Hamath

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anger; heat; a wall
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary


HAMATH.—A city on the Orontes, the capital of the kingdom of Hamath, to the territory of which the border of Israel extended in the reign of Solomon (1Ki_8:65), who is related to have built store-cities there (2Ch_8:4). Jeroboam ii., the son of Joash, restored the kingdom to this northern limit (2Ki_14:25; 2Ki_14:28), and it was regarded as the legitimate border of the land of Israel (Num_34:8, Jos_13:5), and was employed as a geographical term (Num_13:21, cf. Jdg_3:3). The Hamathite is mentioned last of the sons of Canaan in the table of nations (Gen_10:18, 1Ch_1:16). During the time of David, Toi was king of Hamath (2Sa_8:9); the greatness of the city is referred to by the prophet Amos (Amo_6:2), and it is classed by Zechariah with Damascus, Tyre and Zidon (Zec_9:1 f.). The city was conquered by Tiglath-pileser iii. and Sargon, and part of its inhabitants were deported and the land was largely colonized by Assyrians; its capture and subjugation are referred to in the prophetic literature (Isa_10:9, Jer_49:23; cf. also 2Ki_18:34, Isa_36:19, 2Ki_19:13). Hamath is mentioned as one of the places to which Israelites were exiled (Isa_11:11), and it was also one of the places whose inhabitants were deported to colonize Israelite territory on the capture of Samaria (2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_17:30). See Ashima.
L. W. King.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


The chief city of upper Syria, in the valley of the Orontes, commanding the whole valley, from the low hills which form the watershed between the Orontes and the Liturgy, to the defile of Daphne below Antioch; this was "the kingdom of Hamath." An Hamitie race (Gen_10:18). Akin to their neighbours the Hittites. "The entering in of Hamath," indicates that it (the long valley between Lebanon and Antilebanon) was the point of entrance into the land of Israel for any invading army, as the Assyrians and Babylonians, from the N. The southern approach to Hamath from Coelosyria between Libanus and Antilibanus formed the northern limit to Israel's inheritance (Num_13:21; Num_34:8; Jos_13:5).
It was an independent kingdom under Tou or Toi in David's time; Toi sent presents to David who had destroyed the power of Hadarezer, Toi's enemy (2Sa_8:9-11). Tributary to Solomon who built "store cities" in it (2Ch_8:4) as staples for the trade which passed along the Orontes valley. Mentioned as an ally of the Syrians of Damascus in the Assyrian inscriptions of Ahab's time. Jeroboam II "recovered Hamath" (2Ki_14:25); but it was subjugated soon by Assyria (2Ki_18:34; Amo_6:2; Amo_6:14), Who calls it "Hamath the great." Solomon's feast congregated all Israel "from the entering in of Hamath unto the river of Egypt" (1Ki_8:65). The same point from which Solomon's kingdom began was the point from which, according to Amos' prophecy, began the triumph of Israel's foes for Israel's sin. From Antiochus Epiphanes it afterward got the name Epiphaneia.
It has resumed its old name little changed, Hamah; remarkable for its great waterwheels for raising water from the Orontes for the gardens and houses. The alah or "high land" of Syria abounds in ruins of villages, 365 according to the Arabs. Hamath stones have been found, four blocks of basalt inscribed with hieroglyphics, first noticed by Burckhardt in 1810; the characters in cameo raised from two to four lines, not incised, as other Syrian inscriptions. The names of Thothroes III and Amenophis I are read by some scholars in them. Burton thinks these inscriptions form a connecting link between picture writing and alphabetic writing. Probably they were Hittite in origin.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Ha'math. (fortress). The principal city of upper Syria, was situated in the valley of the Orontes, which it commanded from the low screen of hills, which forms the water-shed between the source of the Orontes and Antioch. The Hamathites were a Hamitic race, and are included among the descendants of Canaan. Gen_10:18.
