Cart
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Cart. The cart in Gen_45:19; Gen_45:27; Num_7:3; Num_7:7-8, is a vehicle drawn by cattle, 2Sa_6:6, to be distinguished from the chariot, a vehicle drawn by horses. Carts and wagons were either open or covered, Num_7:3, and were used for conveyance of persons, Gen_45:19, burdens, 1Sa_6:7-8, or produce. Amo_2:13. The only cart used in western Asia has two wheels of solid wood.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a machine used in Palestine to force the corn out of the ear, and bruise the straw, Isa_28:27-28. The wheels of these carts were low, broad, and shod with iron, and were drawn over the sheaves spread on the floor by means of oxen.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
kart (עגלה, ‛ăghālāh): The Hebrew word has been translated in some passages ?cart,? and in others ?wagon.? In one verse only has it been translated ?chariot.? The context of the various passages indicates that a distinction was made between vehicles which were used for carrying baggage or produce and those used for carrying riders (chariots), although in their primitive form of construction they were much the same (compare English ?cart? and ?carriage?).
Carts, like ?chariots? (which see), were of Assyrian origin. They were early carried to Egypt where the flat nature of the country readily led to their adoption. From Egypt they gradually found their way among the people of the Palestinian plains. In the hills of Judea and Central Palestine, except where highways were built (1Sa_6:12), the nature of the country prevented the use of wheeled vehicles. 1Sa_6:7, 1Sa_6:8, 1Sa_6:10, 1Sa_6:11, 1Sa_6:14 show that the people of the plains used carts. The men of Kiriath-jearim found it easier to carry the ark (1Sa_7:1). Their attempt to use a cart later (2Sa_6:3, 2Sa_6:1; 1Ch_13:7) proved disastrous and they abandoned it for a safer way (2Sa_6:13).
That carts were used at a very early date is indicated by Num_7:3, Num_7:7, Num_7:8. That these vehicles were not the common mode of conveyance in Palestine is shown in Gen 45. Pharaoh commanded that Joseph's brethren should return to their father with their beasts of burden (Gen_45:21) and take with them Egyptian wagons (Gen_45:19, Gen_45:21; Gen_46:6) for bringing back their father and their families. The very unusual sight of the wagons was proof to Jacob of Joseph's existence (Gen_45:27).
Bible descriptions and ancient Babylonian and Egyptian pictures indicate that the cart was usually two-wheeled and drawn by two oxen.
With the Arabian conquests and subsequent ruin of the roads wheeled vehicles disappeared from Syria and Palestine. History is again repeating itself. The Circassians, whom the Turkish government has settled near Caesarea, Jerash (Gerasa) and Amman (Philadelphia), have introduced a crude cart which must be similar to that used in Old Testament times. The two wheels are of solid wood. A straight shaft is joined to the wooden axle, and to this a yoke of oxen is attached. On the Philistian plains may be seen carts of present-day Egyptian origin but of a pattern many centuries old. With the establishment of government roads during the last 50 years, European vehicles of all descriptions are fast coming into the country.
One figurative reference is made to the cart (Isa_5:18), but its meaning is obscure.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Fig. 115?Ox carts
The Hebrew word rendered by our translators in some places by 'wagon,' and in others by 'cart,' denotes any vehicle moving on wheels and usually drawn by oxen; and their particular character must be determined by the context indicating the purpose for which they were employed. First, we have the carts which the king of Egypt sent to assist in transporting Jacob's family from Canaan (Gen_45:19; Gen_45:27). From their being so sent it is manifest that they were not used in the latter country; and that they were known there as being peculiar to Egypt is shown by the confirmation which they afforded to Jacob of the truth of the strange story told by his sons. The carts or wains represented in the Egyptian sculptures are the following, which, however, appear to belong to a foreign people. But that the Egyptians had something like them of their own appears from the next two figures.
Fig. 116?Egyptian cart
Fig. 117?Egyptian cart
Elsewhere (Num_7:3; Num_7:6; 1Sa_6:7) we read of carts used for the removal of the sacred; arks and utensils. These also were drawn by two oxen. In Rosellini we have found a very curious representation of the vehicle used for such purposes by the Egyptians. It is little more than a platform on wheels; and the apprehension which induced Uzzah to put forth his hand to stay the ark when shaken by the oxen (2Sa_6:6), may suggest that the cart employed on that occasion was not unlike this, as it would be easy for a jerk to displace whatever might be upon it.
