Coins
VIEW:41 DATA:01-04-2020
COINS.See Money.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
In the days before people used money in buying and selling, they usually paid for goods by exchanging other goods, such as farm produce, animals or jewellery. Later they found it more convenient to use precious metals, particularly silver, which they usually measured by weight.
Among the Israelites, the common unit of silver was the shekel, which was about sixteen grams (Gen_23:16; Lev_5:15; 1Ki_10:29; Jer_32:9). Larger amounts were measured by the talent, which was about fifty kilograms (1Ki_9:14; 1Ki_16:24; 1Ki_20:39). Merchants were sometimes dishonest and used extra heavy weights when weighing the buyers money (Lev_19:36; Pro_11:1; Amo_8:5; Mic_6:11; see WEIGHTS).
When coin money came into use, the practice of weighing money gradually died out (Ezr_2:69; Ezr_8:27). Some of the old names for weights now became names for coins (e.g. see SHEKEL). Coins were of gold, silver or copper, depending on their value (Mat_10:9).
Money of various kinds was in use in Palestine during the New Testament era. There was official Roman money, local Jewish money, and old Greek money from the days of the former Greek Empire. The Jewish temple authorities accepted only certain kinds of money, which resulted in the practice of money-changers setting up business in the temple (Mat_21:12).
It is not possible to give accurate present-day equivalents of the values of ancient coins, but New Testament references give an indication of the values of some coins in the first century. For example, the coin mentioned in Jesus story of the hired vineyard-workers, the Roman denarius, represented the wages of a labourer for one day (Mat_20:2). The denarius is mentioned also in Mat_22:19, Luk_10:35 and Rev_6:6. It was the approximate equivalent of the Greek drachma (mentioned in Luk_15:8). The smallest coin in use was the Jewish lepton (referred to in the story of the poor widow; Mar_12:41-44), and more than a hundred of these were needed to equal one denarius.
The Greek stater (referred to in Mat_17:27) was the approximate equal of the Jewish shekel, which paid the temple tax for two people (Exo_30:13; Mat_17:24-27). Originally the stater was a two-drachma coin, but when this coin went out of use, the name stater was given to the four-drachma coin.
One hundred drachmas (or a hundred denarii) was equal to one mina, the gold coin that the nobleman in Jesus parable entrusted to each of his ten servants (Luk_19:13). Sixty minas equalled one talent. The talent was not a coin, but a unit used in counting large amounts of money. It is referred to in two other parables of Jesus (Mat_18:24; Mat_25:15; see TALENT).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
koinz: There were no coins in use in Palestine until after the Captivity. It is not quite certain whether gold and silver were before that time divided into pieces of a certain weight for use as money or not, but there can be no question of coinage proper until the Persian period. Darius I is credited with introducing a coinage system into his empire, and his were the first coins that came into use among the Jews, though it seems probable that coins were struck in Lydia in the time of Croesus, the contemporary of Cyrus the Great, and these coins were doubtless the model upon which Darius based his system, and they may have circulated to some extent in Babylonia before the return of the Jews. The only coins mentioned in the Old Testament are the Darics (see DARIC), and these only in the Revised Version (British and American), the word ?dram? being used in the King James Version (Ezr_2:69; Ezr_8:27; Neh_7:70-72). The Jews had no native coins until the time of the Maccabees, who struck coins after gaining their independence about 143-141 bc. These kings struck silver and copper, or the latter, at least (see MONEY), in denominations of shekels and fractions of the shekel, until the dynasty was overthrown by the Romans. Other coins were certainly in circulation during the same period, especially those of Alexander and his successors the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, both of whom bore sway over Palestine before the rise of the Maccabees. Besides these coins there were the issues of some of the Phoenician towns, which were allowed to strike coins by the Persians and the Seleucids. The coins of Tyre and Sidon, both silver and copper, must have circulated largely in Palestine on account of the intimate commercial relations between the Jews and Phoenicians (for examples, see under MONEY). After the advent of the Romans the local coinage was restricted chiefly to the series of copper coins, such as the mites mentioned in the New Testament, the silver denarii being struck mostly at Rome, but circulating wherever the Romans went. The coins of the Herods and the Procurators are abundant, but all of copper, since the Romans did not allow the Jewish rulers to strike either silver or gold coins. At the time of the first revolt (66-70 ad) the Jewish leader, Simon, struck shekels again, or, as some numismatists think, he was the first to do so. But this series was a brief one, lasting between 3 and 4 years only, as Jerusalem was taken by Titus in 70 ad, and this put an end to the existence of the Jewish state. There was another short period of Jewish coinage during the second revolt, in the reign of Hadrian, when Simon Barcochba struck coins with Hebrew legends which indicate his independence of Roman rule. They were of both silver and copper, and constitute the last series of strictly Jewish coins (see MONEY). After this the coins struck in Judea were Roman, as Jerusalem was made a Roman colony.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
In the days before people used money in buying and selling, they usually paid for goods by exchanging other goods, such as farm produce, animals or jewellery. Later they found it more convenient to use precious metals, particularly silver, which they usually measured by weight.
