Ink

VIEW:32 DATA:01-04-2020
INK is mentioned once in OT (Jer_36:18). Exo_32:33 and Num_5:23 are adduced as evidence that the old Hebrew ink (derived from lamp-black [?]) could he washed off. From the bright colours that still survive in some papyri, it is evident that the ink used by the Egyptians must have been of a superior kind. The NT term for ‘ink,’ occurring three times (2Co_3:3, 2Jn_1:12, 3Jn_1:13), is melan (lit. ‘black’). See, further, under Writing.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


Ink. See Writing.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


The ink of the ancients was not so fluid as ours. Demosthenes reproaches AEschines with labouring in the grinding of ink, as painters do in the grinding of their colours. The substance also found in an inkstand at Herculaneum, looks like a thick oil or paint, with which the manuscripts there have been written in a relievo visible in the letters, when you hold a leaf to the light in a horizontal direction. Such vitriolic ink as has been used on the old parchment manuscripts would have corroded the delicate leaves of the papyrus, as it has done the skins of the most ancient manuscripts of Virgil and Terence, in the Vatican library; the letters are sunk into the parchment, and some have eaten quite through it, in consequence of the corrosive acid of the vitriolic ink, with which they were written. The inkhorn is also mentioned in Scripture: “And one man among them was clothed with linen, with a writer's inkhorn by his side,” Eze_9:2.
The eastern mode and apparatus for writing differs so materially from those with which we are conversant, that it is necessary particularly to describe them. D'Arvieux informs us that “the Arabs of the desert, when they want a favour of their emir, get his secretary to write an order agreeable to their desire, as if the favour were granted; this they carry to the prince, who, after having read it, sets his seal to it with ink, if he grants it; if not, he returns the petitioner his paper torn, and dismisses him. These papers are without date, and have only the emir's flourish or cypher at the bottom, signifying the poor, the abject Mohammed, son of Turabeye.”
Pococke says, that “they make the impression of their name with their seal, generally of cornelian, which they wear on their finger, and which is blackened when they have occasion to seal with it.” The custom of placing the ink-horn by the side, Olearius says, continues in the east to this day. Dr. Shaw informs us, that, among the Moors in Barbary, “the hogas, that is, the writers, or secretaries, suspend their inkhorns in their girdles; a custom as old as the Prophet Ezekiel, Eze_9:2.” And in a note he adds, “that part of these inkhorns (if an instrument of brass may be so called) which passes between the girdle and the tunic, and holds their pens, is long and flat; but the vessel for the ink which rests upon the girdle is square, with a lid to clasp over it.” So Mr. Hanway: “The writers carry their ink and pens about them, in a case, which they put under their sash.”
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


ink (דּיו, deyō, from root meaning ?slowly flowing,? BDB, 188; μέλαν, mélan, ?black?): Any fluid substance used with pen or brush to form written characters. In this sense ink is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible (Jer_36:2) and 3 times in the Greek New Testament (2Co_3:3; 2Jo_1:12; 3Jo_1:13), and it is implied in all references to writing on papyrus or on leather. The inference from the ?blotting out? of Exo_32:33 and Num_5:23 that the Hebrew ink was a lamp-black and gum, or some other dry ink, is confirmed by the general usage of antiquity, by the later Jewish prejudice against other inks (OTJC, 71 note) and by a Jewish receipt referring to ink-tablets (Drach, ?Notice sur l'encre des H?breux,? Ann. philos. chr?t., 42, 45, 353). The question is, however, now being put on a wholly new basis by the study of the Elephantine Jewish documents (Meyer, Papyrusfund2, 1912, 15, 21), and above all of the Harvard Ostraca from Samaria which give actual specimens of the ink in Palestine in the time of Ahab (Harvard Theological Review, Jan. 1911, 136-43). It is likely, however, that during the long period of Bible history various inks were used. The official copy of the law in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus was, according to Josephus (Ant., XII, ii, 11), written in gold, and the vermilion and red paints and dyes mentioned in Jer_22:14; Eze_23:14, and The Wisdom of Solomon 13:14 (mı́ltō kaı́ phúkei) were probably used also for writing books or coloring incised inscriptions. See literature under WRITING; especially Krauss, Talmud, Arch. 3 ,148-153; Gardthausen, Greek Palestine, 1911, I, 202-17, and his bibliographical references passim.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Inkhorn
Ink, Inkhorn [WRITING]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


2Co_3:3 (b) As in physical life, ink is used to make impressions upon paper, so in spiritual life, the Holy Spirit is the medium by and through whom impressions are made on human hearts. The ink is in contrast to the Holy Spirit.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Ink
(דְּיוֹ, deyo', so called from its blackness, Jer_36:18; Gr. μέλαν, black, 2Co_3:3; 2Jn_1:12; 3Jn_1:13). The most simple, and hence probably the most ancient mode of preparing ink was a mixture of water with charcoal powdered, or with soot, to which gum was added. The Hebrews made use of different colors for writing, as did also the ancient Egyptians, and some of the books of the former are stated by Josephus to have been written in gold. The mode of writing mentioned in Numbers 5, 23, where it is said that “the priest shall write the curses in a book and blot them out with the bitter water,” was with a kind of ink prepared for the purpose, without any calx of iron or other material that could make a permanent dye; these maledictions were then washed off the parchment into the water, which the woman was obliged to drink: so that she drank the very words of the execration. The ink still used in the East is almost all of this kind; a wet sponge will completely obliterate the finest of their writings. The ancients used several kinds of tinctures as ink; among them that extracted from the cuttle-fish, called in Hebrew תְּכֵֵֶלת, tekeleth.
Their ink was not so fluid as ours. Demosthenes reproaches AEschines with laboring in the grinding of ink, as painters do in the grinding of their colors. The substance found in an inkstand at Herculaneum looks like a thick oil or paint, with which the manuscripts had been written in a sort of relievo, visible in the letters when a leaf is held to the light in a horizontal direction. Such vitriolic ink as has been used on the old parchment manuscripts would have corroded the delicate leaves of the papyrus, as it has done the skins of the most ancient manuscripts of Virgil and Terence in the library of the Vatican;' the letters are sunk into the parchment, and some have eaten quite through it, in consequence of the corrosive acid of the vitriolic ink with which they were written. SEE WRITING.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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