Fig. 118?Egyptian cart used for moving objects
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
1Sa_6:7 (c) This is a type of man's schemes for doing GOD's work. GOD had said that the priests were to carry the ark on their shoulders. The Philistines substituted a cart for the ark. GOD had not told them how to carry it. GOD was displeased and trouble came. GOD's work must be done in GOD's way. If the right thing is done in the wrong manner, GOD will not accept it. GOD demands that His service shall be carried on according to His plan and program. We must not substitute the ways of the world for the ways of GOD. In raising money for the church, or in providing amusements for the young, or in carrying on our services, or in our method and manner of using the house of GOD, we must not resort to the ways of the ungodly, the plans and programs of those who are strangers to GOD, for GOD will not add His blessing to it. See 2Sa_6:7 and compare with 1Ch_15:13.
Isa_28:27 (b) This passage teaches that our Christian work is not all to be done by one pattern. Each type of person must be dealt with in a different manner. The cart wheel worked on some grain but not on others.
Amo_2:13 (a) GOD compares Himself to a cart on which a great load (a volume of blessings for His people) has been placed. They did not want GOD nor His blessings.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Cart
(עֲגָלָה, agalah´, from עָגִל, to roll; Sept. ἄμαξα [so in Jdt_15:11], Vulg. plaustrum; also rendered "wagon," Gen_45:19; Gen_45:21; Gen_45:27; Gen_46:5; Num_7:3; Num_7:6-8; and "chariot" in Psa_46:9, SEE CART- WHEEL ), a vehicle moving on wheels, and usually drawn by cattle (2Sa_6:6), to be distinguished from the chariot drawn by horses. SEE CHARIOT.
1. The carts which the king of Egypt sent to assist in transporting Jacob's family from Canaan (Gen_45:19; Gen_45:27) were manifestly not used in the latter country, but were peculiar to Egypt. These carts or wagons were, of course, not war-chariots, nor such curricles as were in use among the Egyptian nobility. The ready means of transport and travel by the Nile seems to have rendered in a great measure unnecessary any other wheel- carriages than those for war or pleasure. The sculptures, however, exhibit some carts as used by a nomade people (enemies of the Egyptians) in their migrations (comp. Figs. 1 and 2, below).
2. Elsewhere (Num_7:3; Num_7:6; 1Sa_6:7) we read of carts used for the removal of the sacred arks and utensils. These also were drawn by two oxen. In Rossellini we have found a very curious representation of the vehicle used for such purposes by the Egyptians (Fig. 3). It is little more than a platform on wheels; and the apprehension which induced Uzzah to put forth his hand to stay the ark when shaken by the oxen (2Sa_6:6) may suggest that the cart employed on that occasion was not unlike this, as it would be easy for a jerk to displace whatever might be upon it. SEE ARK.
3. In Isa_28:27-28, a threshing-dray or sledge is to be understood. SEE AGRICULTURE.
As it appears that the Israelites used carts, they doubtless employed them sometimes in the removal of agricultural produce. The load or bundles appear to have been bound fast by a large rope; hence "a cartrope" is made in Isa_5:18, a symbol of the strong attachment to sinful pleasures and practices induced by long and frequent habit. Carts and wagons were either open or covered (Num_7:3), and were used for conveyance of persons (Gen_45:19), burdens (1Sa_6:7-8), or produce (Amo_2:13). As there are no roads in Syria and Palestine -and the neighboring countries, wheel-carriages for any purpose except conveyance of agricultural produce are all but unknown; and though modern usage has introduced European carriages drawn by horses into Egypt, they were unknown there also in times comparatively recent (Stanley, Sinai and Pal. p. 135; Porter, Damascus, 1:339; Lynch, Narrative, p. 75, 84; Niebuhr, Voyage, 1:123; Layard, Nineveh, 2:75; Mrs. Poole, Englishwoman in Egypt, 2d series, p. 77). The only cart used in Western Asia has two wheels of solid wood (Olearius, Travels, p. 418; Ker Porter, Travels, 2:533). A bas-relief at Nineveh represents a cart having wheels with eight spokes, drawn by oxen, conveying female captives; and others represent carts captured from enemies with captives, and also some used in carrying timber and other articles (Layard, Nineveh, 2:396; Nin. and Bab. p. 134, 447, 583; Mon. of Babylon, pt. 2, pls. 12, 17). Fourwheeled carriages are said by Pliny (Nat. Hist. 7:56) to have been invented by the Phrygians (Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. Abridgment, 1:384, 385; 2:39, 47). The carts used in India for conveying goods, called suggar or hackeri, have two wheels, in the former case of solid wood, in the latter with spokes. They are drawn by oxen harnessed to a pole (Capper, India, p. 346, 352), SEE WAGON.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a machine used in Palestine to force the corn out of the ear, and bruise the straw, Isa_28:27-28. The wheels of these carts were low, broad, and shod with iron, and were drawn over the sheaves spread on the floor by means of oxen.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
kart (עגלה, ‛ăghālāh): The Hebrew word has been translated in some passages ?cart,? and in others ?wagon.? In one verse only has it been translated ?chariot.? The context of the various passages indicates that a distinction was made between vehicles which were used for carrying baggage or produce and those used for carrying riders (chariots), although in their primitive form of construction they were much the same (compare English ?cart? and ?carriage?).
