Ituraea
VIEW:39 DATA:01-04-2020
ITURÆA [the name is probably derived from Jetur, who is mentioned in Gen_25:15 and 1Ch_1:31 as a son of Ishmael], with Trachonitis, constituted the tetrarchy of Philip (Luk_3:1). But whether Ituræa is employed by the Evangelist as a noun or an adjective is a disputed point. Ramsay contends (Expositor, Jan., Feb., Apr., 1894) that no Greek writer prior to Eusebius in the 4th cent. a.d. ever uses it as the name of a country. The Ituræans as a people were well known to classical writers. According to Cicero (Philipp. ii. 112), they were a predatory people; according to Cæsar (Bell. Afr. 20), they were skilful archers; according to Strabo (xvi. ii. 10 etc.), they were lawless. They seem to have migrated originally from the desert to the vicinity of Southern Lebanon and Cle-Syria. Both Strabo and Josephus (Ant. XIII. xi. 3) locate them in these parts. The Romans probably caused them to retreat towards the desert again shortly before the Christian era. Lysanias the son of Ptolemy is called by Dio Cassius (xlix. 32) king of the Ituræans. He was put to death by Mark Antony in b.c. 34. Zenodorus his successor died in b.c. 20, whereupon a part of his territory fell into the hands of Herod the Great; and when Herods kingdom was divided, it became the possession of Philip (Jos. [Note: Josephus.] Ant. XV. x. 3). Whether Ituræa and Trachonitis overlapped (as Ramsay thinks), or were two distinct districts (as Strabo), is uncertain; G. A. Smith in his art. Ituræa in Hastings DB [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] is non-committal. The passage in Luke seems to favour a distinct and definite district, which was probably somewhere N.E. of the Sea of Galilee.
George L. Robinson.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
The region N. of Palestine. With Trachonitis Ituraea formed the tetrarchy of Philip (Luk_3:1). Stretching from mount Hermon toward the N.E., i.e. toward Hauran, and from Damascus to northern Bashan. Called from Jetur, Ishmael's son (Gen_25:15-16). The tribe of Manasseh wrested it from the Hagrites (Ishmaelites), Jetur, Nephish, and Nodab, and "increased from Bashan unto Baal Hermon and Senir, and unto mount Hermon"; i.e., they added Ituraea to Bashan, Gaulonitis, and Trachonitis, which they already possessed (1Ch_5:19; 1Ch_5:23). Rome gave Ituraea to Herod the Great, 20 B.C., who bequeathed it to his son Philip. Now Jedur, with 38 towns and villages, of which ten are desolate and the rest very poor. Trachonitis was on its E., Gaulonitis on its S., Hermon on its W., and the Damascus plain on its N. An undulating table land with conical hills; the southern portion watered by streams from Hermon; the N. covered with jagged rocks of basalt seamed by chasms or sunk into pits, the molten lava having become fissured in cooling.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Iturae'a. (land of Jether). A small province on the northwestern border of Palestine, lying along the base of Mount Hermon, only mentioned in Luk_3:1. Jetur, the son of Ishmael, gave his name, like the rest of his brethren, to the little province he colonized. Gen_25:15-16.
It adjoined Trachonitis, and lay along the base of Libanus between Tiberias and Damascus. At the place indicated is situated the modern province of Jedur, which is the Arabic form of the Hebrew Jetur.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
so called from Itur, or Jetur, one of the sons of Ishmael, who settled in it, but whose posterity were either driven out or subdued by the Amorites; when it is supposed to have formed a part of the kingdom of Bashan, and subsequently of the half tribe of Manasseh east of Jordan; but as it was situated beyond the southern spur of Mount Hermon, called the Djebel Heish, this is doubtful. It lay on the north-eastern side of the land of Israel, between it and the territory of Damascus, or Syria; and is supposed to have been the same country at present known by the name of Dje-dour, on the east of the Djebel Heish, between Damascus and the lake of Tiberias. The Ituraeans being subdued by Aristobulus, the high priest and governor of the Jews, B.C. 106, were forced by him to embrace the Jewish religion; and were at the same time incorporated into the state. Philip, one of the sons of Herod the Great, was tetrarch, or governor, of this country when John the Baptist commenced his ministry.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
it-ū̇-rē?a (Ἰτουραία, Itouraı́a):
1. The Word an Adjective
The term occurs only once in Scripture, in the definition of Philip's territory: tḗs Itouraı́as kai Trachonı́tidos chō̇ras, which the King James Version renders: ?of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis,? and Revised Version: ?the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis? (Luk_3:1). Sir W.M. Ramsay has given reasons for the belief that this word was certainly never used as a noun by any writer before the time of Eusebius (Expos, 1894, IX, 51ff, 143ff, 288ff). It must be taken as an adjective indicating the country occupied by the Itureans.
