Harrow

VIEW:41 DATA:01-04-2020
HARROW.—In 2Sa_12:31—a passage which had become corrupt before the date of 1Ch_20:3—as rendered in EV [Note: English Version.] , David is represented as torturing the Ammonites ‘under harrows of iron.’ The true text and rendering, however, have reference to various forms of forced labour (see RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ), and the ‘harrows’ become ‘picks of iron’ or some similar instrument.
The Heb. verb tr. [Note: translate or translation.] ‘harrow’ in Job_39:10 is elsewhere correctly rendered ‘break the clods’ (Hos_10:11; also Isa_28:24, but Amer. RV [Note: Revised Version.] has here ‘harrow’). In Hastings’ DB [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] ii. 306 several reasons were given for rejecting the universal modern rendering of the original by ‘harrow.’ This conclusion has since been confirmed by the discovery of the original Hebrew of Sir_38:26 where ‘who setteth his mind to “harrow” in the furrows’ would be an absurd rendering. There is no evidence that the Hebrews at any time made use of an implement corresponding to our harrow. Stiff soil was broken up by the plough or the mattock. Cf. Agriculture, § 1.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


charits 2Sa_12:31. Possibly a "threshing instrument." In modern Palestine no such instrument as our harrow exists, and it is unlikely it did in ancient times.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Harrow. The word so rendered, 2Sa_12:31; 1Ch_20:3, is probably a threshing-machine. The verb rendered "to harrow," Job_39:10; Isa_28:24; Hos_10:11, expresses apparently the breaking of the clods, and is so far analogous to our harrowing ? but whether done by any such machine as we call a "harrow" is very doubtful.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


har?ō (שׂדד, sādhadh): Sādhadh occurs in 3 passages (Job_39:10; Isa_28:24; Hos_10:11). In the first 2 it is translated ?harrow,? in the last ?break the clods.? That this was a separate operation from plowing, and that it was performed with an instrument drawn by animals, seems certain. As to whether it corresponded to our modern harrowing is a question. The reasons for this uncertainty are: (1) The ancient Egyptians have left no records of its use; (2) at the present time, in those parts of Palestine and Syria where foreign methods have not been introduced, harrowing is not commonly known, although the writer has been told that in some districts the ground is leveled after plowing with the threshing-sledge or a log drawn by oxen. Cross-plowing is resorted to for breaking up the lumpy soil, especially where the ground has been baked during the long rainless summer. Lumps not reduced in this way are further broken up with a hoe or pick. Seed is always sown before plowing, so that harrowing to cover the seed is unnecessary. See AGRICULTURE. Figuratively used of affliction, discipline, etc. (Isa_28:24).

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Harrow
is the rendering in the Eng. Vers. of the following Hebrew words: חָרַיוֹ, charits' (lit. a cutting, hence a slice of curdled milk, “cheese,” 1Sa_17:18) ‘a tribulum or threshing (q.v.) sledge (2Sa_12:31; 1Ch_20:3); elsewhere only the verb שָׂדִד, sadad' (lit. to level off), to harrow a field (Job_39:10; “break the clods,” Isa_28:4; Hos_10:11). See Kitto, Daily Bible Illust. 3, 39, 6, 397. The form of the ancient Hebrew harrow, if any instrument properly corresponding to this term existed, is unknown. Probably it was, — as still in Egypt (Niebuhr, Trav. 1, 151), merely a board, which was dragged over the fields to level the lumps. Among the Romans it consisted of a hurtle (crates) of rods with teeth (Pliny, 18. 43; comp. Virg. Georg. 1, 94). See generally Ugolini, Comm. de re rustica vett. Hebr. 5, 21 (in his Thesaur. 29:p. 332 sq.); Paul-sen, Ackerb. p. 96. “In modern Palestine, oxen are sometimes turned in to trample the clods, and in some parts of Asia a bush of thorns is dragged over the surface; but all these processes, if used, occur (not after, but) before the seed is committed to the soil.” SEE AGRICULTURE.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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