Calf
VIEW:17 DATA:01-04-2020
Calf. The calf was held in high esteem, by the Jews, as food. 1Sa_28:24; Luk_15:23. The molten calf prepared by Aaron for the people to worship, Exo_32:4, was probably a wooden figure laminated with gold, a process which is known to have existed in Egypt. See Aaron.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
עגל . The young of the ox kind. There is frequent mention in Scripture of calves, because they were made use of commonly in sacrifices. The fatted calf, mentioned in several places, as in 1Sa_28:24, and Luk_15:23, was stall fed, with special reference to a particular festival or extraordinary sacrifice. The calves of the lips, mentioned by Hos_14:2, signify the sacrifices of praise which the captives of Babylon addressed to God, being no longer in a condition to offer sacrifices in his temple. The Septuagint render it the fruit of the lips; and their reading is followed by the Syriac, and by the Apostle to the Heb_13:15. The golden calf was an idol set up and worshipped by the Israelites at the foot of mount Sinai in their passage through the wilderness to the land of Canaan. Having been conducted through the wilderness by a pillar of cloud and fire, which preceded them in their marches, while Moses was receiving the divine commands that cloud covered the mountain, and they probably imagined that it would no longer be their guide; and, therefore, applied to Aaron to make for them a sacred sign or symbol, as other nations had, which might visibly represent God. With this request, preferred tumultuously, and in a menacing manner, Aaron in a moment of weakness complied. The image thus formed is supposed to have been like the Egyptian deity, Apis, which was an ox, an animal used in agriculture, and so a symbol of the God who presided over their fields, or of the productive power of the Deity. The means by which Moses reduced the golden calf to powder, so that when mixed with water he made the people drink it, in contempt, has puzzled commentators. Some understand that he did this by a chemical process, then well known, but now a secret; others, that he beat it into gold leaf, and then separated this into parts so fine, as to be easily potable; others, that he reduced it by filing. The account says, that he took the calf, burned it to powder, and mixed the powder with water; from which it is probable, as several Jewish writers have thought, that the calf was not wholly made of gold, but of wood, covered with a profusion of gold ornaments cast and fashioned for the occasion. For this reason it obtained the epithet golden, as afterward some ornaments of the temple were called, which we know were only overlaid with gold. It would in that case be enough to reduce the wood to powder in the fire, which would also blacken and deface the golden ornaments; but there is no need to suppose they were also reduced to powder. It is plain from Aaron's proclaiming a fast to Jehovah,
Exo_32:4, and from the worship of Jeroboam's calves being so expressly distinguished from that of Baal, 2Ki_10:28-31, that both Aaron and Jeroboam meant the calves they formed and set up for worship to be emblems of Jehovah. Nevertheless, the inspired Psalmist speaks of Aaron's calf with the utmost abhorrence, and declares that, by worshipping it, they forgat God their Saviour, (see 1Co_10:9,) who had wrought so many miracles for them, and that for this crime God threatened to destroy them, Psa_106:19-24; Exo_32:10; and St. Stephen calls it plainly ειδωλον, an idol, Act_7:41. As for Jeroboam, after he had, for political reasons, 1Ki_12:27, &c, made a schism in the Jewish church, and set up two calves in Dan and Bethel, as objects of worship, he is scarcely ever mentioned in Scripture but with a particular stigma set upon him: Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
kaf (עגל, ‛ēghel; פר, par, or פר, par, often rendered ?bullock?): The etymology of both words is uncertain, but the former has a close parallel in the Arabic ‛ijl, ?calf.? Par is generally used of animals for sacrifice, ‛ēghel, in that and other senses. ‛Ēghel is used of the golden calves and frequently in the expression, ‛ēghel marbēḳ, ?fatted calf,? or ?calf of the stall,? the latter being the literal meaning (1Sa_28:24; Jer_46:21; Amo_6:4; Mal_4:2).
At the present day beef is not highly esteemed by the people of the country, but mutton is much prized. In the houses of the peasantry it is common to see a young ram being literally stuffed with food, mulberry or other leaves being forced into its mouth by one of the women, who then works the sheep's jaw with one hand. The animal has a daily bath of cold water. The result is deliciously fat and tender mutton. Such an animal is called a ma‛lūf. From the same root we have ma‛laf, ?manger,? suggestive of the Hebrew marbēḳ, ?stall.?
