Gourd

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GOURD (kîkâyôn, Jon_4:5).—The similarity of the Heb. to the Egyp. kiki, the castor-oil plant, suggests this as Jonah’s gourd. This plant, Ricinus communis, often attains in the East the dimensions of a considerable tree. The bottle-gourd, Cucurbita lagenaria, which is often trained over hastily constructed booths, seems to satisfy the conditions of the narrative much better.
Wild gourds (pakkû‘ôth, 2Ki_4:39) were either the common squirting-cucumber (Ecballium elalerium), one of the most drastic of known cathartics, or, more probably, the colocynth (Citrullus colocynlhis), a trailing vine-like plant with rounded gourds, intensely bitter to the taste and an irritant poison.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909

1. Jon_4:6-10. So Augustine, the Septuagint, and the Syriac explain the Hebrew qiqayown; so modern Jews and Christians at Mosul (Nineveh). In gardens the arbor is often shaded with leaves of the bottle gourd; but the treelike sudden growth of the Ricinus, Palma Christi, or castor oil plant make it the more likely; so Jerome describes it, "within a few days you see the plant grown into a little tree"; and Celsius identifies it with the Punic and Syriac el keroa, or Ricinus, and the Hebrew is evidently from the Egyptian kiki, the same plant. The leaves are large and palmate, like a hand with outspread fingers (whence comes the name, Palma Christi), with serrated lobes. Castor oil is made from the seeds.
2. Wild gourds (2Ki_4:38-41), paqot. It resembles the vine; and as several of the Cucurbitaceoe, melons, pumpkins, etc., from their juiciness, in a hot climate are favourite articles of food, a noxious sort might easily be mistaken for a wholesome kind. The squirting or wild cucumber (Ecbalium elaterium; the fruit opening, from paaqah "to open," and scattering its seeds when touched) and the colocynth (about the size of an orange) are such. The latter is favoured by the old versions, and its derivation also suits the dry gourds, when crushed, bursting or opening with a crashing noise.
Gozan. A river (1Ch_5:26; 2Ki_17:6; 2Ki_18:11). There the captive Israelites were transported by Shalmaneser and Esarhaddon. Now the Kizzit Ozan, the golden river of Media, which rises in Kurdistan and ultimately falls into the White River, and so into the Caspian Sea. A country also bore the name of the river, Gauzanitis (Ptolemy, Geog. v. 18); Mygdonia is the same name with the "M" prefixed. So Habor was a region and a river (the Khabour, the affluent of the Euphrates). The region is one of great fertility (Layard, Nineveh and Babylon). G. in G. Rawlinson's view was the district on the river Habor or Khabour.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.

Gourd.
1. Kikayan occurs only in Jon_4:6-10. The plant which is intended by this word, and which afforded shade to the prophet Jonah before Nineveh, is the Ricinus commnunis, or castor-oil plant, which, a native of Asia, is now naturalized in America, Africa and the south of Europe.
This plant varies considerably in size, being in India, a tree, but in England, seldom attaining a greater height than three or four feet. The leaves are large and palmate, with serrated lobes, and would form an excellent shelter for the sun-stroken prophet.
The seeds contain the oil so well known under the name of "castor oil," which has for ages been in high repute as a medicine. It is now thought by many that the plant meant is a vine of the cucumber family, a gemline gourd, which is much used for shade in the East.
2. The wild gourd of 2Ki_4:39 which one of "the sons of the prophets" gathered ignorantly, supposing them to be good for food, is a poisonous gourd, supposed to be the colocynth, which bears a fruit of the color and size of an orange, with a hard, woody shell.
