Furnace
VIEW:43 DATA:01-04-2020
FURNACE.EV [Note: English Version.] tr. [Note: translate or translation.] of kibshân (Gen_19:28, Exo_9:8 etc.), ălîl (Psa_12:6), kûr (Deu_4:20, 1Ki_8:51 etc.), attûn (Dan_3:8; Dan_3:11 etc.), which stand for either a brick-kiln or a smelting furnace; and of tannûr, which is better rendered oven (see Bread).
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Neh_3:11; Neh_12:38, "the tower of the furnaces," i.e. of the (bakers') ovens. Hos_7:7. There were also the smelting furnace, the refining furnace, the type of affliction and testing probation (Deu_4:20; Pro_17:3; Pro_27:21), the lime-kiln. The brick-kiln furnace had an opening at the top to cast in the materials, and a door at the bottom to extract the metal. The Babylonians used it to inflict their cruel capital punishments (Dan_3:22-26; Jer_29:22).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Furnace. Various kinds of furnaces are noticed in the Bible, such as...
a smelting or calcining furnace, Gen_19:28; Exo_9:8; Exo_9:10; Exo_19:18,
especially a lime-kiln, Isa_33:12; Amo_2:1,
a refining furnace, Pro_17:3,
Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, a large furnace built like a brick-kiln, Dan_3:22-23, with two openings one at the top for putting in the materials, and another below for removing them;
the potter's furnace, Sir_27:5;
the blacksmith's furnace. Sir_38:28.
The Persians were in the habit of using the furnace as a means of inflicting punishment. Dan_3:22-23; Jer_29:22.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a fireplace for melting gold and other metals. The fining pot is for silver, the furnace for gold, Pro_17:3. It signifies also a place of cruel bondage and oppression, such as Egypt was to the Israelites, who there met with much hardship, rigour, and severity, to try and purge them, Deu_4:20; Jer_11:4; the sharp and grievous afflictions and judgments, wherewith God tries his people, Eze_22:18; Eze_20:22; also a place of torment, as Nebuchadnezzar's fiery furnace, Dan_3:6; Dan_3:11. On the last we may remark, that this mode of putting to death is not unusual in the east in modern times. After speaking of the common modes of punishing with death in Persia, Chardin says, But there is still a particular way of putting to death such as have transgressed in civil affairs, either by causing a dearth, or by selling above the tax by a false weight, or who have committed themselves in any other manner: they are put upon a spit and roasted over a slow fire, Jer_29:22. Bakers, when they offend, are thrown into a hot oven. During the dearth in 1668, I saw such ovens heated in the royal square in Ispahan, to terrify the bakers, and deter them from deriving advantage from the general distress.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
fûr?nā̇s: The word is used in the Old Testament English Versions of the Bible to translate several Hebrew words:
Kibhshān, in Gen_19:28, where the smoke of the destruction of the cities of the plain is said to have ascended ?as the smoke of a furnace?; in Exo_9:8, where Yahweh commands to take ?handfuls of ashes of the furnace and ... sprinkle it toward heaven,? etc.
Kūr, in Deu_4:20, where Yahweh is represented, when speaking of taking the children of Israel out of Egypt, as taking them ?out of the iron furnace.?
‛Alı̄l in Psa_12:6, where ?the words of Yahweh? are said to be ?pure,? ?as silver tried in a furnace?; compare Pro_17:3, ?furnace for gold.?
‛Attūn, in Dan_3:6, where mention is made of ?a burning fiery furnace? into which Daniel and his companions were cast. There is good reason to believe that these words all stand for either a brick-kiln or a smelting furnace.
In the New Testament a notable figurative use is made of the word in the phrase ?the furnace of fire,? ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός, hē káminos toú puróš. It is found in the parable of the Tares (Mat_13:42) as part of the remarkable imagery of that parable; while in the companion parable of the Drag-Net (Mat_13:50) it stands as a symbol of the final destiny of the impenitent, a synonym of ?hell?; compare Jer_29:22; Dan_3:6, Dan_3:22; Rev_20:14-15, etc., and ?eternal fire? (Mat_25:41), ?unquenchable fire? (Mat_3:12), ?the Gehenna of fire? (Mat_5:22 margin; Mat_18:9 parallel Mar_9:43 margin, etc.). A fact which modern travelers speak of, that furnaces for punishment have been found in Persia as elsewhere in the East, sheds some light upon this use of the expression ?the furnace of fire.?
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Gen_15:17 (b) By this type we learn that the experiences of Israel in the land of Egypt would be one of suffering and of shame, of pain and of anguish as the Egyptians treated the Israelites as slaves. (See 1Ki_8:51; Jer_11:4).