Nothing appears of the power of Hamath, until the time of David. 2Sa_8:9. Hamath seems clearly to have been included in the dominions of Solomon. 1Ki_4:21-24. The "store-cities" which Solomon "built in Hamath," 2Ch_8:4, were perhaps staples for trade. In the Assyrian inscriptions of the time of Ahab, (B.C. 900), Hamath appears as a separate power, in alliance with the Syrians of Damascus, the Hittites and the Phoenicians.
About three-quarters of a century later, Jeroboam, the Second, "recovered Hamath." 2Ki_14:28. Soon afterwards, the Assyrians took it, 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13, etc., and from this time, it ceased to be a place of much importance. Antiochus Epiphanes changed its name to Epiphaneia. The natives, however, called it Hamath even in St. Jerome's time, and its present name, Hamah, is but slightly altered from the ancient form.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


a city of Syria, capital of a province of the same name, lying upon the Orontes, Jos_13:5; Jdg_3:3; 2Ki_14:25; 2Ch_7:8. The king of Hamath cultivated a good understanding with David, 2Sa_8:9. This city was taken by the kings of Judah, and afterward retaken by the Syrians, and recovered from them by Jeroboam the Second, 2Ki_14:28.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


The city of Hamath was situated in the north of Lebanon, at the end of the Lebanon ranges and on the edge of the Syrian plain. In the time of David its leaders were friendly with Israel (2Sa_8:9-10), and in the time of Solomon it was controlled by Israel (2Ch_8:3-4). After Solomon’s death it regained its independence, but it again came briefly under Israelite control during the reign of Jeroboam II (2Ki_14:25).
At the northern end of the Lebanon ranges was a prominent gap known as ‘the entrance of Hamath’, where Lebanon opened on to the plains of Syria. This gap, or pass, marked Israel’s ideal northern boundary (Jos_13:5; Amo_6:14), but only in times of unusual growth and prosperity was it the actual boundary (2Ki_14:25). (For further details see LEBANON.)
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.


hā?math (חמת, ḥămā̄th; Ἡμάθ, Hēmáth, Αἱμάθ, Haimáth; Swete also has Hemath): The word signifies a defense or citadel, and such designation was very suitable for this chief royal city of the Hittites, situated between their northern and southern capitals, Carchemish and Kadesh, on a gigantic mound beside the Orontes. In Amo_6:2 it is named Great Hamath, but not necessarily to distinguish it from other places of the same name.
1. Early History
The Hamathite is mentioned in Gen_10:18 among the sons of Canaan, but in historic times the population, as the personal names testify, seems to have been for the most part Semitic. The ideal boundary of Israel reached the territory, but not the city of Hamath (Num_34:8; Jos_13:5; Eze_47:13-21). David entered into friendly relations with Toi, its king (2Sa_8:9), and Solomon erected store cities in the land of Hamath (2Ch_8:4). In the days of Ahab we meet with it on the cuneiform inscriptions, under the name mat hamatti, and its king Irhuleni was a party to the alliance of the Hittites with Ben-hadad of Damascus and Ahab of Israel against Shalmaneser II; but this was broken up by the battle of Qarqar in 854 bc, and Hamath became subject to Assyria. Jeroboam II attacked, partially destroyed, and held it for a short time (2Ki_14:28; Amo_6:2). In 730 bc, its king Eniilu paid tribute to Tiglath-pileser, but he divided its lands among his generals, and transported 1,223 of its inhabitants to Sura on the Tigris. In 720, Sargon ?rooted out the land of Hamath and dyed the skin of Ilubi'idi (or Jau-bi'idi) its king, like wool? and colonized the country with 4,300 Assyrians, among whom was Deioces the Mede. A few years later Sennacherib also claims to have taken it (2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_36:19; Isa_37:13). In Isa_11:11, mention is made of Israelites in captivity at Hamath, and Hamathites were among the colonists settled in Samaria (2Ki_17:24) by Esarhaddon in 675 bc. Their special object of worship was Ashima, which, notwithstanding various conjectures, has not been identified.