Carts, like ?chariots? (which see), were of Assyrian origin. They were early carried to Egypt where the flat nature of the country readily led to their adoption. From Egypt they gradually found their way among the people of the Palestinian plains. In the hills of Judea and Central Palestine, except where highways were built (1Sa_6:12), the nature of the country prevented the use of wheeled vehicles. 1Sa_6:7, 1Sa_6:8, 1Sa_6:10, 1Sa_6:11, 1Sa_6:14 show that the people of the plains used carts. The men of Kiriath-jearim found it easier to carry the ark (1Sa_7:1). Their attempt to use a cart later (2Sa_6:3, 2Sa_6:1; 1Ch_13:7) proved disastrous and they abandoned it for a safer way (2Sa_6:13).
That carts were used at a very early date is indicated by Num_7:3, Num_7:7, Num_7:8. That these vehicles were not the common mode of conveyance in Palestine is shown in Gen 45. Pharaoh commanded that Joseph's brethren should return to their father with their beasts of burden (Gen_45:21) and take with them Egyptian wagons (Gen_45:19, Gen_45:21; Gen_46:6) for bringing back their father and their families. The very unusual sight of the wagons was proof to Jacob of Joseph's existence (Gen_45:27).
Bible descriptions and ancient Babylonian and Egyptian pictures indicate that the cart was usually two-wheeled and drawn by two oxen.
With the Arabian conquests and subsequent ruin of the roads wheeled vehicles disappeared from Syria and Palestine. History is again repeating itself. The Circassians, whom the Turkish government has settled near Caesarea, Jerash (Gerasa) and Amman (Philadelphia), have introduced a crude cart which must be similar to that used in Old Testament times. The two wheels are of solid wood. A straight shaft is joined to the wooden axle, and to this a yoke of oxen is attached. On the Philistian plains may be seen carts of present-day Egyptian origin but of a pattern many centuries old. With the establishment of government roads during the last 50 years, European vehicles of all descriptions are fast coming into the country.
One figurative reference is made to the cart (Isa_5:18), but its meaning is obscure.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Fig. 115?Ox carts
The Hebrew word rendered by our translators in some places by 'wagon,' and in others by 'cart,' denotes any vehicle moving on wheels and usually drawn by oxen; and their particular character must be determined by the context indicating the purpose for which they were employed. First, we have the carts which the king of Egypt sent to assist in transporting Jacob's family from Canaan (Gen_45:19; Gen_45:27). From their being so sent it is manifest that they were not used in the latter country; and that they were known there as being peculiar to Egypt is shown by the confirmation which they afforded to Jacob of the truth of the strange story told by his sons. The carts or wains represented in the Egyptian sculptures are the following, which, however, appear to belong to a foreign people. But that the Egyptians had something like them of their own appears from the next two figures.
Fig. 116?Egyptian cart
Fig. 117?Egyptian cart
Elsewhere (Num_7:3; Num_7:6; 1Sa_6:7) we read of carts used for the removal of the sacred; arks and utensils. These also were drawn by two oxen. In Rosellini we have found a very curious representation of the vehicle used for such purposes by the Egyptians. It is little more than a platform on wheels; and the apprehension which induced Uzzah to put forth his hand to stay the ark when shaken by the oxen (2Sa_6:6), may suggest that the cart employed on that occasion was not unlike this, as it would be easy for a jerk to displace whatever might be upon it.
