Abba

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ABBA is the ‘emphatic’ form of the Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] word for ‘father.’ It is found in the Gr. and Eng. text of Mar_14:36, Rom_8:15, and Gal_4:6 (in each case Abbâ, ho patçr, ‘Abba, Father’). Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] has no article, and the ‘emphatic’ affix â is usually the equivalent of the Heb. article. Both can represent the vocative case (for Hebrew see Davidson’s Syntax, § 21 f.); and abba occurs in the Pesb. of Luk_22:42; Luk_23:34 for pater. The ‘articular nominative’ is found in NT sixty times for the vocative; and so we have ho patçr for ô pater (Moulton, Gram. of NT Greek, p. 70). Jesus often addressed God as ‘Father’ or ‘my Father.’ In both cases He would probably use ‘Abba’; for ’abbâ may be used for ’âbî (Targ. on Gen_19:34). In Mar_14:36, ho patçr is perhaps a gloss added by the Evangelist, as in Mar_5:41; Mar_7:11; Mar_7:34 he adds an explanation of the Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] : but in Rom_8:15 and Gal_4:6 the Gentile Christians had learned for importunity to use the Aram. [Note: Aramaic.] word Abba; as the Jews in prayer borrowed Kyrie mou (‘my Lord’) from the Greek, and used it along with Heb. words for ‘my master,’ ‘my father’ (Schöttgen, Hor. Heb. 252).
J. T. Marshall.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


The Chaldaic-Hebrew form, as ab is the Hebrew form, for the Greek pater, "father." Instead of the definite article which the Hebrew uses before the word, the Chaldee or Aramaic adds a syllable to the end, producing thus the emphatic or definitive form. It is used to express a vocative case, and therefore is found in all the passages in which it occurs in the New Testament (being in all, an invocation): Mar_14:36; Rom_8:15; Gal_4:6.
The use of the Hebrew and of the Greek appellation addressed to the one Father beautifully suggests that the Spirit of adoption from Jesus, who first used the double invocation, inspires in both Jew and Gentile alike the experimental knowledge of God as our Father, because He is Father of Jesus with whom faith makes us one, and as our God because He is Jesus' God. Compare Joh_20:17, "ascend unto My Father and (therefore) your Father. and to My God and (therefore) your God"; Gal_3:28, "there is neither Jew nor Greek, for ye are all one in Jesus Christ"; Eph_2:18, "through Him we both have access by one Spirit unto the leather." (Especially (See ABADDON above.) "Abba" was a title not to be used by slaves to a master, nor Imma to a mistress, only by children: see Isa_8:4. "Before the child shall have knowledge to cry Abi, Immi."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Ab'ba. See Ab.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


a Syriac word, which signifies father. The learned Mr. Selden, from the Babylonian Gemara, has proved that slaves were not allowed to use the title abba in addressing the master of the family to which they belonged. This may serve to illustrate Rom_8:15, and Gal_4:6, as it shows that through faith in Christ all true Christians pass into the relation of sons; are permitted to address God with filial confidence in prayer; and to regard themselves as heirs of the heavenly inheritance. This adoption into the family of God, inseparably follows our justification; and the power to call God our Father, in this special and appropriative sense, results from the inward testimony given to our forgiveness by the Holy Spirit. St. Paul and St. Mark use the Syriac word abba, a term which was understood in the synagogues and primitive assemblies of Christians; but added to it when writing to foreigners the explanation, father. Figuratively, abba means also a superior, in respect of age, dignity, or affection. It is more particularly used in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches as a title given to their bishops. The bishops themselves bestow the title abba more eminently upon the bishop of Alexandria, which occasioned the people to give him the title of baba, or papa, that is, grandfather; a title which he bore before the bishop of Rome.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


Abba was a common word in the Aramaic and Hebrew languages, and meant ‘father’. It was a warm and informal term used in the everyday language of family life.
Jews of Old Testament times never used abba when addressing God, but Jesus used it when praying to his Father (Mar_14:36). The early Christians also addressed God as Abba; for, through Christ, God has adopted believers as his sons and made them joint heirs with Christ of his heavenly inheritance (Rom_8:15-17; Gal_4:5-6; cf. Gal_3:26; see ADOPTION).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.


ab?a (ἀββᾶ,אבּא , 'abbā), Hebraic-Chaldaic, ?Father?): In Jewish and old-Christian prayers, a name by which God was addressed, then in oriental churches a title of bishops and patriarchs. So Jesus addresses God in prayer (Mat_11:25, Mat_11:26; Mat_26:39, Mat_26:42; Luk_10:21; Luk_22:42; Luk_23:34; Joh_11:41; Joh_12:27; Joh_17:24, Joh_17:25). In Mar_14:36; Rom_8:15, and Gal_4:6 ὁ πατήρ, ho patḗr, is appended even in direct address, in an emphatic sense. Servants were not permitted to use the appellation in addressing the head of the house. See Delitzsch on Rom_8:15; compare G. Dalman, Gram. des j?d.-palast. Aramaisch, etc., section 40, c. 3.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Ab?ba is the Hebrew word Ab, father, under a form peculiar to the Chaldee idiom (Mar_14:36; Rom_8:15; Gal_4:6).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Abba
(‘Αββᾶ, אִבָּא) is the Hebrew word אָב, father, under a form (the “emphatic” or definite state — the father) peculiar to the Chaldee idiom (Mar_14:36; Rom_8:15; Gal_4:6).
1. As such, it was doubtless in common use to express the paternal relation, in the mixed Aramaean dialect of Palestine, during the New Testament age. Especially would it be naturally employed from infancy in addressing the male parent, like the modern papa; hence its occurrence in the New Testament only as a vocative (Winer, Gram. of the New-Test. Diction, § 29)'. Its reference to God (comp. Jer_3:4; Joh_8:41) was common among the later Jews (Hamburger, Real-Encyklop. s.v.). To guard against the appearance of too great familiarity, however, the writers of the New Testament, instead of translating the title into its Greek equivalent, πάπα, have retained it in its foreign form — one of emphasis and dignity; but they have in all cases added its meaning, for the convenience of their merely Greek readers. Hence the phrase “Abba, father” in its two-fold form (Critica Biblica, 2:445).
2. Through faith in Christ all true Christians pass into the relation of sons; are permitted to address God with filial confidence in prayer; and to regard themselves as heirs of the heavenly inheritance. This adoption into the family of God inseparably follows our justification; and the power to call God our Father, in this special and appropriative sense, results from the inward testimony of our forgiveness given by the Holy Spirit. SEE ADOPTION.
3. The word Abba in after ages came to be used in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, in an improper sense, as a title given to their bishops (D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. s.v.), like padre, etc., in Roman Catholic countries.' The bishops themselves bestow the title Abba more eminently upon the Bishop of Alexandria; which gave occasion for the people to call him Baba, or Papa, that is, grandfather — a title which he bore before the Bishop of Rome.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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