Hawk

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HAWK.—Some eighteen species of hawk are known to exist in Palestine. The common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and the sparrow-hawk (Accipiter nisus) are the commonest. The traveller through the land sees them everywhere. Hawks were ‘unclean’ birds (Lev_11:16, Deu_14:16). The migratory habits of many species of Palestine hawks are referred to in Job_39:26.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


neets; implying "strong and rapid flight". Migratory in S. Europe and parts of Asia; so Job_39:26, "doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the S.?" Of the dozen lesser raptores, birds, in Palestine nearly all are summer migrants; the Falco saker and Falco lanarius, besides the smaller Falco melanopterus, Hypotriorchis subbuteo or the hobby, etc. The sacred monuments show that one kind was sacred in Egypt. The Greek name implies "sacredness", hierax.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Hawk. Lev_11:16; Deu_14:15; Job_39:26. The hawk includes various species of the Falconidae. With respect to the passage in Job (l.c). which appears to allude to the migratory habits of hawks, it is curious to observe that of the ten or twelve lesser raptors (hawk tribe) of Palestine, nearly all are summer migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but the others are all migrants from the south.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


נ , from the root נצה , to fly, because of the rapidity and length of flight for which this bird is remarkable, Lev_11:16; Deu_14:15; Job_39:26. Naz is used generically by the Arabian writers to signify both falcon and hawk; and the term is given in both these senses by Meninski. There can be little doubt that such is the real meaning of the Hebrew word, and that it imports various species of the falcon family, as jer-falcon, goshawk, and sparrow-hawk. As this is a bird of prey, cruel in its temper, and gross in its manners, it was forbidden as food, and all others of its kind, in the Mosaic ritual. The Greeks consecrated the hawk to Apollo; and among the Egyptians no animal was held in so high veneration as the ibis and the hawk. Most of the species of hawk, we are told, are birds of passage. The hawk, therefore, is produced, in Job_39:26, as a specimen of that astonishing instinct which teaches birds of passage to know their times and seasons, when to migrate out of one country into another for the benefit of food, or a warmer climate, or both. The common translation does not give the full force of the passage:
“Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom?” The real meaning is, “Doth she know, through thy skill or wisdom, the precise period for taking flight, or migrating and stretching her wings toward a southern or warmer climate?” The passage is well rendered by Sandys:—
“Doth the wild haggard tower into the sky, And to the south by thy direction fly?”
Her migration is not conducted by the wisdom and prudence of man, but by the superintending and upholding providence of the only wise God.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


hôk (נץ, nēc; ἱέραξ, hiérax, and γλαῦξ, glaúx; Latin Accipiter nisus): A bird of prey of the genus accipiter. Large hawks were numerous in Palestine. The largest were 2 ft. long, have flat heads, hooked beaks, strong talons and eyes appearing the keenest and most comprehensive of any bird. They can sail the length or breadth of the Holy Land many times a day. It is a fact worth knowing that mist and clouds interfere with the vision of birds and they hide, and hungry and silent wait for fair weather, so you will see them sailing and soaring on clear days only. These large hawks and the glede are of eagle-like nature, nesting on Carmel and on the hills of Galilee, in large trees and on mountain crags. They flock near Beersheba, and live in untold numbers in the wilderness of the Dead Sea. They build a crude nest of sticks and twigs and carry most of the food alive to their young. Of course they were among the birds of prey that swarm over the fresh offal from slaughter and sacrifice. No bird steers with its tail in flight in a more pronounced manner than the hawk. These large birds are all-the-year residents, for which reason no doubt the people distinguished them from smaller families that migrated. They knew the kite that Isaiah mentioned in predicting the fall of Edom. With them the smaller, brighter-colored kestrels, that flocked over the rocky shores of the Dead Sea and over the ruins of deserted cities, seemed to be closest in appearance to the birds we include in the general term ?falcon.? Their ate mice, insects and small birds, but not carrion. The abomination lists of Lev_11:16 and Deu_14:15 each include hawks in a general term and specify several species as unfit for food. Job_39:26 reads:
?Is it by thy wisdom that the hawk soareth,
And stretcheth her wings toward the south??
Aside from calling attention to the miraculous flight,, this might refer to migration, or to the wonderful soaring exhibitions of these birds. See GLEDE; KITE; NIGHT-HAWK; FALCON.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Hawk, an unclean bird (Lev_11:16; Deu_14:15; Job_39:26). The English name is an altered form of the old word 'fawk' or 'falk.' Western Asia and Lower Egypt, and consequently the intermediate territory of Syria and Palestine, are the habitation or transitory residence of a considerable number of species of the order Raptors, which, even including the shortest-winged, have great powers of flight, are remarkably enterprising, live to a great age, are migratory, or followers upon birds of passage, or remain in a region so abundantly stocked with pigeon and turtle-dove as Palestine, and affording such a variety of ground to hunt their particular prey?abounding as it does in mountain and forest, plain, desert, marsh, river and sea-coast. We shall here enumerate, so far as our information will permit, the Falconid? of this region, exclusive of those mentioned in other articles [EAGLE; GLEDE; KITE; OSPRAY].