2. Later History
The Hamathite country is mentioned in 1 Macc 12:25 in connection with the movements of Demetrius and Jonathan. The Seleucids renamed it Epiphaneia (Josephus, Ant, I, vi, 2), and by this name it was known to the Greeks and the Romans, even appearing as Paphunya in Midrash Ber Rab chapter 37. Locally, however, the ancient name never disappeared, and since the Moslem conquest it has been known as Hama. Saladin's family ruled it for a century and a half, but after the death of Abul-fida in 1331 it sank into decay.
3. Modern Condition
The position of Hama in a fruitful plain to the East of the Nusairiyeh Mountains, on the most frequented highway between Mesopotamia and Egypt, and on the new railway, gives it again, as in ancient times, a singular significance, and it is once more rising in importance. The modern town is built in four quarters around the ancient citadel-mound, and it has a population of at least 80,000. It is now noted for its gigantic irrigating wheels. Here, too, the Hittite inscriptions were first found and designated Hamathite.
4. Entering in of Hamath
In connection with the northern boundary of Israel, ?the entering in of Hamath? is frequently mentioned (Num_13:21; 1Ki_8:65, etc., the American Standard Revised Version ?entrance?). It has been sought in the Orontes valley, between Antioch and Seleucia, and also at Wādy Nahr el-Bārid, leading down from Homs to the Mediterranean to the North of Tripoli. But from the point of view of Palestine, it must mean some part of the great valley of Coele-Syria (Biqa'a). It seems that instead of translating, we should read here a place-name - ?Libo of Hamath? - and the presence of the ancient site of Libo (modern Leboué) 14 miles North-Northeast of Baalbek, at the head-waters of the Orontes, commanding the strategical point where the plain broadens out to the North and to the South, confirms us in this conjecture.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Ha?math, one of the smaller kingdoms of Syria, having Zobah on the east and Rehob on the south. This last kingdom, lying within the greater Mount Hermon, is expressly said to have been taken possession of by the Israelites, and, like Dan or Laish, which is represented to have been in the valley of Bethrehob (Jdg_18:28), is used to denote the northern boundary of the Holy Land. The approach to it from the south is by an opening or mountain-pass, called 'the entrance of Hamath,' and 'the entering in of Hamath,' which, being the passage from the northern extremity of the land of Israel into Syria, is sometimes used to describe the boundary of the former in this direction, as 'from the entering in of Hamath to the river of Egypt' (1Ki_8:65).
The kingdom of Hamath, or, at least, the southern or central parts of it, appear to have nearly corresponded with what was afterwards denominated C?le-Syria; but northwards, it stretched as far as the city Hamath on the Orontes, which seems to have been the capital of the whole country. Toi was king of Hamath at the time when David conquered the Syrians of Zobah; and it appears that he had reason to rejoice in the humiliation of a dangerous neighbor, as he sent his own son Joram to congratulate the victor (2Sa_8:9-10). In the time of Hezekiah the town along with its territory was conquered by the Assyrians (2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_10:9; Isa_11:11); and afterwards by the Chaldeans (Jer_39:2; Jer_39:5). Hamath is still a picturesque town, of considerable circumference, and with wide and convenient streets. In Burckhardt's time the attached district contained 120 inhabited villages, and 70 or 80 that lay waste. The western part of this district forms the granary of Northern Syria, though the harvest never yields more than a tenfold return, chiefly on account of the immense numbers of mice, which sometimes completely destroy the crops.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Hamath
(Heb. Chamath', חֲמָת, fortress; Sept. Ε᾿μάθ, Αἰμάθ, and ῾Ημάθ), a large and important city, capital of one of the smaller kingdoms of Syria, of the same name, on the Orontes, at the northern boundary of the Holy Land. Thus it is said (Num_13:21) that the spies “went up and searched the land, from the wilderness of Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath.” Gesenius is probably right in deriving the word from the Arabic root Chamaz, “to defend;” with this agrees the modern name of the city Hamnah. The city was at the foot of Hermon (Jos_13:5; Jdg_3:3), towards Damascus (Zec_9:2; Jer_49:20; Eze_47:16). The kingdom of Hamath, or, at least, the southern or central parts of it, appear to have nearly corresponded with what was afterwards denominated Caele-Syria (q.v.). It is more fully called Hamath the Great in Amo_6:2, or HAMATH-ZOBAH in 2Ch_8:3. The country or district around is called “the land of Hamath” (2Ki_23:33; 2Ki_25:21).