Fig. 118?Egyptian cart used for moving objects
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
1Sa_6:7 (c) This is a type of man's schemes for doing GOD's work. GOD had said that the priests were to carry the ark on their shoulders. The Philistines substituted a cart for the ark. GOD had not told them how to carry it. GOD was displeased and trouble came. GOD's work must be done in GOD's way. If the right thing is done in the wrong manner, GOD will not accept it. GOD demands that His service shall be carried on according to His plan and program. We must not substitute the ways of the world for the ways of GOD. In raising money for the church, or in providing amusements for the young, or in carrying on our services, or in our method and manner of using the house of GOD, we must not resort to the ways of the ungodly, the plans and programs of those who are strangers to GOD, for GOD will not add His blessing to it. See 2Sa_6:7 and compare with 1Ch_15:13.
Isa_28:27 (b) This passage teaches that our Christian work is not all to be done by one pattern. Each type of person must be dealt with in a different manner. The cart wheel worked on some grain but not on others.
Amo_2:13 (a) GOD compares Himself to a cart on which a great load (a volume of blessings for His people) has been placed. They did not want GOD nor His blessings.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Cart
(עֲגָלָה, agalah´, from עָגִל, to roll; Sept. ἄμαξα [so in Jdt_15:11], Vulg. plaustrum; also rendered "wagon," Gen_45:19; Gen_45:21; Gen_45:27; Gen_46:5; Num_7:3; Num_7:6-8; and "chariot" in Psa_46:9, SEE CART- WHEEL ), a vehicle moving on wheels, and usually drawn by cattle (2Sa_6:6), to be distinguished from the chariot drawn by horses. SEE CHARIOT.
1. The carts which the king of Egypt sent to assist in transporting Jacob's family from Canaan (Gen_45:19; Gen_45:27) were manifestly not used in the latter country, but were peculiar to Egypt. These carts or wagons were, of course, not war-chariots, nor such curricles as were in use among the Egyptian nobility. The ready means of transport and travel by the Nile seems to have rendered in a great measure unnecessary any other wheel- carriages than those for war or pleasure. The sculptures, however, exhibit some carts as used by a nomade people (enemies of the Egyptians) in their migrations (comp. Figs. 1 and 2, below).
2. Elsewhere (Num_7:3; Num_7:6; 1Sa_6:7) we read of carts used for the removal of the sacred arks and utensils. These also were drawn by two oxen. In Rossellini we have found a very curious representation of the vehicle used for such purposes by the Egyptians (Fig. 3). It is little more than a platform on wheels; and the apprehension which induced Uzzah to put forth his hand to stay the ark when shaken by the oxen (2Sa_6:6) may suggest that the cart employed on that occasion was not unlike this, as it would be easy for a jerk to displace whatever might be upon it. SEE ARK.
3. In Isa_28:27-28, a threshing-dray or sledge is to be understood. SEE AGRICULTURE.
As it appears that the Israelites used carts, they doubtless employed them sometimes in the removal of agricultural produce. The load or bundles appear to have been bound fast by a large rope; hence "a cartrope" is made in Isa_5:18, a symbol of the strong attachment to sinful pleasures and practices induced by long and frequent habit. Carts and wagons were either open or covered (Num_7:3), and were used for conveyance of persons (Gen_45:19), burdens (1Sa_6:7-8), or produce (Amo_2:13). As there are no roads in Syria and Palestine -and the neighboring countries, wheel-carriages for any purpose except conveyance of agricultural produce are all but unknown; and though modern usage has introduced European carriages drawn by horses into Egypt, they were unknown there also in times comparatively recent (Stanley, Sinai and Pal. p. 135; Porter, Damascus, 1:339; Lynch, Narrative, p. 75, 84; Niebuhr, Voyage, 1:123; Layard, Nineveh, 2:75; Mrs. Poole, Englishwoman in Egypt, 2d series, p. 77). The only cart used in Western Asia has two wheels of solid wood (Olearius, Travels, p. 418; Ker Porter, Travels, 2:533). A bas-relief at Nineveh represents a cart having wheels with eight spokes, drawn by oxen, conveying female captives; and others represent carts captured from enemies with captives, and also some used in carrying timber and other articles (Layard, Nineveh, 2:396; Nin. and Bab. p. 134, 447, 583; Mon. of Babylon, pt. 2, pls. 12, 17). Fourwheeled carriages are said by Pliny (Nat. Hist. 7:56) to have been invented by the Phrygians (Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. Abridgment, 1:384, 385; 2:39, 47). The carts used in India for conveying goods, called suggar or hackeri, have two wheels, in the former case of solid wood, in the latter with spokes. They are drawn by oxen harnessed to a pole (Capper, India, p. 346, 352), SEE WAGON.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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