The calf for sacrifice was usually a male of a year old. Other references to calves are: ?to skip like a calf? (Psa_29:6); ?the calf and the young lion and the fatling together? (Isa_11:6); ?a habitation deserted ... there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof? (Isa_27:10). See CATTLE.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Fig. 109?Egyptian Calf-Idol
Calf is mentioned in several places, but not requiring a zoological explanation, it may be sufficient to make a few remarks on the worship of calves and other superstitious practices connected with them. The most ancient and remarkable notice in the Scriptures on this head, is that of the golden calf which was cast by Aaron from the earrings of the people, while the Israelites were encamped at the foot of Sinai and Moses was absent on the Mount. The next notice refers to an event which occurred ages after, when Jeroboam, king of Israel, set up two idols in the form of a calf, the one in Dan and the other in Bethel. This almost incomprehensible degradation of human reason was, more particularly in the first instance, no doubt the result of the debasing influences which operated on the minds of the Israelites during their sojourn in Egypt, where, amid the daily practice of the most degrading and revolting religious ceremonies, they were accustomed to see the image of a sacred calf, surrounded by other symbols, carried in solemn pomp at the head of marching armies; such as may be still seen depicted in the processions of Rameses the Great or Sesostris. A similar divinity belonged to the earliest Indian, Greek, and even Scandinavian mythologies; and therefore it may be conceived that the symbol, enduring even to this day, was at that period generally understood by the multitude, and consequently that it was afterwards revived by Jeroboam without popular opposition. With regard to Jer_34:18-19, it may be sufficient to mention that many nations of antiquity had a practice of binding themselves to certain resolutions by the ceremony of cutting a calf or other victim into two halves or sides, laying them on the ground, and passing between the severed parts. This was considered as constituting a peculiarly binding obligation (comp. Gen_15:10; Gen_15:17).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Exo_32:4 (c) This was worshipped as an idol because it represented food to eat and work to profit thereby. It was worshiped in Egypt as a god, and Israel had been so many years there, that they turned to this false god when their hearts were not right with the true GOD.
Lev_9:2-3 (c) This may be taken as a type of JESUS in His youth and His humility. He was led as a lamb to the slaughter. He was a young man, and this calf is a fitting symbol of the young king.
Psa_29:6 (c) The type in this case may represent youth, vigor, activity and a carefree life.
Jer_34:18 (b) This is certainly a type of the death of CHRIST who passed through the furnace of GOD's wrath, suffered in the darkness, and yet was "the light of life." (This was called a heifer in Gen_15:9).
Eze_1:7 (a) Here we find a type of the Lord as He walked significantly, surely, certainly and with a definite plan and purpose.
Hos_8:5 (a) The Samaritans made a calf their god. It could not and did not deliver them from their enemies, but caused GOD's wrath to fall upon them.
Hos_14:2 (b) From this we learn that the offering of praise, thanksgiving and worship from their lips would bring joy to the heart of GOD, as though Israel offered a calf on the altar.
Mal_4:2 (a) From this we learn that Israel's blessings under the good hand of GOD were that they were fed by the Lord, protected by the Lord, and grew greater, stronger and more useful under GOD's good hand.
Luk_15:23 (c) This represents the fullness of CHRIST's sufficiency and His ability to supply the needs of the repentant sinner.
Rev_4:7 (b) No doubt this is a type of our Lord JESUS who served both GOD and man. See under "OX."
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Calf
(prop. עֵגֶל, e'gel, μόσχος; fem. עֶגְלָה, eglah', δάμαλις; sometimes פִּו or פָּו par, a steer or young bullock; also periphrastically בֶּן בָּקָר, son of the herd), the young of the ox species. SEE BEEVE; SEE BULL, etc. There is frequent mention in Scripture of calves, because they were made use of commonly in sacrifices. The fatted calf was regarded by the Hebrews as the choicest animal food. It was stall-fed, frequently with special reference to a particular festival or extraordinary sacrifice (1Sa_28:24; Amo_6:4; Luk_15:23). The allusion in Jer_34:18-19, is to an ancient custom of ratifying a contract or covenant, in the observance of which an animal was slain and divided, and the parties passed between the parts (comp. Homer, II. in, 20'), signifying their willingness to be so divided themselves if they failed to perform their covenant (Gen_15:9-10; Gen_15:17-18). The expression calves of our lips, in Hos_14:2, is figurative, signifying the fruits of our lips (Wolf, Juvenci labiorum, Viteb. 1711). As calves were used in sacrifices, the injunction requires us to render the sacrifice of prayer and praise to God, instead of the animal sacrifice (Heb_13:15). SEE HEIFER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