Hamath is one of the oldest cities in the world. We read in Gen_10:18 that the youngest or last son of Canaan was the “Hamathite” (q.v.) — apparently so called because he and his family founded and colonized Hamath. It was a place of note, and the capital of a principality, when the Israelites conquered Palestine; and its name is mentioned in almost every passage in which the northern border of Canaan is defined (Num_13:22; Num_34:8; 1Ki_8:65; 2Ki_14:25, etc.). Toi was king of Hamath at the time when David conquered the Syrians of Zobah, and it appears that he had reason to rejoice in the humiliation of a dangerous neighbor, as he sent his own son Joram to congratulate the victor (2Sa_8:9-10), and (apparently) to put Hamath under his protection. Hamath was conquered by Solomon (2Ch_8:3), and its whole territory appears to have remained subject to the Israelites during his prosperous reign (2Ch_8:4-6). The “store-cities” which Solomon “built in Hamath” (2Ch_8:4) were perhaps for staples of trade, the importance of the Orontes valley as a line of traffic always being great. On the death of Solomon and the separation of the two kingdoms, Hamath seems to have regained its independence. In the Assyrian inscriptions of the time of Ahab (B.C. 900) it appears as a separate power, in alliance with the Syrians of Damascus, the Hittites, and the Phoenicians. About three quarters of a century later Jeroboam the second “recovered Hamath” (2Ki_14:28); he seems to have dismantled the place, whence the prophet Amos, who wrote in his reign (Amo_1:1), couples “Hamath the Great” with Gath, as an instance of desolation (Amo_6:2). At this period the kingdom of Hamath included the valley of the Orontes, from the source of that river to near Antioch (2Ki_23:33; 2Ki_25:21). It bordered Damascus on the south, Zobab. on the east and north, and Phoenicia on the west (1Ch_18:3; Eze_47:17; Eze_48:1; Zec_9:2). In the time of Hezekiah, the town, along with its territory, was conquered by the Assyrians (2Ki_17:24; 2Ki_18:34; 2Ki_19:13; Isa_10:9; Isa_11:11), and afterwards by the Chaldaeans (Jer_39:2; Jer_39:5). It is mentioned on the cuneiform inscriptions (q.v.). It must have been then a large and influential kingdom, for Amos speaks emphatically of “Hamath the Great” (6, 2); and when Rabshakeh, the Assyrian general, endeavored to terrify king Hezekiah into unconditional surrender, he said, “Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed, as Gozan, and Haran, and Rezeph? Where is the king of Hamath, and the king of Arphad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivah?” (Isa_37:12-14; 2Ki_18:34 sq.). SEE ASHIMA. The frequent use of the phrase, “the entering in of Hamath,” also shows that this kingdom was the most important in Northern Syria (Jdg_3:3). Hamath remained under the Assyrian rule till the time of Alexander the Great, when it fell into the hands of the Greeks. The Greeks introduced their noble language as well as their government into Syria, and they even gave Greek names to some of the old cities; among these was Hamath, which was called Epiphania (Ε᾿πιφάνεια), in honor of Antiochus Epiphanes (Cyril, Comment. ad Amos).
This change of name gave rise to considerable doubts and difficulties among geographers regarding the identity of Hamath. Jerome affirms that there were two cities of that name-Great Hamath, identical with Antioch, and another Hamath called Epiphania (Comment. ad Amos , 6). — The Targums in Num_13:22 render Hamath Anztukia (Reland, Palcest. p. 120). Eusebius calls it “a city of Damascus,” and affirms that it is not the same as Epiphania; but Jerome states, after a careful investigation, “reperi AEmath urbem Coeles Syrie appellari, quae nunc Graeco sermone Epiphania dicitur” (Onomast. s.v. AEmath and Emath). Theodoret says that Great Hanath was Emesa, and the other Hamath Epiphania (Comment. ad Jeremiah 4). Josephus is more accurate when he tells us that Hamath “was still called in his day by the inhabitants Α᾿μάθη, although the Macedonians called it Epiphania” (Ant. 1, 6, 2). There is reason to believe that the ancient name Hamath was always retained and used by the Aramaic-speaking population; and, therefore, when Greek power declined, and the Greek language was-forgotten, the ancient name in its Arabic form Hamâh became universal (so הֲמָהin Eze_47:16, first occurrence). There is no ground whatever for Reland's theory (Palaest. p. 121) that the Hamath spoken of in connection with the northern border of Palestine was not Epiphania, but some other city much further south. The identification of Riblah and Zedad places the true site of Hamath beyond the possibility of doubt (Porter, Damascus, 2, 355, 354).
