Hart

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ayal. The male of the stag, Cervus Duma. Resorting to the mountains (Son_8:14); sure-footed there (2Sa_22:34; Hab_3:19). Monogamous and constant in affection (Pro_5:19). In Psa_42:1 the verb is feminine; the hind therefore, not the hart, is meant; her weakness intensifies her thirst. The emblem of activity (Isa_35:6). So Naphtali is described by Jacob prophetically (Gen_49:21), "a hind let loose." His active energy was shown against Jabin the Canaanite oppressor (Jdg_4:6-9; Jdg_5:18). The Targums say he first told Jacob that Joseph was yet alive; "he giveth goodly words." The Hebrew sheluchim, "the apostles," answers to shelucha "let loose." So the prophecy hints at what Isaiah (Isa_52:7) more clearly unfolds, "how beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings."
Easily agitated (Son_2:7; Son_3:5), so that the hunter must advance on them with breathless caution if he would take them; an emblem of the resting (Zep_3:17) but easily grieved Holy Spirit (Eze_16:43; Mat_18:7; Eph_4:30). The thunder so terrifies them that they prematurely bring forth (Psa_29:9). The case of their parturition, through the instinct given them by God's care, stands in contrast to the shepherd's anxiety in numbering the months of the flock's pregnancy, and is an argument to convince Job (Job_39:1-3) of God's consummate wisdom; why then should he harbour for a moment the thought that God, who cares so providentially for the humblest creature, could be capable of harshness and injustice toward His noblest creature, man?
The masculine ayal, Septuagint elafos, is the fallow deer (Dama commonis) or the Barbary deer (Cervus Barbarus) according to Appendix, Smith's Bible Dictionary Timid and fleet especially when seeking and not able to find pasture (Lam_1:6); emblem of Zion's captive princes at Babylon. Septuagint and Vulgate read eylim, "rams." Ajalon abounded in the ayal, whence it took its name. Aijeleth, "the hind," in the title Psalm 22 symbolizes one shot at by the archers and persecuted to death, namely, Messiah; as the persecutors are symbolized by "bulls," "lions," "dogs."
The addition "of the morning" (shahar) implies prosperity dawning after suffering. The hind is emblematic of the grace, innocence, and loveliness (Son_2:9) of the Antitype to Joseph (Gen_49:23-24). The hind's sure footing in the rocks typifies the believer's preservation in high places and difficulties. The Arabs call a deer by a like name to the Hebrew, (iyal). The deer is represented on the slabs at Nineveh, and seems to have abounded anciently in Syria, though not there now.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Hart. The male stag. The word denotes some member of the deer tribe either the fallow deer or the Barbary deer. The hart is reckoned among the clean animals, Deu_12:15; Deu_14:5; Deu_15:22, and seems, from the passages quoted, as well as from, 1Ki_4:23, to have been commonly killed for food.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


איל , Deu_12:15; Deu_14:5; Psa_42:1; Isa_35:6, the stag, or male deer. Dr. Shaw considers its name in Hebrew as a generic word including all the species of the deer kind; whether they are distinguished by round horns, as the stag; or by flat ones, as the fallow deer; or by the smallness of the branches, as the roe. Mr. Good observes that the hind and roe, the hart and the antelope, were held, and still continue to be, in the highest estimation in all the eastern countries, for the voluptuous beauty of their eyes, the delicate elegance of their form, or their graceful agility of action. The names of these animals were perpetually applied, therefore, to persons, whether male or female, who were supposed to be possessed of any of their respective qualities. In 2Sa_1:19, Saul is denominated “the roe of Israel;” and in the eighteenth verse of the ensuing chapter, we are told that “Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe:” a phraseology perfectly synonymous with the epithet swift-footed, which Homer has so frequently bestowed upon his hero Achilles. Thus again: “Her princes are like harts which find no pasture; they are fled without strength before their pursuers,” Lam_1:6. The Lord Jehovah is my strength; he will make my feet like hinds' feet; he will cause me to tread again on my own hills,” Hab_3:19. See HIND.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


