Dungeon
VIEW:15 DATA:01-04-2020
Dungeon. See Prison.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
dun?jun. See PRISON.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Dungeon
(בּוֹר, bor, Gen_40:15; Gen_41:14, etc., a pit, as often rendered; fully בֵּית הִבּוֹר, house of the pit, Exo_12:29; Jer_37:16), is properly distinguished from the ordinary prison ( כֶּלֶאor בֵּית כֶּלֶא, also מִטָּרָהor מַשְׁמָר) as being more severe, and usually consisting of a deep cell or cistern (Jer_38:6; hence the propriety of the Hebrews word which indicates a hole), like the Roman inner prison (ἡ ἐσωτέρα φυλακή, Act_16:24). Incarceration, a punishment so common in Egypt (Gen_39:20 sq.; Gen_40:3 sq.; Gen_41:10; Gen_42:19), was also in use among the later Israelites (comp. Ezr_7:26). But it is nowhere mentioned in the law, perhaps because among a people, every man of whom was a landed proprietor, it was easily dispensed with, a fine being always easy to inflict; partly, too, because it seemed improper to take cultivators of the earth from their land for any length of time. (Other reasons are suggested by Michaelis, Mos. Recht, 5:45 so.) Arrest is mentioned, indeed (Lev_24:12), but not as a punishment. The guilty was simply kept in ward to await sentence (comp. 2Ch_18:26; Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alterth. II, 1:186). So it was a legal principle in Rome that a prison was to be used only to keep men, not to punish them. Under the later kings imprisonment was used as a penalty, yet, as it seems, not by judicial sentence, but at the will of the sovereign, especially in the case of too plain spoken prophets (2Ch_16:10; Jer_20:2; Jer_32:2 sq.; Jer_33:1 sq.; Jer_37:15). After the exile it became very customary (Mat_11:2; Luk_3:20; Joh_3:24), and was sometimes used to punish religious offenses (Act_4:18; Act_4:21; Act_8:3; Act_12:4; Act_22:4; Act_26:10), and in cases of debt (Mat_18:30; comp. Arvieux, 1:411).
The most ancient prisons were simply water cisterns, out of which, since the sides came together above, one could not easily escape without aid (Gen_37:20; Gen_37:22). Imprisonment in these was often made the more unpleasant by deep mud (Jer_38:6). There were at the gates, or in the watch houses at the palaces of kings, or the houses of the commanders of the body guard, who were the executors of criminal sentences, especial state prisons (Jer_20:2; Jer_32:2; Gen_39:20 sq.; Gen_40:4; comp. Jer_37:15; Jer_37:20; Harmer, Obs. 3:250 sq.). A prison of the kind last named is called prison house (בֵּית הִמִּהְפֶּכֶת, 2Ch_16:10). The prisoners were kept in chains (Jdg_16:21; 2Sa_3:34; Jer_40:1). Under the Roman empire they were chained, by one or both hands, to the soldiers who watched them (Act_12:4; Act_21:33; Pliny, Ep. 10:65; Seneca, Ephesians 5, and De tranquil. An. 10; Athen. 5. 213; Joseph. Ant. 18:6, 7), as is still the custom in Abyssinia (Rippell, Abys. 1:218). Sometimes the Israelites chained them by the feet to a wooden block (Job_13:27; Job_33:11; Act_16:24; comp. Wetstein in loc.; Jacob, ad Lucian. Toxar. page 104), or by the neck (comp. Aristophanes, Clouds, 592), or by the hands and feet at once. Such severe imprisonment is to be understood in Jer_20:2; Jer_29:26, where our version has "in the stocks" (comp. Symmach. βασανιστήριον, στρεβλωτήριον; and the Greek κύφων, Schol. in Aristoph. Plut. page 476). Poor and meagre fare seems to have added to the severity of the penalty (2Ch_18:26). An example of lax state imprisonment appears in 1Ki_2:37. Visits to prisoners are allowed with comparative freedom in the East (Mat_25:36; Jer_32:8; see Rosenmuller, Morgenland, 5:101). Roman prison discipline appears especially in the Acts of the Apostles. The keeper of the prison is called in Greek δεσμοφύλαξ (Act_16:23; Act_27:36), but once πράκτωρ (Luk_12:58), and was armed (Act_16:27). SEE PRAETORIUM. See in general A. Bombardini. De carcere et antiquo ejus usu (Padua, 1713). SEE PRISON.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