As several varieties of the same family, such as melons, pumpkins, etc., are favorite articles of refreshing food amongst the Orientals, we can easily understand the cause of the mistake.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863

קיקיזן , Jon_4:6-7; Jon_4:9-10. Michaelis, in his remarks on this subject, says, “Celsius appears to me to have proved that it is the kiki of the Egyptians.” He refers it to the class of the ricinus, the great catapucus. According to Dioscorides, it is of rapid growth, and bears a berry from which an oil is expressed. In the Arabic version of this passage, which is to be found in Avicenna, it is rendered, “from thence is pressed the oil which they call oil of kiki, which is the oil of Alkeroa.” So Herodotus says: “The inhabitants of the marshy grounds in Egypt make use of an oil, which they term the kiki, expressed from the Sillicyprian plant. In Greece this plant springs spontaneously, without any cultivation; but the Egyptians sow it on the banks of the river and of the canals; it there produces fruit in great abundance, but of a very strong odour. When gathered, they obtain from it, either by friction or pressure, an unctuous liquid, which diffuses an offensive smell, but for burning it is equal in quality to the oil of olives.” This plant rises with a strong herbaceous stalk to the height of ten or twelve feet; and is furnished with very large leaves, not unlike those of the plane tree. Rabbi Kimchi says that the people of the east plant them before their shops for the sake of the shade, and to refresh themselves under them. Niebuhr says, “I saw, for the first time at Basra, the plant eikeroa, mentioned in Michaelis's ‘Questions.' It has the form of a tree. The trunk appeared to me rather to resemble leaves than wood; nevertheless, it is harder than that which bears the Adam's fig. Each branch of the keroa has but one large leaf, with six or seven foldings in it. This plant was near to a rivulet, which watered it amply. At the end of October, 1765, it had risen in five months' time about eight feet, and bore at once flowers and fruit, ripe and unripe. Another tree of this species, which had not had so much water, had not grown more in a whole year. The flowers and leaves of it which I gathered withered in a few minutes; as do all plants of a rapid growth. This tree is called at Aleppo, palma Christi. An oil is made from it called oleum de keroa; oleum cicinum; oleum ficus infernalis. The Christians and Jews of Mosul (Nineveh) say, it was not the keroa whose shadow refreshed Jonah, but a sort of gourd, el-kera, which has very large leaves, very large fruit, and lasts but about four months.” The epithet which the prophet uses in speaking of the plant, “son of the night it was, and, as a son of the night it died,” does not compel us to believe that it grew in a single night, but, either by a strong oriental figure that it was of rapid growth, or akin to night in the shade it spread for his repose. The figure is not uncommon in the east, and one of our own poets has called the rose “child of the summer.” Nor are we bound to take the expression “on the morrow,” as strictly importing the very next day, since the word has reference to much more distant time, Exo_13:14; Deu_6:20; Jos_4:6. It might be simply taken as afterward. But the author of “Scripture Illustrated” justly remarks, “As the history in Jonah expressly says, the Lord prepared this plant, no doubt we may conceive of it as an extraordinary one of its kind, remarkably rapid in its growth, remarkably hard in its stem, remarkably vigorous in its branches, and remarkable for the extensive spread of its leaves and the deep gloom of their shadow; and, after a certain duration, remarkable for a sudden withering, and a total uselessness to the impatient prophet.”
2. We read of the wild gourd in 2Ki_4:39; that Elisha, being at Gilgal during a great famine, bade one of his servants prepare something for the entertainment of the prophets who were in that place. The servant, going into the field, found, as our translators render it, some wild gourds, gathered a lapful of them, and having brought them with him, cut them in pieces and put them into a pot, not knowing what they were. When they were brought to table, the prophets, having tasted them, thought they were mortal poison. Immediately, the man of God called for flour, threw it into the pot, and desired them to eat without any apprehensions. They did so, and perceived nothing of the bitterness whereof they were before sensible. This plant or fruit is called in Hebrew פקעות and פקעים . There have been various opinions about it. Celsius supposes it the colocynth. The leaves of the plant are large, placed alternate; the flowers white, and the fruit of the gourd kind, of the size of a large apple, which, when ripe, is yellow, and of a pleasant and inviting appearance, but, to the taste intolerably bitter, and proves a drastic purgative. It seems that the fruit, whatever it might have been, was early thought proper for an ornament in architecture. It furnished a model for some of the carved work of cedar in Solomon's temple, 1Ki_6:18; 1Ki_7:24.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.