עגל . The young of the ox kind. There is frequent mention in Scripture of calves, because they were made use of commonly in sacrifices. The fatted calf, mentioned in several places, as in 1Sa_28:24, and Luk_15:23, was stall fed, with special reference to a particular festival or extraordinary sacrifice. The calves of the lips, mentioned by Hos_14:2, signify the sacrifices of praise which the captives of Babylon addressed to God, being no longer in a condition to offer sacrifices in his temple. The Septuagint render it the fruit of the lips; and their reading is followed by the Syriac, and by the Apostle to the Heb_13:15. The golden calf was an idol set up and worshipped by the Israelites at the foot of mount Sinai in their passage through the wilderness to the land of Canaan. Having been conducted through the wilderness by a pillar of cloud and fire, which preceded them in their marches, while Moses was receiving the divine commands that cloud covered the mountain, and they probably imagined that it would no longer be their guide; and, therefore, applied to Aaron to make for them a sacred sign or symbol, as other nations had, which might visibly represent God. With this request, preferred tumultuously, and in a menacing manner, Aaron in a moment of weakness complied. The image thus formed is supposed to have been like the Egyptian deity, Apis, which was an ox, an animal used in agriculture, and so a symbol of the God who presided over their fields, or of the productive power of the Deity. The means by which Moses reduced the golden calf to powder, so that when mixed with water he made the people drink it, in contempt, has puzzled commentators. Some understand that he did this by a chemical process, then well known, but now a secret; others, that he beat it into gold leaf, and then separated this into parts so fine, as to be easily potable; others, that he reduced it by filing. The account says, that he took the calf, burned it to powder, and mixed the powder with water; from which it is probable, as several Jewish writers have thought, that the calf was not wholly made of gold, but of wood, covered with a profusion of gold ornaments cast and fashioned for the occasion. For this reason it obtained the epithet golden, as afterward some ornaments of the temple were called, which we know were only overlaid with gold. It would in that case be enough to reduce the wood to powder in the fire, which would also blacken and deface the golden ornaments; but there is no need to suppose they were also reduced to powder. It is plain from Aaron's proclaiming a fast to Jehovah,
Exo_32:4, and from the worship of Jeroboam's calves being so expressly distinguished from that of Baal, 2Ki_10:28-31, that both Aaron and Jeroboam meant the calves they formed and set up for worship to be emblems of Jehovah. Nevertheless, the inspired Psalmist speaks of Aaron's calf with the utmost abhorrence, and declares that, by worshipping it, they forgat God their Saviour, (see 1Co_10:9,) who had wrought so many miracles for them, and that for this crime God threatened to destroy them, Psa_106:19-24; Exo_32:10; and St. Stephen calls it plainly ειδωλον, an idol, Act_7:41. As for Jeroboam, after he had, for political reasons, 1Ki_12:27, &c, made a schism in the Jewish church, and set up two calves in Dan and Bethel, as objects of worship, he is scarcely ever mentioned in Scripture but with a particular stigma set upon him: Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
kaf (עגל, ‛ēghel; פר, par, or פר, par, often rendered ?bullock?): The etymology of both words is uncertain, but the former has a close parallel in the Arabic ‛ijl, ?calf.? Par is generally used of animals for sacrifice, ‛ēghel, in that and other senses. ‛Ēghel is used of the golden calves and frequently in the expression, ‛ēghel marbēḳ, ?fatted calf,? or ?calf of the stall,? the latter being the literal meaning (1Sa_28:24; Jer_46:21; Amo_6:4; Mal_4:2).
At the present day beef is not highly esteemed by the people of the country, but mutton is much prized. In the houses of the peasantry it is common to see a young ram being literally stuffed with food, mulberry or other leaves being forced into its mouth by one of the women, who then works the sheep's jaw with one hand. The animal has a daily bath of cold water. The result is deliciously fat and tender mutton. Such an animal is called a ma‛lūf. From the same root we have ma‛laf, ?manger,? suggestive of the Hebrew marbēḳ, ?stall.?