dun?jun. See PRISON.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Dungeon
(בּוֹר, bor, Gen_40:15; Gen_41:14, etc., a pit, as often rendered; fully בֵּית הִבּוֹר, house of the pit, Exo_12:29; Jer_37:16), is properly distinguished from the ordinary prison ( כֶּלֶאor בֵּית כֶּלֶא, also מִטָּרָהor מַשְׁמָר) as being more severe, and usually consisting of a deep cell or cistern (Jer_38:6; hence the propriety of the Hebrews word which indicates a hole), like the Roman inner prison (ἡ ἐσωτέρα φυλακή, Act_16:24). Incarceration, a punishment so common in Egypt (Gen_39:20 sq.; Gen_40:3 sq.; Gen_41:10; Gen_42:19), was also in use among the later Israelites (comp. Ezr_7:26). But it is nowhere mentioned in the law, perhaps because among a people, every man of whom was a landed proprietor, it was easily dispensed with, a fine being always easy to inflict; partly, too, because it seemed improper to take cultivators of the earth from their land for any length of time. (Other reasons are suggested by Michaelis, Mos. Recht, 5:45 so.) Arrest is mentioned, indeed (Lev_24:12), but not as a punishment. The guilty was simply kept in ward to await sentence (comp. 2Ch_18:26; Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alterth. II, 1:186). So it was a legal principle in Rome that a prison was to be used only to keep men, not to punish them. Under the later kings imprisonment was used as a penalty, yet, as it seems, not by judicial sentence, but at the will of the sovereign, especially in the case of too plain spoken prophets (2Ch_16:10; Jer_20:2; Jer_32:2 sq.; Jer_33:1 sq.; Jer_37:15). After the exile it became very customary (Mat_11:2; Luk_3:20; Joh_3:24), and was sometimes used to punish religious offenses (Act_4:18; Act_4:21; Act_8:3; Act_12:4; Act_22:4; Act_26:10), and in cases of debt (Mat_18:30; comp. Arvieux, 1:411).
The most ancient prisons were simply water cisterns, out of which, since the sides came together above, one could not easily escape without aid (Gen_37:20; Gen_37:22). Imprisonment in these was often made the more unpleasant by deep mud (Jer_38:6). There were at the gates, or in the watch houses at the palaces of kings, or the houses of the commanders of the body guard, who were the executors of criminal sentences, especial state prisons (Jer_20:2; Jer_32:2; Gen_39:20 sq.; Gen_40:4; comp. Jer_37:15; Jer_37:20; Harmer, Obs. 3:250 sq.). A prison of the kind last named is called prison house (בֵּית הִמִּהְפֶּכֶת, 2Ch_16:10). The prisoners were kept in chains (Jdg_16:21; 2Sa_3:34; Jer_40:1). Under the Roman empire they were chained, by one or both hands, to the soldiers who watched them (Act_12:4; Act_21:33; Pliny, Ep. 10:65; Seneca, Ephesians 5, and De tranquil. An. 10; Athen. 5. 213; Joseph. Ant. 18:6, 7), as is still the custom in Abyssinia (Rippell, Abys. 1:218). Sometimes the Israelites chained them by the feet to a wooden block (Job_13:27; Job_33:11; Act_16:24; comp. Wetstein in loc.; Jacob, ad Lucian. Toxar. page 104), or by the neck (comp. Aristophanes, Clouds, 592), or by the hands and feet at once. Such severe imprisonment is to be understood in Jer_20:2; Jer_29:26, where our version has "in the stocks" (comp. Symmach. βασανιστήριον, στρεβλωτήριον; and the Greek κύφων, Schol. in Aristoph. Plut. page 476). Poor and meagre fare seems to have added to the severity of the penalty (2Ch_18:26). An example of lax state imprisonment appears in 1Ki_2:37. Visits to prisoners are allowed with comparative freedom in the East (Mat_25:36; Jer_32:8; see Rosenmuller, Morgenland, 5:101). Roman prison discipline appears especially in the Acts of the Apostles. The keeper of the prison is called in Greek δεσμοφύλαξ (Act_16:23; Act_27:36), but once πράκτωρ (Luk_12:58), and was armed (Act_16:27). SEE PRAETORIUM. See in general A. Bombardini. De carcere et antiquo ejus usu (Padua, 1713). SEE PRISON.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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