gōrd, goord (קיקיון, ḳı̄ḳāyōn): The Vulgate (Jerome's Latin Bible, 390-405 ad) has hedera (?ivy?), which is impossible. Philologically ḳı̄ḳāyōn appears to be connected with κίκι, kı́ki, which was the Egyptian name for the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis). This grows plentifully all over the Orient, and under favorable conditions may reach a height of 10 to 15 ft.; its larger leaves afford a grateful shade. The requirements of the narrative in Jon_4:6 are, however, much more suitably met by the ?bottle gourd? (Cucurbita lagenaria), the Arab ḳar‛ah. This is a creeping, vinelike plant which may frequently be seen trained over the rough temporary sun-shelters erected in fields or by the roadside in Palestine and Mesopotamia.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Ricinus Communis
The word thus rendered (kikayon) occurs only in Jonah 4, where it is several times mentioned, as in Jon_4:6-7; Jon_4:9-10. In the margin of the English Bible, Palm-Christ is given. In the Vulgate it is translated 'ivy.' Neither the gourd nor ivy is considered by modern writers to indicate the plant intended; which is remarkable for having given rise to some fierce controversies in the early ages of the Church. The difficulties here, however, do not appear to be so great as in many other instances. But before considering these, it is desirable to ascertain what are the characteristics of the plant as required by the text. We are told, 'The Lord God prepared a gourd (kikayon), and made it to come over Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head' (Jon_4:6). 'But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd that it withered' (Jon_4:7). And in Jon_4:10 it is said of the gourd that it 'came up in a night, and perished in a night.' Hence it appears that the growth of the kikayon was miraculous, but that it was probably a plant of the country, being named specifically; also that it was capable of affording shade, and might be easily destroyed. There does not appear anything in this account to warrant us in considering it to be the ivy, which is a plant of slow growth, cannot support itself, and is, moreover, not likely to be found in the hot and arid country of ancient Nineveh, though we have ourselves found it in more southern latitudes, but only in the temperate climate of the Himalayan Mountains. 'The Christians and Jews of Mosul (Nineveh) say it was not the keroa whose shadow refreshed Jonah, but a sort of gourd, el-kera, which has very large leaves, very large fruit, and lasts but about four months' (Niebuhr, Arabia, as quoted by Dr. Harris). So Volney: 'Whoever has traveled to Cairo or Rosetta knows that the species of gourd called kerra will, in twenty-four hours, send out shoots near four inches long' (Trav. i. 71).
The Hebrew name kikayon is so similar to the kiki of Dioscorides, that it was early thought to indicate the same plant. The kiki or croton corresponds with the castor-oil plant, of which the seeds have some resemblance to the insect commonly called tick in English, and which is found on dogs and other animals. It has also been called Penta-dactylus and Palma Christi, from the palmate division of its leaves. It was known at much earlier times, as Hippocrates employed it in medicine; and Herodotus mentions, when speaking of Egypt:?'The inhabitants of the marshy grounds make use of an oil which they term kiki, expressed from the Sillicyprian plant.' That it has been known there from the earliest times is evident from Cailliaud having found castor-oil seeds in some very ancient sarcophagi. This oil was not only employed by the Greeks, but also by the Jews, being the kik-oil of the Talmudists, prepared from the seeds of the ricinus. Lady Calcott states that the modern Jews of London use this oil, by the name of oil of kik, for their Sabbath lamps, it being one of the five kinds of oil which their traditions allow them to employ.
Having ascertained that the kiki of the Greeks is what is now called Ricinus communis, or castor-oil plant, we shall find that its characters correspond with everything that is required, except the rapidity of growth, which must be granted was miraculous. Dr. Harris indeed states that the passage means, 'Son of the night it was, and as a son of the night it died;' and that, therefore, we are not compelled to believe that it grew in a single night, but rather, by a strong Oriental figure, that it was of rapid growth. This, there is no doubt, it is highly susceptible of in warm countries where there is some moisture. It attains a considerable size in one season; and though in Europe it is only known as a herb, in India it frequently may be seen, especially at the margins of fields, the size of a tree. So at Busra Niebuhr saw an el keroa which had the form and appearance of a tree. The stems are erect, round, and hollow; the leaves broad, palmate, 5 to 8 or 10 lobed, peltate, supported on long foot-stalks. From the erect habit, and the breadth of its foliage, this plant throws an ample shade, especially when young. From the softness and little substance of its stem, it may easily be destroyed by insects, which Rumphius describes as sometimes being the case. It would then necessarily dry up rapidly. As it is well suited to the country, and to the purpose indicated in the text, and as its name kiki is so similar to kikayon, it is doubtless the plant which the sacred penman had in view.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.