2. The Itureans
The descent of the Itureans must probably be traced to Jetur, son of Ishmael (Gen_25:15), whose progeny were clearly numbered among the Arabian nomads. According to Eupolemus (circa 150 bc), quoted by Eusebius (Praep. Evang. IX, 30), they were associated with the Nabateans, Moabites and Ammonites against whom David warred on the east of the Jordan. They are often mentioned by Latin writers; their skill in archery seems greatly to have impressed the Romans. They were skillful archers (Caesar, Bell. Afr. 20); a lawless (Strabo, xvi.2, 10) and predatory people (Cicero, Philipp. ii.112). In the Latin inscriptions Iturean soldiers have Syrian names (HJP, I, ii, 326). They would therefore be the most northerly of the confederates opposed to David (supra), and their country may naturally be sought in the neighborhood of Mt. Hermon.
3. Indications of Their Territory
There is nothing to show when they moved from the desert to this district. Aristobulus made war against the Itureans, compelled many of them to be circumcised, and added a great part of their territory to Judea, 140 bc (Ant., XIII, xi, 3). Dio Cassius calls Lysanias ?king of the Itureans? (xlix.32), and from him Zenodorus leased land which included Ulatha and Paneas, 25 bc. The capital of Lysanias was Chalcis, and he ruled over the land from Damascus to the sea. Josephus speaks of Soemus as a tetrarch in Lebanon (Vita, 11); while Tacitus calls him governor of the Itureans (Ann. xii.23). The country of Zenodorus, lying between Trachonitis and Galilee, and including Paneas and Ulatha, Augustus bestowed on Herod, 20 bc (Ant., XV, x, 3). In defining the tetrarchy of Philip, Josephus names Batanea, Trachonitis and Auranitis, but says nothing of the Itureans (Ant., XVII, xi, 4; BJ, II, vi, 3). Paneas and Ulatha were doubtless included, and this may have been Iturean territory (HJP, I, ii, 333). It seems probable, therefore, that the Itureans dwelt mainly in the mountains, and in the broad valley of Coele-Syria; but they may also have occupied the district to the Southeast of Hermon, the modern Jēdūr. It is not possible to define more closely the Iturean country; indeed it is not clear whether Luke intended to indicate two separate parts of the dominion of Philip, or used names which to some extent overlapped.
It has been suggested that the name Jēdūr may be derived from the Hebrew יטוּר, yeṭūr, and so be equivalent to Ituraea. But the derivation is impossible.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Itur??a, a district in the north-east of Palestine, forming the tetrarchy of Philip. The name is supposed to have originated with Itur, or Jetur, one of Ishmael's sons (1Ch_1:31). In 1Ch_5:19 this name is given as that of a tribe or nation with which Reuben (beyond the Jordan) warred; and from its being joined with the names of other of Ishmael's sons it is evident that a tribe descended from his son Jetur is intimated.