Epiphania remained a flourishing city during the Roman rule in Syria (Ptolemy, 5, 15; Pliny, Hist. Nat, 5, 19). It early became, and still continues, the seat of a bishop of the Eastern Church (Caroli a san. Paulo, Geogr. Sac. p. 288). It was taken by the Mohammedans soon after Damascus. On the death of the great Saladin, Hamath was ruled for a long period by his descendants, the Eiyubites. Abulfeda, the celebrated Arab historian and geographer of the 14th century, was a member of this family and ruler of Hamâh (Bohadin, Vita Saladini; Schulten's Index Geographicus, s.v. Hamata). He correctly states (Tab. Syriae, p. 108) that this city is mentioned in the books of the Israelites. He adds: “It is reckoned one of the most pleasant towns of Syria. The Orontes flows round the greater part of the city on the east and north. It boasts a lofty and well-built citadel. Within the town are many dams aid water-machines, by means of which the water is led off by canals to irrigate the gardens and supply private houses. It is remarked of this city and of Schiazar that they abound more in water-machines than any other cities in Syria.”
This description still, in a great degree, applies. Hamath is a picturesque town, of considerable circumference, and with wide and convenient streets. In Burckhardt's time the attached district contained 120 inhabited villages, and 70 or 80 that lay waste. It is now a town of 30,000 inhabitants, of whom about 2500 are Greek Christians, a few Syrians, some Jews, and the rest Moslems. It is beautifully situated in the narrow and rich valley of the Orontes, thirty-two miles north of Emesa, and thirty-six south of the ruins of Assamea (Antonini Itinerarium, edit. Wesseling, p. 188). Four bridges span the rapid river, and a number of huge wheels turned by the current, like those at Verona, raise the water into rude aqueducts, which convey it to the houses and mosques. There are no remains of antiquity now visible. The mound on which the castle stood is in the center of the city, but every trace of the castle itself has disappeared. The houses are built of sun-dried bricks and timber. Though plain and poor externally. some of them have splendid interiors. They are built on the rising banks of the Orontes, and on both sides of it, the bottom level being planted with fruit-trees, which flourish in the utmost luxuriance. The western part of the district forms the granary of Northern Sria, though the harvest never yields more than a tenfold return, chiefly on account of the immense numbers of mice, which sometimes completely destroy the crops. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in silks and woolen and cotton stuffs with the Bedawin. A number of noble but decayed Moslem families reside in Hamah, attracted thither by its beauty, celebrity, and cheapness (Pococke, Travels, 2, pt. 1, p. 143 sq.; Burckhardt, Travels in Syria, p. 146 sq.; Handbook for Syria and Palestine, 2, 620; Richter, Wallfahrten, p. 231; comp. Rosenmüller's Bib. Geogr. 2, 243-246; Biblioth. Sacra, 1848, p. 680 sq.; Robinson's Res. new ed. 3:551, 568).