Among the Israelites, the common unit of silver was the shekel, which was about sixteen grams (Gen_23:16; Lev_5:15; 1Ki_10:29; Jer_32:9). Larger amounts were measured by the talent, which was about fifty kilograms (1Ki_9:14; 1Ki_16:24; 1Ki_20:39). Merchants were sometimes dishonest and used extra heavy weights when weighing the buyers money (Lev_19:36; Pro_11:1; Amo_8:5; Mic_6:11; see WEIGHTS).
When coin money came into use, the practice of weighing money gradually died out (Ezr_2:69; Ezr_8:27). Some of the old names for weights now became names for coins (e.g. see SHEKEL). Coins were of gold, silver or copper, depending on their value (Mat_10:9).
Money of various kinds was in use in Palestine during the New Testament era. There was official Roman money, local Jewish money, and old Greek money from the days of the former Greek Empire. The Jewish temple authorities accepted only certain kinds of money, which resulted in the practice of money-changers setting up business in the temple (Mat_21:12).
It is not possible to give accurate present-day equivalents of the values of ancient coins, but New Testament references give an indication of the values of some coins in the first century. For example, the coin mentioned in Jesus story of the hired vineyard-workers, the Roman denarius, represented the wages of a labourer for one day (Mat_20:2). The denarius is mentioned also in Mat_22:19, Luk_10:35 and Rev_6:6. It was the approximate equivalent of the Greek drachma (mentioned in Luk_15:8). The smallest coin in use was the Jewish lepton (referred to in the story of the poor widow; Mar_12:41-44), and more than a hundred of these were needed to equal one denarius.
The Greek stater (referred to in Mat_17:27) was the approximate equal of the Jewish shekel, which paid the temple tax for two people (Exo_30:13; Mat_17:24-27). Originally the stater was a two-drachma coin, but when this coin went out of use, the name stater was given to the four-drachma coin.
One hundred drachmas (or a hundred denarii) was equal to one mina, the gold coin that the nobleman in Jesus parable entrusted to each of his ten servants (Luk_19:13). Sixty minas equalled one talent. The talent was not a coin, but a unit used in counting large amounts of money. It is referred to in two other parables of Jesus (Mat_18:24; Mat_25:15; see TALENT).
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
koinz: There were no coins in use in Palestine until after the Captivity. It is not quite certain whether gold and silver were before that time divided into pieces of a certain weight for use as money or not, but there can be no question of coinage proper until the Persian period. Darius I is credited with introducing a coinage system into his empire, and his were the first coins that came into use among the Jews, though it seems probable that coins were struck in Lydia in the time of Croesus, the contemporary of Cyrus the Great, and these coins were doubtless the model upon which Darius based his system, and they may have circulated to some extent in Babylonia before the return of the Jews. The only coins mentioned in the Old Testament are the Darics (see DARIC), and these only in the Revised Version (British and American), the word ?dram? being used in the King James Version (Ezr_2:69; Ezr_8:27; Neh_7:70-72). The Jews had no native coins until the time of the Maccabees, who struck coins after gaining their independence about 143-141 bc. These kings struck silver and copper, or the latter, at least (see MONEY), in denominations of shekels and fractions of the shekel, until the dynasty was overthrown by the Romans. Other coins were certainly in circulation during the same period, especially those of Alexander and his successors the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, both of whom bore sway over Palestine before the rise of the Maccabees. Besides these coins there were the issues of some of the Phoenician towns, which were allowed to strike coins by the Persians and the Seleucids. The coins of Tyre and Sidon, both silver and copper, must have circulated largely in Palestine on account of the intimate commercial relations between the Jews and Phoenicians (for examples, see under MONEY). After the advent of the Romans the local coinage was restricted chiefly to the series of copper coins, such as the mites mentioned in the New Testament, the silver denarii being struck mostly at Rome, but circulating wherever the Romans went. The coins of the Herods and the Procurators are abundant, but all of copper, since the Romans did not allow the Jewish rulers to strike either silver or gold coins. At the time of the first revolt (66-70 ad) the Jewish leader, Simon, struck shekels again, or, as some numismatists think, he was the first to do so. But this series was a brief one, lasting between 3 and 4 years only, as Jerusalem was taken by Titus in 70 ad, and this put an end to the existence of the Jewish state. There was another short period of Jewish coinage during the second revolt, in the reign of Hadrian, when Simon Barcochba struck coins with Hebrew legends which indicate his independence of Roman rule. They were of both silver and copper, and constitute the last series of strictly Jewish coins (see MONEY). After this the coins struck in Judea were Roman, as Jerusalem was made a Roman colony.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
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