During the Exile this and other border countries were taken possession of by various tribes, whom, although they are called after the original names, as occupants of the countries which had received those names, we are not bound to regard as descendants of the original possessors. These new Itur?ans were eventually subdued by King Aristobulus (B.C. 100); by whom they were constrained to embrace the Jewish religion, and were at the same time incorporated with the state. Nevertheless the Itur?ans were still recognizable as a distinct people in the time of Pliny. As already intimated, Herod the Great, in dividing his dominions among his sons, bequeathed Itur?a to Philip as part of a tetrarchy composed, according to Luke, of Trachonitis and Itur?a. The name is so loosely applied by ancient writers, that it is difficult to fix its boundaries with precision. Perhaps it may suffice for general purposes to describe it as a district of indeterminate extent, traversed by a line drawn from the Lake of Tiberias to Damascus. The present Jedur probably comprehends the whole or greater part of the proper Ituraea. This is described by Burckhardt as 'lying south of Jebelkessoue, east of Jebel es-Sheik (Mount Hermon), and west of the Hadj road.' He adds, that it now contains only twenty inhabited villages. By the help of these lights we may discover that Itur?a was a plain country, about thirty miles long from north to south, and twenty-four from east to west, having on the north Abilene and the Damascene district; on the south Auranitis and part of Bashan; on the east the stony region of Trachonitis; and on the west the hill country of Bashan.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
George L. Robinson.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
The region N. of Palestine. With Trachonitis Ituraea formed the tetrarchy of Philip (Luk_3:1). Stretching from mount Hermon toward the N.E., i.e. toward Hauran, and from Damascus to northern Bashan. Called from Jetur, Ishmael's son (Gen_25:15-16). The tribe of Manasseh wrested it from the Hagrites (Ishmaelites), Jetur, Nephish, and Nodab, and "increased from Bashan unto Baal Hermon and Senir, and unto mount Hermon"; i.e., they added Ituraea to Bashan, Gaulonitis, and Trachonitis, which they already possessed (1Ch_5:19; 1Ch_5:23). Rome gave Ituraea to Herod the Great, 20 B.C., who bequeathed it to his son Philip. Now Jedur, with 38 towns and villages, of which ten are desolate and the rest very poor. Trachonitis was on its E., Gaulonitis on its S., Hermon on its W., and the Damascus plain on its N. An undulating table land with conical hills; the southern portion watered by streams from Hermon; the N. covered with jagged rocks of basalt seamed by chasms or sunk into pits, the molten lava having become fissured in cooling.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Iturae'a. (land of Jether). A small province on the northwestern border of Palestine, lying along the base of Mount Hermon, only mentioned in Luk_3:1. Jetur, the son of Ishmael, gave his name, like the rest of his brethren, to the little province he colonized. Gen_25:15-16.
It adjoined Trachonitis, and lay along the base of Libanus between Tiberias and Damascus. At the place indicated is situated the modern province of Jedur, which is the Arabic form of the Hebrew Jetur.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
so called from Itur, or Jetur, one of the sons of Ishmael, who settled in it, but whose posterity were either driven out or subdued by the Amorites; when it is supposed to have formed a part of the kingdom of Bashan, and subsequently of the half tribe of Manasseh east of Jordan; but as it was situated beyond the southern spur of Mount Hermon, called the Djebel Heish, this is doubtful. It lay on the north-eastern side of the land of Israel, between it and the territory of Damascus, or Syria; and is supposed to have been the same country at present known by the name of Dje-dour, on the east of the Djebel Heish, between Damascus and the lake of Tiberias. The Ituraeans being subdued by Aristobulus, the high priest and governor of the Jews, B.C. 106, were forced by him to embrace the Jewish religion; and were at the same time incorporated into the state. Philip, one of the sons of Herod the Great, was tetrarch, or governor, of this country when John the Baptist commenced his ministry.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.
it-ū̇-rē?a (Ἰτουραία, Itouraı́a):
1. The Word an Adjective
The term occurs only once in Scripture, in the definition of Philip's territory: tḗs Itouraı́as kai Trachonı́tidos chō̇ras, which the King James Version renders: ?of Ituraea and of the region of Trachonitis,? and Revised Version: ?the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis? (Luk_3:1). Sir W.M. Ramsay has given reasons for the belief that this word was certainly never used as a noun by any writer before the time of Eusebius (Expos, 1894, IX, 51ff, 143ff, 288ff). It must be taken as an adjective indicating the country occupied by the Itureans.