“The ENTRANCE OF HAMATH,” or “entering into Hamath” (בּוֹא חֲמָת; Sept. εἰσπορευομἐνων εἰς Αἰμάθ, Vulg. introitum Emath), is a phrase often used in the O.T. as a geographical name. It is of considerable importance to identify it, as it is one of the chief landmarks on the northern border of the land of Israel There can be no doubt that the sacred writers apply the phrase to some well-known “pass” or “opening” into the kingdom of Hamath (Num_34:8; Jos_13:5). The kingdom of Hamath embraced the great plain lying along both banks of the Orontes, from the fountain near Riblah on the south to Apamea on the north, and from Lebanon on the west to the desert on the east. To this plain there are two remarkable “entrances” one from the south, through the valley of Cele-Syria, between the parallel ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon; the other from the west, between the northern end of Lebanon and the Nusairtyeh Mountains. The former is the natural “entrance” from Central Palestine, the latter from the seacoast. The former is on the extreme south of the kingdom of Hamath, the latter on its western border.
Until within the last few years sacred geographers have almost universally maintained that the southern opening is the “entrance of Hamath.” Reland supposed that the entrance described in Num_34:8; Num_34:10, did not extend further north than the parallel of Sidon. Consequently, he holds that the southern extremity of the valley of Caele-Syria, at the base of Hermon, is the “entrance” of Hamath (Palaestina, p. 118 sq.). Kitto set forth this view in greater detail (Pictorial Bible); and he would identify the “entrance of Hamath” with the expression used in Num_13:21, “as men come to Hamath.” Of late, however, some writers regard the latter as only intended to define the position of Beth-rehob, which was situated on the road leading from Central Palestine to Hamath-” as men come to Hamath;” that is, in the great valley of Caele-Syria. Van de Velde appears to locate the “entrance of Hamath” at the northern end of the valley of Caele-Syria (Travels, 2, 470); and Stanley adopts the same view (Sinai and Palest. p. 399). Dr. Keith would place the “entrance of Hamath” at that sublime gorge through which the Orontes flows from Antioch to the sea (Land of Israel, p. 112 sq.). A careful survey of the whole region, and a study of the passages of Scripture on the spot, however, leads Porter to conclude that the “entrance of Hamath” must be the opening towards the west, between Lebanon and the Nusairiyeh Mountains. The reasons are as follow:
1. That opening forms a distinct and natural northern boundary for the land of Israel, such as is evidently required by the following passages: 1Ki_8:65; 2Ki_14:25; 1Ch_13:5; Amo_6:14.
2. The “entrance of Hamath” is spoken of as being from the western border or sea-board; for Moses says, after describing the western border, “This shall be your north border, from the great sea ye shall point out for you Mount Hor; from Mount Hor ye shall point out unto the entrance of Hamath” (Num_34:7-8). Compare this with Eze_47:20, “the west side shall be the great sea from the (southern) border, till a man come over against Hamath;” and Eze_47:16, where the “way of Hethlon as men go to Zedad” is mentioned, and is manifestly identical with the “entrance of Hamath,” and can be none other than the opening here alluded to.
3. The “entrance of Hamath” must have been to the north of the entire ridges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon (Jos_13:5; Jdg_3:3); but the opening from Caele-Syria into the plain of Hamath is not so.
4. The territory of Hamath was included in the “Promised Land,” as described both by Moses and Ezekiel (Num_34:8-11; Eze_47:15-20; Eze_48:1). The “entrance of Hamath” is one of the marks of its northern border; but the opening from Caele-Syria is on the extreme south of the territory of Hamath, and could not, therefore, be identical with the “entrance of Hamath.”
5. The “entrance to Hamath” was on the eastern border of Palestine, but north of Riblah (Num_34:10-11), which is still extant between Hums and the northern point of Anti-Lebanon. SEE RIBLAH.
6. This position agrees with those of the other names associated on the northerly and easterly boundaries, e.g. Mount Hor, Hazar Ellan, etc. (see Porter's Damascus, 2, 354 sq.; also Robinson, Biblical Res. 3:568). These arguments, however, will be found, on a closer inspection, to be incorrect (see Keil and Delitzsch, Comment, on Pentat. 3:255 sq.). The only real force in any of them is that derived from the supposed identity of Zedad (q.v.) and Siphron (q.v.); and this is counterbalanced by the facts (1) that this district never was actually occupied by the Israelites, and (2) that the more definite description of the boundary of Asher and Naphtali in Jos_19:24-39 does not extend so far to the north. Hence we incline to the older views on this question. SEE TRIBE.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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