Jon_4:6 (c) This is a type of some gracious provision of GOD which is temporary in character and is intended to serve only for a certain purpose. The Lord gives and the Lord takes away and we should rejoice in both instances.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.

Gourd
is the rendering in the Auth. Vers. of two Heb. words.
1. JONAH'S GOURD ( קִיקָיוֹןkikayon', Sept. κολοκύντη,Vulg. hedera), the name of a plant that occurs only in Jon_4:6-10; according to the Sept. and Peshito, a gourd; but according to Jerome (who underwent much obloquyyfor substituting "ivy" for the "gourd" of the old Italic vers.; see Davidson's Bib. Crit. 1:267), the Talmud, and the Hebrew interpreters generally, a species of ricinus, the palma Christi Arabic el-kherwa, Egyptian κίκ or κούκι (Diod. Sicblus, 1:3). From the Statements of the text, it appears that the growth of the kikayon was miraculous, but that it was probably a plant of the country, being named specifically; also that it was capable of affording shade, and might easily be destroyed. There does not appear anything in this account to warrant us in considering it to be the ivy, which is a, plant of slow growth, cannot support itself, and is, moreover, not likely to be fans is the hot and and country of ancient Nineveh, but which was adduced by Jerome probably only as a conjecture from thee resemblance of its Greek name κισσός to kikayon. That the kikayon was thought to be a gourd seems to have arisen from the kiki of the Egyptians being the kherwsa of the Arabs, often incorrectly written keroa, that is, without the aspirate, which makes it very similar to kura when written in Roman characters, whichilast in the East is applied to the gourd or pumpkin (Avicenna, c. 622), and is probably the Lagenaria vulgaris. To this plant no doubt, the followilg passages refer: "The Christians and Jews of Mosui (Nineveh) say it was not the keroa whose shadow refreshed Jonah, but a sort of gourd, elakera, which has very large leaves, very large fruit, and lasts but about sfour months" (Niebuhr, Arabia, page 148). So Volney: "Whoever has traveled to Cairo or Rosetta knows that the species of gourd called kerra will, in twenty-four hours, send out shoots near four inches long" (Travels, 1:71). In Jerome's own description of the plant, however (Comment. ad loc.), called in Syr. karo, and Punic. el-keroa, Celsius recognizes the castor-oil plant (Hierobot. 2:273 sq.; Bochart, Hiersoz. 2:293, 623). The Ricinus was seen by Rauwolf (Trav. page 52) in great abundance near Tripoli, where the Arabs called it el-kerua, while both Hasselquist and Robinson observed veiry large specimens of it in the neighborrhood of Jericho ("Ricinus in altitudinem arboris insignis," Hanselquist, Trav. page 555; see also Robinson, Res. 1:553).