Deu_4:20 (a) Here again the Word is used to describe the sorrows of Israel which they suffered through the four hundred years of their slavery.
Psa_12:6 (a) This symbol represents the testings and examinations of the Scriptures by wicked, hostile men as they sought to destroy GOD's words. It is a picture also of the carefulness and thoroughness with which GOD chose His words as they were placed in the Scriptures.
Isa_31:9 (a) This picture is used to illustrate the terrible destruction which Judah and Jerusalem would bring upon Assyria.
Isa_48:10 (b) The type in this place describes the great trials and sorrows that Israel would experience through and during her national history.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Furnace
is the rendering in the Engl. Vers. of the following words. SEE BURNING.
1. אִתּוּן׃, attun' (a Chald. term, of uncertain, prob. foreign derivation; Sept. κάμινος), a large furnace, with a wide opening at the top to cast in the materials (Dan_3:22-23), and a door at the ground by which the metal might be extracted (Dan_3:26). It was probably built like the Roman kiln for baking pottery-ware (Smith, Dict. of Class. Antiq. s.v. Fornax). The Persians were in the habit of using the furnace as a means of inflicting capital punishment (Daniel 3; comp. Jer_29:22; 2Ma_7:5; Hos_7:7; see Hoffmann, De flamma furni Babylonici, Jen. 1668). A parallel case is mentioned by Chardin (Voyage en Perse, 4:276), two ovens having been kept ready heated for a whole month to throw in any bakers who took advantage of the dearth. SEE PUNISHMENT.
2. כַּבְשָׁן, kibshan' (so called from subduing the stone or ore), a smelting or calcining furnace (Gen_19:28), perhaps also a brick-kiln (Exo_9:8; Exo_9:10; Exo_19:18); but especially a lime-kiln, the use of which was evidently well known to the Hebrews (Isa_33:12; Amo_2:1). SEE BRICK;SEE LIME.
3. כּוּר, kur (so called from its boiling up), a refining furnace (Pro_17:3; Pro_27:21; Eze_22:18 sq.), metaphorically applied to a state of trial (Deu_4:20; 1Ki_8:51; Isa_48:10; Jer_11:4). The form of it was probably similar to the one used in Egypt (Wilkinson, Anc. Eg. 2:137, abridgm.). The jeweller appears to have had a little portable furnace and blowpipe, which he carried about with him, as is still the case in India. SEE METALLURGY.
4. עָלַיל, alil' (perhaps so called from working over, Sept. δοκίμιον, Vulg. probatum), according to some, a workshop; others a crucible (only in Psa_12:6, where it possibly denotes a mould in the sand for casting). SEE FINING-POT. 5. תִּנּוּר, tannur' (of uncertain etymology), an oven (as usually rendered) for baking bread ("furnace," Gen_15:17; Isa_31:9; Neh_3:11; Neh_12:38), perhaps sometimes in a more general sense (Gen_15:17; Isa_31:9). The tannur is still in use by the Arabs under the same name, being a large round pot of earthen or other materials, two or three feet high, narrowing towards the top; this being first heated by a fire made within, the dough or paste is spread upon the sides to bake, thus forming thin cakes (see Jahn, Bibl. Archaeol. § 140). Of the Gr. κλίβανος, by which the Sept. render this word, Jerome says, on Lam_5:10, "The clibanus, an extended round vessel of brass for baking bread, the fire being applied internally." SEE OVEN.
6. Κάμινος, a general term forfurnace, kiln, or oven (Mat_13:42; Mat_13:50; Rev_1:15; Rev_9:2); especially the potter's furnace (Sir_27:5; Sir_38:30), which resembled a chimney in shape, and was about five or six feet high, having a cylindrical frame, in which the fire was kindled at the bottom, and the narrow funnel produced a strong draught, thatraised the flame abov-e the top (Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt. 2:108, abridgment); also a blacksmith's furnace (Sir_38:28). The same al o describes the calci-lung furnace (Xenophon, Vectig. 4:49). It is iemetaphorically used in the N.T. in this sense (Rev_1:15; Rev_9:2), and. in Mat_13:42 with an especial reference to Dan_3:6. SEE POTTER.