Peregrine Falcon
Falcons, or the 'noble' birds of prey used for hawking, have for many ages been objects of great interest, and still continue to be bought at high prices. They are consequently imported from distant countries, as central Asia, Iceland, Barbary. etc. Their love of liberty often renders them irreclaimable when once on the wing; and their powers and boldness, independent of circumstances, and the extent of range which the long-winged species in particular can take, are exemplified by their presence in every quarter of the globe. The Peregrine falcon is so generally diffused as to occur even in New Holland and South America.
Next we may place Falco Aroeris of Sir J.G. Wilkinson, the sacred hawk of Egypt. This, if it be not in reality the same as, or a mere variety of the Peregrine, should have retained the ancient epithet of Hierax, and the hawker's name of Sacre. Innumerable representations of it occur in Egyptian monuments.
The Hobby is no doubt a second or third species of sacred hawk, having similar gernonia. Both this bird and the tractable Merlin are used in the falconry of the inferior Muslim landowners of Asiatic Turkey.
Besides these the Kestril occurs in Syria, and the lesser Kestril in Egypt; and it is probable that both species visit these two territories according to the seasons.
To the 'noble' birds we may add the Gerfalcon, which is one-third larger than the Peregrine: it is imported from Tartary and sold at Constantinople, Aleppo, and Damascus. The great birds fly at antelopes, bustards, cranes, etc.; and of the genus Astur, with shorter wings than true falcons, the Goshawk, and the Falcon Gentil are either imported, or taken in their nests, and used to fly at lower and aquatic game. The smaller and less powerful hawks of the genus Nisus are mostly in use on account of the sport they afford being less fatiguing, as they are employed to fly at pigeons, partridges, quails, etc.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Lev_11:16 (c) This is a type of wicked men who prey upon widows, orphans and other unfortunates in order to obtain what they have for their own enrichment.