The Hebrew name kikayon is so similar to the kkiki of Dioscorides, that it was early thought to indicate the same plant. Di'scorides (4:164, περὶ κίκεως) states that the kiki, or croton, is called wild sesamum by some; sand proceeds to give in a few words a graphic description of the Ricinus communisa or castor-oil plant. It has also been. called Pentadactylus and Palma Christi, froma the palmate division of its leaves. It was known at much earlier times, as Hippocrates employed it in medicine; and Herodotus mentions it by thee name of σιλλικύπριον (2:94) when speaking of Egypt: "The inhabitants of the marshy grounds make use of an oil which they term kiki, expressed from the Silbicyprian plant." That it has been known there from the earliest times is evident from Caillaud having found castor-oil seeds in some very ancient sarcophagi. That the. Arabs considered their kherwa to be the same plant is evident from Avicenna on this article, or kherwaa of the translation of Plempius (page 301); so Sesrapiona (3, c. 79). But most decisive of all seems the derivation of the Hebrew word from the Egyptian kiki (Herodot. 2:94; comp. Bärh, ado; and Jablonsky, Opusc. part 1, page 110), established by Celsius, with whose arguments Michaelis declares himself entirely satisfied (J.D. Mich. Supplem.); and confirmed by the Talmudical שֶׁמֶן קִיֵק, prepared the seeds of the ricinus (Buxtorf, Lex. Chald. Talmud. col. 2029), and Dioscorides, 4:164, where κρότων (=Pabnma Christi) is described under the name of sictsa, and the oil made from its seeds is called κίκινον ἔλαιον (Rosenmüller, page 127). Lady Calcott states that the modern Jews of London use this oil, by the name of oil of kik, for their Sabbath lamps, it being one of the five kinds of oil — which their traditions allow them to employ. The castor-oil plant attains a considerable size in one season; and though in Europe it is, only known as an herb, in India it frequently may be seen, especialby at the margins of fields, of the size of a tree. So at Busra, Niebuhr, saw an el-keroa which had the form and appearance of a tree. From the erect habit, and the breadth of its foliage, this plant throws an ample shade, especially when young. From the softness and little substance of its stem, it may easily be destroyed by insects, which Rumphius' describes as sometimes being the case. It would then necessarily dry up rapidly. As it is well suited to the country, and to the purpose indicated in the text, and as its name khki is so similar to kikayon, it is generally thought by interpreters to be the plant which the sacred penmans had in view.
This opinion, however that the first-named plant above is the true representative of Jonah's gourd, is viewed by the Reverend H. Lobdell, M.D., missionary in Assyria, in a letter published in the Bibliotheca Sacra April 6, 1855, page 395 sq., who says, "The Mohammedans, Christians, and Jews all agree in referring the, plant to the hera, a kind of pumpkin peculiar to the East. The leaves are large, and the rapidity of growth astonishing. Its fruit is for the most part eaten in a fresh state, and is somewhat like the squash. It has no more than a generic resemblance to the gourd of the United States, though I suppose that both are a species of the cucurbita. It is grown ins great abundance o n the alluvial banks of the Tigris, and on the plain between the river and the ruins of Nineveh, which is about a mile wide... The castor-oil plant is cultivated, indeed, to some extent here, but is never trained, like the kera, to run over structures of mud and brush to form booths in which the gardeners may protect themselves from the teerible heats of the Asiatic sun. I have seen a at a single glance dozens of these booths these lodges in the fields of melons and cucumbers around the old walls of Nineveh (Isa_1:8) covered with the vines of the kera, of which there are numerous species, the fruit of which weighs from one to fifty pounds. One species, growing in Kurdistan, a few days distant from Mosul, is a genuine gourd; but. there is no probability that it ever flourished on the hot plains of Mosul." The same view is taken by Thomson (Land and Book, 1:96 sq.), who says that "Orientals never dream of training a castor-oil plant over a booth, or planting it for shade; and they would have but small respect for anyone who did. It is in no way adapted for that purpose, while thousands of arbors are covered with various creepers of the gourd family. The gourd grows with extraordinary rapidity. In a few day's after it has begun to run the whole arbor is covered. It forms a shade absolutely impenetrable to the sun's rays even at noonday. It flourishes best in the very hottest part of nummer. Lastly, when injured, or cut, it withers away with equal rapidity." SEE JONAH.
2. WILD GOURDS (פִּקֻּ וֹת, pakkuöth; Sept., τολύπη Vulg. colocynsthida). It is related in 2Ki_4:38-40 that Elisha, having come again to Gilgal, when there was a famine in the land, and many sons of the prophets were assembled there, he ordered his servant to prepare for them a dish of vegetables: "One went out into the field to gather herbs (orotha, and found a wild vine ( גֶּפֶּן שָׂדֶה field-vine), and gathered thereof wild gourds ( פִּקֻּ ת שָׂדֶהfield pakkuoth) his lap-full, and came and shred them into the pot of pottage, for they knew them not." "So they poured out for the men to eat; but as they were eating of the pottage, they cried out, O thou man of God, there is death in the pot; and they could not eat thereof." Though a few other plants have been indicated, the pakkuoth has almost universally been supposed to be one of the family of the gourd or cucumber-like plants, several of which are conspicuous for their bitterness, and a few poisonous, while others, it is well-known, are edible. The reasons are gives in detail by Celsius (Hierobot. 1:393).