The TOWER OF THE FURNACES (מַגְּדִּל הִתִּנִּוּרַים, Migdal' hat- Tannurim; Sept. πύργος τῶν θαννουρείμ v.r. θανουρίμ, Vulg. turrisfurnorumn), i.e., of the Ovens (Neb. 3:11; 13:38), was one of the towers on the second or middle wall of Jerusalem, at its N.W. angle, adjoining the "corner gate," and near the internsection of the present line of the Via Dolorosa with the Street of St. Stephen (Strong's Harm. and Expos. Append. page 17). It may have derived its name fronc "the Bakers Street" (Jer_37:21) or "bazaar," which probably lay in that vicinity (Josephus, War, 5:8, 1, init.), as similar shops still do (Barclay, City of the Great King, page 434). SEE JERUSALEM.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Neh_3:11; Neh_12:38, "the tower of the furnaces," i.e. of the (bakers') ovens. Hos_7:7. There were also the smelting furnace, the refining furnace, the type of affliction and testing probation (Deu_4:20; Pro_17:3; Pro_27:21), the lime-kiln. The brick-kiln furnace had an opening at the top to cast in the materials, and a door at the bottom to extract the metal. The Babylonians used it to inflict their cruel capital punishments (Dan_3:22-26; Jer_29:22).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Furnace. Various kinds of furnaces are noticed in the Bible, such as...
a smelting or calcining furnace, Gen_19:28; Exo_9:8; Exo_9:10; Exo_19:18,
especially a lime-kiln, Isa_33:12; Amo_2:1,
a refining furnace, Pro_17:3,
Nebuchadnezzar's furnace, a large furnace built like a brick-kiln, Dan_3:22-23, with two openings one at the top for putting in the materials, and another below for removing them;
the potter's furnace, Sir_27:5;
the blacksmith's furnace. Sir_38:28.
The Persians were in the habit of using the furnace as a means of inflicting punishment. Dan_3:22-23; Jer_29:22.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
a fireplace for melting gold and other metals. The fining pot is for silver, the furnace for gold, Pro_17:3. It signifies also a place of cruel bondage and oppression, such as Egypt was to the Israelites, who there met with much hardship, rigour, and severity, to try and purge them, Deu_4:20; Jer_11:4; the sharp and grievous afflictions and judgments, wherewith God tries his people, Eze_22:18; Eze_20:22; also a place of torment, as Nebuchadnezzar's fiery furnace, Dan_3:6; Dan_3:11. On the last we may remark, that this mode of putting to death is not unusual in the east in modern times. After speaking of the common modes of punishing with death in Persia, Chardin says, But there is still a particular way of putting to death such as have transgressed in civil affairs, either by causing a dearth, or by selling above the tax by a false weight, or who have committed themselves in any other manner: they are put upon a spit and roasted over a slow fire, Jer_29:22. Bakers, when they offend, are thrown into a hot oven. During the dearth in 1668, I saw such ovens heated in the royal square in Ispahan, to terrify the bakers, and deter them from deriving advantage from the general distress.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
fûr?nā̇s: The word is used in the Old Testament English Versions of the Bible to translate several Hebrew words:
Kibhshān, in Gen_19:28, where the smoke of the destruction of the cities of the plain is said to have ascended ?as the smoke of a furnace?; in Exo_9:8, where Yahweh commands to take ?handfuls of ashes of the furnace and ... sprinkle it toward heaven,? etc.
Kūr, in Deu_4:20, where Yahweh is represented, when speaking of taking the children of Israel out of Egypt, as taking them ?out of the iron furnace.?
‛Alı̄l in Psa_12:6, where ?the words of Yahweh? are said to be ?pure,? ?as silver tried in a furnace?; compare Pro_17:3, ?furnace for gold.?
‛Attūn, in Dan_3:6, where mention is made of ?a burning fiery furnace? into which Daniel and his companions were cast. There is good reason to believe that these words all stand for either a brick-kiln or a smelting furnace.
In the New Testament a notable figurative use is made of the word in the phrase ?the furnace of fire,? ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός, hē káminos toú puróš. It is found in the parable of the Tares (Mat_13:42) as part of the remarkable imagery of that parable; while in the companion parable of the Drag-Net (Mat_13:50) it stands as a symbol of the final destiny of the impenitent, a synonym of ?hell?; compare Jer_29:22; Dan_3:6, Dan_3:22; Rev_20:14-15, etc., and ?eternal fire? (Mat_25:41), ?unquenchable fire? (Mat_3:12), ?the Gehenna of fire? (Mat_5:22 margin; Mat_18:9 parallel Mar_9:43 margin, etc.). A fact which modern travelers speak of, that furnaces for punishment have been found in Persia as elsewhere in the East, sheds some light upon this use of the expression ?the furnace of fire.?
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Gen_15:17 (b) By this type we learn that the experiences of Israel in the land of Egypt would be one of suffering and of shame, of pain and of anguish as the Egyptians treated the Israelites as slaves. (See 1Ki_8:51; Jer_11:4).
Deu_4:20 (a) Here again the Word is used to describe the sorrows of Israel which they suffered through the four hundred years of their slavery.
Psa_12:6 (a) This symbol represents the testings and examinations of the Scriptures by wicked, hostile men as they sought to destroy GOD's words. It is a picture also of the carefulness and thoroughness with which GOD chose His words as they were placed in the Scriptures.