Job_39:26 (b) This is a symbol of the unsearchable ways of GOD which cannot be controlled nor understood by men.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Hawk
(נֵוֹ, nets, from its swift flight; Sept. lipaa; Vulg. accipiter), an English name in an altered form of the old word fawk or falk, and in natural history representing several genera of raptorial birds; as does the Arabic naz, and no doubt, also, the Hebrew nets, a term expressive of strong and rapid flight, and therefore highly appropriate to the hawk: the similarity of the Latin name nisus is worthy of notice. The hawk is noticed as an unclean bird (Lev_11:16 : Deu_14:15), and as “stretching her wings toward the south” (Job_39:26) — an expression which has been variously understood as referring either to the migratory habits of the bird, one species alone being an exception to the general rule in this respect (Pliny, 10:9); or to its molting, and seeking the warmth of the sun's rays in consequence (Bochart, Hieroz. 3, 9); or, lastly, to the opinion prevalent in ancient times, that it was the only bird whose keen eye could bear the direct rays of the sun (Elian, H. A. 10, 14). The hawk, though not migratory in all countries, is so in the south of Europe and in parts of Asia. It was common in Syria and the surrounding countries. In Egypt one species was regarded as sacred, and frequently appears on the ancient monuments. Western Asia and Lower Egypt, and consequently the intermediate territory of Syria and Palestine, are the habitation or transitory residence of a considerable number of species of the order Raptores, which, even including the shortest-winged, have great powers of flight, are remarkably enterprising, live to a great age, are migratory, or followers upon birds of passage, or remain in a region so abundantly stocked with pigeon and turtle-dove as Palestine, and affording such variety of ground to hunt their particular prey, abounding as it does in mountain and forest, plain, desert, marsh, river, and sea-coast. SEE NIGHT-HAWK.
Falcons, or the “noble” birds of prey used for hawking, have-for many ages been objects of great interest, and still continue to be imported from distant countries. The Falco communis, or peregrine falcon, is so generally diffused as to occur even in New Holland and South America. As a type of the genus, we may add that it has the two foremost quill-feathers of almost equal length, and that when the wings are closed they nearly reach the end of the tail. On each side of the crooked point of the bill there is an angle or prominent tooth, and from the nostrils backwards a black streak passes beneath the eye and forms a patch on each side of the throat, giving the bird and its congeners a whiskered and menacing aspect. Next we may place Falco Aroeris, the sacred hawk of Egypt, in reality the same as, or a mere variety of the peregrine. Innumerable representations of it occur in Egyptian monuments, in the character of Horhat, or bird of victory; also an emblem of Re, the Sun, and numerous other divinities (Sir J. G. Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, 2nd series). The hobby, Falco subbuteo, is no doubt a second or third species of sacred hawk, having similar whiskers. Both this bird and the tractable merlin, Falco cesalon, are used in the falconry of the inferior Moslem landowners of Asiatic Turkey. Besides these, the kestril, Falco tinnunculus, occurs in Syria, and Falco tinnunculoides, or lesser kestril, in Egypt; and it is probable that both species visit these two territories according to the seasons. To these we may add the gerfalcon, Falco gyrfalco, which is one third larger than the peregrine: it is imported from Tartary, and sold at Constantinople, Aleppo, and Damascus. The great birds fly at antelopes, bustards, cranes, etc.; and of the genus Astur, with shorter wings than true falcons, the goshawk, Falce palumbarius, and the falcon gentil, Falco gentilis, are either imported, or taken in their nests, and used to fly at lower and aquatic game. It is among the above that the seven species of hunting hawks enumerated by Dr.. Russell must be sought; though, from the circumstance that the Arabic names of the birds alone were known to him, it is difficult to assign their scientific denominations. The smaller and less powerful hawks of the genus Nrisus are mostly in use on account of the sport they afford, being less fatiguing, as they are employed to fly at pigeons, partridges, quails, pterocles, katta, and other species of ganga. There are various other raptorial birds, not here enumerated, found in Syria, Arabia, and Egypt. SEE EAGLE; SEE GLEDE; SEE KITE; SEE OSPREY; SEE VULTURE.
The generic character of the Heb. word nets appears from the expression in Deuteronomy and Leviticus “after his kind,” as including various species of the Falconidce, with more especial allusion, perhaps, to the small diurnal birds, such as the kestrel (Falco tinninculus), the hobby (Hypotriorchis subbuteo), the gregarious lesser kestril (Tinnunculus cenchris), common about the ruins in the plain districts of Palestine, all of which were probably known to the ancient Hebrews. With respect to the passage in Job (1. c.), which appears to allude to the migratory habits of hawks, it is curious to observe that of the ten or twelve lesser raptors of Palestine, nearly all are summer migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but T. cenchris, Micronisus gabar, Hyp. eleonorae, and F. mela nopterus, are all migrants from the south. Besides the above-named smaller hawks, the two magnificent species, F. sacer and F. lanarius, are summer visitors to Palestine. These two species of falcons, and perhaps the hobby and goshawk (Astur palumbarius), are employed by the Arabs in Syria and Palestine for the purpose of taking partridges, sand-grouse, quails, herons, gazelles, hares, etc. Dr. Russell (Nat. Hist. of Aleppo 2, 196, 2nd ed.) has given the Arabic names of several falcons, but it is probable that some at least of these names apply rather to the different sexes than to distinct species. See a graphic description of the sport of falconry, as pursued by the Arabs of N. Africa, in the Ibis, 1, 284. No representation of such a sport occurs on the monuments of ancient Egypt (see Wilkinson, Anc. Eg. 1, 221), neither is there any definite allusion to falconry in the Bible.
With regard, however, to the negative evidence supplied by the monuments of Egypt, we must be careful ere we draw a conclusion, for the camel is not represented, though we have Biblical evidence to show that this animal was used by the Egyptians as early as the time of Abraham; still, as instances of various modes of capturing fish, game, and wild animals are not infrequent on the monuments, it seems probable that the art was not known to the Egyptians. Nothing definite can be learnt from the passage in 1Sa_26:20, which speaks of” a partridge hunted on the mountains,” as this may allude to the method of taking these birds by “throw sticks,” etc. SEE PARTRIDGE. The hind or hart “panting after the water-brooks” (Psa_42:1) may appear at first sight to refer to the mode at present adopted in the East of taking gazelles, deer, and bustards with the united aid of falcon and greyhound; but, as Hengstenberg (Comment. on Psalms 1. c.) has argued, it seems pretty clear that the exhaustion spoken of is to be understood as arising, not from pursuit, but from some prevailing drought, as in Psa_63:1, “My soul thirsteth for thee in a dry land.” (See also Joe_1:20.) The poetical version of Brady and Tate,
“As pants the nart for cooling streams When heated in the chase,”
has therefore somewhat prejudged the matter. For the question as to whether falconry was known to the ancient Greeks, see Beckmann, History of Inventions (1, 198-205, Bohn's ed.). SEE FALCON.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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