2. The Itureans
The descent of the Itureans must probably be traced to Jetur, son of Ishmael (Gen_25:15), whose progeny were clearly numbered among the Arabian nomads. According to Eupolemus (circa 150 bc), quoted by Eusebius (Praep. Evang. IX, 30), they were associated with the Nabateans, Moabites and Ammonites against whom David warred on the east of the Jordan. They are often mentioned by Latin writers; their skill in archery seems greatly to have impressed the Romans. They were skillful archers (Caesar, Bell. Afr. 20); a lawless (Strabo, xvi.2, 10) and predatory people (Cicero, Philipp. ii.112). In the Latin inscriptions Iturean soldiers have Syrian names (HJP, I, ii, 326). They would therefore be the most northerly of the confederates opposed to David (supra), and their country may naturally be sought in the neighborhood of Mt. Hermon.
3. Indications of Their Territory
There is nothing to show when they moved from the desert to this district. Aristobulus made war against the Itureans, compelled many of them to be circumcised, and added a great part of their territory to Judea, 140 bc (Ant., XIII, xi, 3). Dio Cassius calls Lysanias ?king of the Itureans? (xlix.32), and from him Zenodorus leased land which included Ulatha and Paneas, 25 bc. The capital of Lysanias was Chalcis, and he ruled over the land from Damascus to the sea. Josephus speaks of Soemus as a tetrarch in Lebanon (Vita, 11); while Tacitus calls him governor of the Itureans (Ann. xii.23). The country of Zenodorus, lying between Trachonitis and Galilee, and including Paneas and Ulatha, Augustus bestowed on Herod, 20 bc (Ant., XV, x, 3). In defining the tetrarchy of Philip, Josephus names Batanea, Trachonitis and Auranitis, but says nothing of the Itureans (Ant., XVII, xi, 4; BJ, II, vi, 3). Paneas and Ulatha were doubtless included, and this may have been Iturean territory (HJP, I, ii, 333). It seems probable, therefore, that the Itureans dwelt mainly in the mountains, and in the broad valley of Coele-Syria; but they may also have occupied the district to the Southeast of Hermon, the modern Jēdūr. It is not possible to define more closely the Iturean country; indeed it is not clear whether Luke intended to indicate two separate parts of the dominion of Philip, or used names which to some extent overlapped.
It has been suggested that the name Jēdūr may be derived from the Hebrew יטוּר, yeṭūr, and so be equivalent to Ituraea. But the derivation is impossible.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Itur??a, a district in the north-east of Palestine, forming the tetrarchy of Philip. The name is supposed to have originated with Itur, or Jetur, one of Ishmael's sons (1Ch_1:31). In 1Ch_5:19 this name is given as that of a tribe or nation with which Reuben (beyond the Jordan) warred; and from its being joined with the names of other of Ishmael's sons it is evident that a tribe descended from his son Jetur is intimated.
During the Exile this and other border countries were taken possession of by various tribes, whom, although they are called after the original names, as occupants of the countries which had received those names, we are not bound to regard as descendants of the original possessors. These new Itur?ans were eventually subdued by King Aristobulus (B.C. 100); by whom they were constrained to embrace the Jewish religion, and were at the same time incorporated with the state. Nevertheless the Itur?ans were still recognizable as a distinct people in the time of Pliny. As already intimated, Herod the Great, in dividing his dominions among his sons, bequeathed Itur?a to Philip as part of a tetrarchy composed, according to Luke, of Trachonitis and Itur?a. The name is so loosely applied by ancient writers, that it is difficult to fix its boundaries with precision. Perhaps it may suffice for general purposes to describe it as a district of indeterminate extent, traversed by a line drawn from the Lake of Tiberias to Damascus. The present Jedur probably comprehends the whole or greater part of the proper Ituraea. This is described by Burckhardt as 'lying south of Jebelkessoue, east of Jebel es-Sheik (Mount Hermon), and west of the Hadj road.' He adds, that it now contains only twenty inhabited villages. By the help of these lights we may discover that Itur?a was a plain country, about thirty miles long from north to south, and twenty-four from east to west, having on the north Abilene and the Damascene district; on the south Auranitis and part of Bashan; on the east the stony region of Trachonitis; and on the west the hill country of Bashan.
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
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