Isa_31:9 (a) This picture is used to illustrate the terrible destruction which Judah and Jerusalem would bring upon Assyria.
Isa_48:10 (b) The type in this place describes the great trials and sorrows that Israel would experience through and during her national history.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Furnace
is the rendering in the Engl. Vers. of the following words. SEE BURNING.
1. אִתּוּן׃, attun' (a Chald. term, of uncertain, prob. foreign derivation; Sept. κάμινος), a large furnace, with a wide opening at the top to cast in the materials (Dan_3:22-23), and a door at the ground by which the metal might be extracted (Dan_3:26). It was probably built like the Roman kiln for baking pottery-ware (Smith, Dict. of Class. Antiq. s.v. Fornax). The Persians were in the habit of using the furnace as a means of inflicting capital punishment (Daniel 3; comp. Jer_29:22; 2Ma_7:5; Hos_7:7; see Hoffmann, De flamma furni Babylonici, Jen. 1668). A parallel case is mentioned by Chardin (Voyage en Perse, 4:276), two ovens having been kept ready heated for a whole month to throw in any bakers who took advantage of the dearth. SEE PUNISHMENT.
2. כַּבְשָׁן, kibshan' (so called from subduing the stone or ore), a smelting or calcining furnace (Gen_19:28), perhaps also a brick-kiln (Exo_9:8; Exo_9:10; Exo_19:18); but especially a lime-kiln, the use of which was evidently well known to the Hebrews (Isa_33:12; Amo_2:1). SEE BRICK;SEE LIME.
3. כּוּר, kur (so called from its boiling up), a refining furnace (Pro_17:3; Pro_27:21; Eze_22:18 sq.), metaphorically applied to a state of trial (Deu_4:20; 1Ki_8:51; Isa_48:10; Jer_11:4). The form of it was probably similar to the one used in Egypt (Wilkinson, Anc. Eg. 2:137, abridgm.). The jeweller appears to have had a little portable furnace and blowpipe, which he carried about with him, as is still the case in India. SEE METALLURGY.
4. עָלַיל, alil' (perhaps so called from working over, Sept. δοκίμιον, Vulg. probatum), according to some, a workshop; others a crucible (only in Psa_12:6, where it possibly denotes a mould in the sand for casting). SEE FINING-POT. 5. תִּנּוּר, tannur' (of uncertain etymology), an oven (as usually rendered) for baking bread ("furnace," Gen_15:17; Isa_31:9; Neh_3:11; Neh_12:38), perhaps sometimes in a more general sense (Gen_15:17; Isa_31:9). The tannur is still in use by the Arabs under the same name, being a large round pot of earthen or other materials, two or three feet high, narrowing towards the top; this being first heated by a fire made within, the dough or paste is spread upon the sides to bake, thus forming thin cakes (see Jahn, Bibl. Archaeol. § 140). Of the Gr. κλίβανος, by which the Sept. render this word, Jerome says, on Lam_5:10, "The clibanus, an extended round vessel of brass for baking bread, the fire being applied internally." SEE OVEN.
6. Κάμινος, a general term forfurnace, kiln, or oven (Mat_13:42; Mat_13:50; Rev_1:15; Rev_9:2); especially the potter's furnace (Sir_27:5; Sir_38:30), which resembled a chimney in shape, and was about five or six feet high, having a cylindrical frame, in which the fire was kindled at the bottom, and the narrow funnel produced a strong draught, thatraised the flame abov-e the top (Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt. 2:108, abridgment); also a blacksmith's furnace (Sir_38:28). The same al o describes the calci-lung furnace (Xenophon, Vectig. 4:49). It is iemetaphorically used in the N.T. in this sense (Rev_1:15; Rev_9:2), and. in Mat_13:42 with an especial reference to Dan_3:6. SEE POTTER.
The TOWER OF THE FURNACES (מַגְּדִּל הִתִּנִּוּרַים, Migdal' hat- Tannurim; Sept. πύργος τῶν θαννουρείμ v.r. θανουρίμ, Vulg. turrisfurnorumn), i.e., of the Ovens (Neb. 3:11; 13:38), was one of the towers on the second or middle wall of Jerusalem, at its N.W. angle, adjoining the "corner gate," and near the internsection of the present line of the Via Dolorosa with the Street of St. Stephen (Strong's Harm. and Expos. Append. page 17). It may have derived its name fronc "the Bakers Street" (Jer_37:21) or "bazaar," which probably lay in that vicinity (Josephus, War, 5:8, 1, init.), as similar shops still do (Barclay, City of the Great King, page 434). SEE JERUSALEM.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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