The calf for sacrifice was usually a male of a year old. Other references to calves are: ?to skip like a calf? (Psa_29:6); ?the calf and the young lion and the fatling together? (Isa_11:6); ?a habitation deserted ... there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof? (Isa_27:10). See CATTLE.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Fig. 109?Egyptian Calf-Idol
Calf is mentioned in several places, but not requiring a zoological explanation, it may be sufficient to make a few remarks on the worship of calves and other superstitious practices connected with them. The most ancient and remarkable notice in the Scriptures on this head, is that of the golden calf which was cast by Aaron from the earrings of the people, while the Israelites were encamped at the foot of Sinai and Moses was absent on the Mount. The next notice refers to an event which occurred ages after, when Jeroboam, king of Israel, set up two idols in the form of a calf, the one in Dan and the other in Bethel. This almost incomprehensible degradation of human reason was, more particularly in the first instance, no doubt the result of the debasing influences which operated on the minds of the Israelites during their sojourn in Egypt, where, amid the daily practice of the most degrading and revolting religious ceremonies, they were accustomed to see the image of a sacred calf, surrounded by other symbols, carried in solemn pomp at the head of marching armies; such as may be still seen depicted in the processions of Rameses the Great or Sesostris. A similar divinity belonged to the earliest Indian, Greek, and even Scandinavian mythologies; and therefore it may be conceived that the symbol, enduring even to this day, was at that period generally understood by the multitude, and consequently that it was afterwards revived by Jeroboam without popular opposition. With regard to Jer_34:18-19, it may be sufficient to mention that many nations of antiquity had a practice of binding themselves to certain resolutions by the ceremony of cutting a calf or other victim into two halves or sides, laying them on the ground, and passing between the severed parts. This was considered as constituting a peculiarly binding obligation (comp. Gen_15:10; Gen_15:17).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Exo_32:4 (c) This was worshipped as an idol because it represented food to eat and work to profit thereby. It was worshiped in Egypt as a god, and Israel had been so many years there, that they turned to this false god when their hearts were not right with the true GOD.
Lev_9:2-3 (c) This may be taken as a type of JESUS in His youth and His humility. He was led as a lamb to the slaughter. He was a young man, and this calf is a fitting symbol of the young king.
Psa_29:6 (c) The type in this case may represent youth, vigor, activity and a carefree life.
Jer_34:18 (b) This is certainly a type of the death of CHRIST who passed through the furnace of GOD's wrath, suffered in the darkness, and yet was "the light of life." (This was called a heifer in Gen_15:9).
Eze_1:7 (a) Here we find a type of the Lord as He walked significantly, surely, certainly and with a definite plan and purpose.
Hos_8:5 (a) The Samaritans made a calf their god. It could not and did not deliver them from their enemies, but caused GOD's wrath to fall upon them.
Hos_14:2 (b) From this we learn that the offering of praise, thanksgiving and worship from their lips would bring joy to the heart of GOD, as though Israel offered a calf on the altar.
Mal_4:2 (a) From this we learn that Israel's blessings under the good hand of GOD were that they were fed by the Lord, protected by the Lord, and grew greater, stronger and more useful under GOD's good hand.
Luk_15:23 (c) This represents the fullness of CHRIST's sufficiency and His ability to supply the needs of the repentant sinner.
Rev_4:7 (b) No doubt this is a type of our Lord JESUS who served both GOD and man. See under "OX."
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Calf
(prop. עֵגֶל, e'gel, μόσχος; fem. עֶגְלָה, eglah', δάμαλις; sometimes פִּו or פָּו par, a steer or young bullock; also periphrastically בֶּן בָּקָר, son of the herd), the young of the ox species. SEE BEEVE; SEE BULL, etc. There is frequent mention in Scripture of calves, because they were made use of commonly in sacrifices. The fatted calf was regarded by the Hebrews as the choicest animal food. It was stall-fed, frequently with special reference to a particular festival or extraordinary sacrifice (1Sa_28:24; Amo_6:4; Luk_15:23). The allusion in Jer_34:18-19, is to an ancient custom of ratifying a contract or covenant, in the observance of which an animal was slain and divided, and the parties passed between the parts (comp. Homer, II. in, 20'), signifying their willingness to be so divided themselves if they failed to perform their covenant (Gen_15:9-10; Gen_15:17-18). The expression calves of our lips, in Hos_14:2, is figurative, signifying the fruits of our lips (Wolf, Juvenci labiorum, Viteb. 1711). As calves were used in sacrifices, the injunction requires us to render the sacrifice of prayer and praise to God, instead of the animal sacrifice (Heb_13:15). SEE HEIFER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
BUSCADAVERDADE
Visite o nosso canal youtube.com/buscadaverdade e se INSCREVA agora mesmo! Lá temos uma diversidade de temas interessantes sobre: Saúde, Receitas Saudáveis, Benefícios dos Alimentos, Benefícios das Vitaminas e Sais Minerais... Dê uma olhadinha, você vai gostar! E não se esqueça, dê o seu like e se INSCREVA! Clique abaixo e vá direto ao canal!
Saiba Mais
-
Nutrição
Vegetarianismo e a Vitamina B12 -
Receita
Como preparar a Proteína Vegetal Texturizada -
Arqueologia
Livro de Enoque é um livro profético?
Tags