hart. See DEER.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


The word thus translated is Ajail (it occurs in Deu_12:15; Psa_42:1; Isa_35:6), and differs only by the feminine termination from that rendered 'hind' in many other passages of Scripture. There is, upon the whole, no reason to doubt that the male and female of a species of deer are really intended by these words. It is indeed true that the existence of animals of the deer kind in Asia has been denied, and Cuvier for some time doubted whether any could be found in Africa. Yet, although never abundant where water is scarce, the existence of deer from Morocco and the Nile has now been satisfactorily established, and there are traces of their presence in Syria, where they were probably more numerous formerly than at present. The Cervus Barbatus, or Barbary Stag, is the African species; and an individual of this species was obtained by a friend of the writer in the region east of the Jordan. This species is in size between our red and fallow deer, distinguished by the want of a bis-antler, or second branch in the horns reckoned from below, and for a spotted livery which is effaced only in the third or fourth year. There is also in Asia the Persian stag, or Maral of the Tartar natives, and Gewaze of the Armenians. This is larger than the stag of Europe, has a heavy mane, and is, like the former, destitute of bis-antlers. This species seems, under the name of S?egur, to extend its habitat to the northern frontier of Syria and Palestine; but taking all circumstances into account, it seems less probable that this should be the 'hart' of Scripture than the Cervus Barbatus.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Psa_42:1 (a) David uses this animal and its habit to describe his own deep longing for the living GOD from whom comes the living water. This heart desire of David is expressed in several ways, and by several figures. (The hart is the male member of the red deer family. The hind is the female of the species).

Isa_35:6 (a) Isaiah uses this type to show the great grace and power of GOD in making a poor, lost, helpless sinner to rejoice in a new-found Saviour, and in His forgiveness.

Lam_1:6 (a) By this figure the prophet is telling us that the nobles and the leaders of Israel have become wanderers with no certain dwelling place, and with no provision for their comfort.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Hart
(אִיָּל, ayal', always masc., but in Psa_42:1, joined with a fem. noun to denote a hind), a stag or male deer, but used by the Hebrews also to denote all the various species of deer and antelopes, which resemble large rams. SEE DEER. The hart is reckoned among the clean animals (Deu_12:15; Deu_14:5; Deu_15:22), and seems, from the passages quoted, as well as from 1Ki_4:23, to have been commonly killed for food. Its activity furnishes an apt comparison in Isa_35:6, though in this respect the hind was more commonly selected by the sacred writers. The proper name Ajalon is derived from ayal, and implies that harts were numerous in the neighborhood. SEE GOAT. The Heb. masc. noun ayal, which is always rendered ἔλαφος by the Sept., denotes, there can be no doubt, some species of Cervidae (deer tribe), either the Dama vulgaris, fallow-deer, or the Cervus Barbarus, the Barbary deer, the southern representative of the European stag (Celaphus), which occurs in Tunis and the coast of Barbary. We have, however, no evidence that the Barbary deer ever inhabited Palestine, though it may have done so in primitive times.
Hasselquist (Trav. p. 211) observed the fallow-deer on Mount Tabor. Sir G. Wilkinson says (Anc. Egypt. 1, 227, abridgm.), “The stag with branching horns figured at Beni Hassan is also unknown in the valley of the Nile, but it is still seen in the vicinity of the Natrona lakes, as about Tunis, though not in the desert between the river and the Red Sea.” This is doubtless the Cervus Barbarus. SEE STAG.
Most of the deer tribe are careful to conceal their calves after birth for a time. May there not be some allusion to this circumstance in Job_39:1, “Canst thou mark when the hinds do calve?” etc. Perhaps, as the Sept. uniformly renders ayal by ἔλαφος, we may incline to the belief that the Cervus Barbarus is the deer denoted. The feminine noun אִיָּלָה, ayaldh, occurs frequently in the O.T. SEE HIND.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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