(1.) The name is supposed to be derived from פָּקִ , "to split," or "to burst," from the exploding of the fruit, and scattering the seeds on being touched; and thisn is the characteristic of the species called the Mild cucumber, by the ancients.
(2.) The forms of the fruit appears to have been ovoid, as the name is essentially the same with that of the "knops," or פְּקָ ים, pekainm', of 1Ki_6:18; 1Ki_7:24, rendered "eggs" in the Chaldaic version of Johathan, to whom the form of the fruit could not have been known.
(3.) The seeds of the pakkuoth, moreover, yielded oil, as appears from the tract Shabbath(ii, § 2). The seeds of the different gourd and cucumber-like plants are well known to yield oil, which was employed by the ancients, and still is in the East, both as medicine and in the arts.
(4.) The bitterness which was probably perceived on eating of the pottage, and which disappeared on the addition of meal, is found in many of the cucumber tribe, and conspicuously in the species which have usually been selected as the pakkuoth, that is, the Colocynth (Cucumis Colocynthis), the Squirting Cucumber (Momordica elaterium), and Cucumis prophetarum; all of which are found in Syria, as related lay various travelers. The first, or Coloqusntida, is essentially a desert plant. Kitto says: "In the desert parts of Syria, Egypt, and Arabia, andson the banks of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, its tendrils run over vast tracts of ground, offering a prodigious number of gourds, which sare crushed under foot by camels, horses, and men. In winter we have seen the extent of many miles covered with the connecting tendrils and dry gourds of the preceding season, the latter exhibiting precisely the same appearance as in our shops, and when crushed, with a crackling noise, beneath the feet, discharging, in the. form of a light powder, the valuable drug which it contains" (Pict. Bible, note ad loc.). In the Arabic version, hunzal (which is the Colocynth) is used as the synonyme for pakkuoth in 2Ki_4:39. The third, or Globe Cucumber, "derives its specific name (Cucumis prophetam) from the notion that it afforded the gourd which 'the sons of the prophets' shred by mistake into their pottage, and which made them declare, when they came to taste "it, that there was 'death in the pot.' This plant is 'smaller in every part than the common melon, and has a nauseous odor, while its fruit is to the full as bitter as the Coloquintida. The fruit has a rather singular assurance from the manner in which its surface is armed with prickles, which are "however, soft and harmless" (Kitto, Pict. Palestine; Physical Geog. page 281). But this plant, the fruit not being bigger than a cherry, does not appear likely to have been that which was shred into the pot. Celsius, however, is of opinion that the second of the above-named species, the Cucumis aerestis of the ancients, and which was found by Belos in descending from Mount Sinae, was the plant, being the Cucumis asinsisus of the druggists. This plant is a well-known drastic purgative, element enough in its actions to be considered even a poison. Its fruit is ovate, obtuse, and scabrous, and likely to have been the plant mistaken for oroth, as it miglit certainly be mistaken for young gherkins. The wild cucmmber bursts, at the touch of the finger. and scatters its seeds, which the colocynth does not (Rosenmuller, 'Alterthumsk 4 part 1, etc.). The etymology of the word from פְּקִ has been thought to favor the identification of the plant with the Ecbalium elaterium, or "squirting cucumber," so called from the elasticity with which the fruit, when ripe, opens and scatters the seeds when touched. This is the ἄγριος σίκυος of Dioscorides (4:152) and Theophrastus (7:6, § 4, etc.), and the Cucumis sylvestris of Pliny (Hist. Nat. 20:2). Celsius (Hierob. 1:393), Rosenmüller (Bib. Bot. pge 128), and Gesenius (Thes. page 1122) are in favor of this explanation, and, it must be confessed, not without some reason. The old versions, however, understand the colocynth, the fruit of which is about the size of an orange. The drastic medicine in such general use is a preparation from this plant. Michaelis (Suppl. Lex. Heb. page 344) and Oedmann (Vers. Samml. 4:88) adopt this explanation.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.

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