboard till they are wanted at night. And hence the propriety of our Lord's address to the paralytic, Arise, take up thy bed, or mattress, and walk, Mat_9:6. The duan on which these mattresses are placed, is at the end of the chamber, and has an ascent of several steps. Hence Hezekiah is said to turn his face to the wall when he prayed, that is, from his attendants. In the day the duan was used as a seat, and the place of honour was the corner, Amo_3:12.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
Psa_41:3 (b) This is a figure of the Lord bringing comfort, peace and blessing to those who care for the sorrows of others. Someone has rendered this passage, "Thou wilt smooth out the wrinkles of his bed in his sickness."
Isa_28:20 (b) Here is a type of man-made religious programs and humanly devised schemes of salvation on which men rest their souls for eternity. They will find in the great judgment day that this bed was too short, and insufficient.
Isa_57:2 (a) The prophet is telling us that GOD's people who are the righteous ones will enter into perfect rest and peace throughout eternity.
Isa_57:7 (b) The Lord seems to be telling us that there are those who will be at ease and comfort while they are exalted by their sins, their pride and their rebellion. (See also Psa_73:46).
Eze_23:17 (b) This reveals that Israel accepts all the offers and proffers of lust and profit offered by the Babylonians.
Hos_7:14 (c) This is a picture of the rebellion of Israel even in affliction and trouble. Though forced to their beds by illness they still rebelled against the GOD who could heal them.
Amo_3:12 (b) This interesting passage indicates that Israel will be at ease in comfort and asleep in the midst of sin and trouble. The expression "corner of a bed" indicates that he is sleeping on the side of the bed to make room for a companion who will share his indifference to the evils that surround him.
Mar_4:21 (b) The teaching is that we should not hide our testimony under indolence and laziness. We should be active and zealous for GOD even in our business and in our social life. (See also Luk_8:16).
Rev_2:22 (a) The indication is that GOD will "rub their nose in it." He will bind these to their sins and will fulfill Rev_22:11. They will receive all the consequences of their sin.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Bed
properly מִטָּה, mittah', κλίνη, either for rest at night, Exo_8:3; 1Sa_19:13; 1Sa_19:15-16; 1Ki_17:19; 2Ki_4:10; 2Ki_4:21; 2Ki_11:2; 2Ch_22:11; Psa_6:6; Pro_26:14; Mar_4:21; Luk_8:16; Luk_17:34; or during illness, Gen_47:31; Gen_48:2; Gen_49:33; 1Sa_28:23; 2Ki_1:4; 2Ki_1:6; 2Ki_1:16; 2Ki_4:32; Mar_7:30; Rev_2:22; often simply a sofa for ease and quiet, 1Sa_28:23; Est_7:8; Amo_3:12; Amo_6:4; once a sedan for pleasure, Son_3:7; in the New Test. frequently a mere couch, consisting of a litter and coverlet, Mat_9:2; Mat_9:6; Luk_5:18; Act_5:15 (for which more properly the diminutive κλινιδίον, couch,, Luk_5:19; Luk_5:24; or κράββατος, frequently occurring, usually bed, once couch, Act_5:15; and once in the sense of a more permanent sick-bed, Act_9:33); used also for bier for dead bodies, 2Sa_3:31; and specially of the triclinium, or dinner-bed, Est_1:6; Eze_23:41; table, Mar_7:4. Another term of frequent occurrence is מִשְׁכָּב, mishkab', κοίτη, which almost always has the signification of marriage-bed, or some analogous idea (except in the Chaldee equivalent, מִשְׁכִּבof Dan.), and is often translated by terms expressive of that sense. To these may be added the poetic יָצוּעִ, yatsu'a, Job_17:13; Psa_63:6; Psa_132:3; signifying the same as the preceding in Gen_49:4; 1Ch_5:1; and chamber in prose, 1Ki_6:5-6; 1Ki_6:10; also מִצָּע, matstsa', Isa_28:20; and, finally, עֶרֶשׂ, er'es, signifying, as the derivation shows, a canopied bed of more imposing style, for whatever purpose, Job_7:13; Psa_41:3; Psa_132:3 (in the original); Pro_7:16; Son_1:16; couch in Psa_6:6; Amo_3:12; Amo_6:4; and properly rendered bedstead in Deu_3:11. In this last-named passage a coffin is thought by some to be meant. SEE GIANT.
We may distinguish in the Jewish bed the following principal parts:
1. The bedstead was not always necessary, the divan, or platform along the side or end of an Oriental room, sufficing as a support for the bedding. SEE BEDCHAMBER. Yet some slight and portable frame seems implied among the senses of the word מִטָה, mittah', which is used for a bier (2Sa_3:31), and for the ordinary bed (2Ki_4:10), for the litter on which a sick person might be carried (1Sa_19:15), for Jacob's bed of sickness (Gen_47:31), and for the couch on which guests reclined at a banquet (Est_1:6). SEE COUCH. Thus it seems the comprehensive and generic term. The proper word for a bedstead appears to be עֶרֶשׂ, e'res, used Deu_3:11, to describe that on which lay the giant Og, whose vast bulk and weight required one of iron. SEE BEDSTEAD.
2. The substratum or bottom portion of the bed itself was limited to a mere mat, or one or more quilts.
3. Over this a quilt finer than those used for the under part of the bed. In summer, a thin blanket, or the outer garment worn by day (1Sa_19:13), sufficed. This latter, in the case of a poor person, often formed the entire bedding, and that without a bedstead. Hence the law provided that it should not be kept in pledge after sunset, that the poor man might not lack his needful covering (Deu_24:13). 4. The bed-clothes. The only material mentioned for this is that which occurs 1Sa_19:13, and the word used is of doubtful meaning, but seems to signify some fabric woven or plaited of goat's hair. It is clear, however, that it was something hastily adopted to serve as a pillow, and is not decisive of the ordinary use.
5. In Ezra 13:18, occurs the word כֶּסֶת, ke'seth (Sept. προσκεφάλαιον), which seems to be the proper term. Such pillows are common to this day in the East, formed of sheep's fleece or goat's skin, with a stuffing of cotton, etc. We read of a pillow, also, in the boat in which our Lord lay asleep (Mar_4:38) as he crossed the lake. The block of stone, such as Jacob used, covered, perhaps, with a garment, was not unusual among the poorer folk, shepherds, etc. SEE PILLOW.
6. The ornamental portions, and those which luxury added, were pillars and a canopy (Jdt_13:9); ivory carvings, gold and silver (Joseph. Ant. 12, 21, 14), and probably mosaic work, purple and fine linen, are also mentioned as constituting parts of beds (Est_1:6; Son_3:9-10), where the word אִפִּרְיוֹן, appiryon' (Sept. φορεῖον), seems to mean a litter (Pro_7:16-17; Amos 11:4). So also are perfumes. SEE SLEEP.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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