Jesse

VIEW:41 DATA:01-04-2020
gift; oblation; one who is
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary


JESSE (more correctly Jishai, cf., as regards formation, Ittai; perhaps an abbreviated form; the meaning of the name is quite uncertain).—A Bethlehemite, best known as the father of David. The earliest historical mention of him (1Sa_17:12; see David, § 1) represents him as already an old man. On this occasion he sends David to the Israelite camp with provisions for his brothers; this was destined to be a long separation between Jesse and his son, for after David’s victory over the Philistine giant he entered definitely into Saul’s service. There are two other accounts, each of which purports to mention Jesse for the first time: 1Sa_16:1 ff., in which Samuel is sent to Bethlehem to anoint David; and 1Sa_16:18, in which Jesse’s son is sent for to play the harp before Saul. Nothing further is heard of Jesse until we read of him and his ‘house’ coming to David in the ‘cave’ of Adullam; David then brings his father and mother to Mizpeh of Moab, and entrusts them to the care of the king of Moab (1Sa_22:3-4). This is the last we hear of him. In Isa_11:1 the ‘stock of Jesse’ is mentioned as that from which the Messiah is to issue; the thought probably being that of the humble descent of the Messiah as contrasted with His glorious Kingdom which is to be.
W. O. E. Oesterley.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


Obed's son, father of David; sprung from the Moabitess Ruth and the Canaanite Rahab of Jericho; and from Nahshon, at the Exodus chief of Judah, and so from the great house of Pharez, through Hezron. His designation "the Ephrathite of Bethlehem Judah" (1Sa_17:12) implies that he was of a very old family in the place. He was elderly and had eight sons when we first read of him. The Targum on 2Sa_21:19 makes him a weaver of veils for the sanctuary. (On his removal to Moab in David's flight from Saul see DAVID, also see ABIGAIL on Jesse's connection with her and Joab, Abishai and Asahel, and Zeruiah.) His own name is immortalized, probably because of his faith in the coming Messiah, "the rod out of the stem (stump) of Jesse" even long after David had eclipsed him (Isa_11:1; Isa_11:10), expressing the depressed state of David's royal line when Messiah was to be born of it (Luke 2).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Jes'se. (wealthy). The father of David, was the son of Obed, who again, was the fruit of the union of Boaz, and the Moabitess Ruth. His great-grandmother was Rahab, the Canaanite, of Jericho. Mat_1:5. Jesse's genealogy is twice given in full, in the Old Testament, namely, Rth_4:18-22, and 1Ch_2:5-12.
He is commonly designated as "Jesse, the Bethlehemite," 1Sa_16:1; 1Sa_16:18; 1Sa_17:58, but his full title is "the Ephrathite, of Bethlehem Judah." 1Sa_17:12. He is an "old man" when we first meet with him, 1Sa_17:12, with eight sons, 1Sa_16:10; 1Sa_17:12, residing at Bethlehem. 1Sa_16:4-5.
Jesse's wealth seems to have consisted of a flock of sheep and goats, which were under the care of David. 1Sa_16:11; 1Sa_17:34-35. After David's rupture with Saul, he took his father and his mother into the country of Moab, and deposited them with the king, and there they disappear from our view, in the records of Scripture. (B.C. 1068-61). Who the wife of Jesse was, we are not told.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


See DAVID and See RUTH.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


jes?ḗ (ישׁי, yishay, meaning doubtful; according to Gesenius it = ?wealthy?; Olshausen, Gram., sections 277 f, conjectures ישׁיה, yēsh yāh, ?Yahweh exists?; Wellhausen (1Sa_14:49) explains it as אבישׁי, 'ǎbhı̄shay (see ABISHAI); Ἰεσσαί, Iessaı́; Rth_4:17, Rth_4:22; 1 Sam 16; 17; 20; 22; 1Sa_25:10; 2Sa_20:1; 2Sa_23:1; 1Ki_12:16; 1Ch_10:14; 1Ch_12:18; Psa_72:20; Isa_11:1, Isa_11:10 ( = Rom_15:12)); Mat_1:5, Mat_1:6; Act_13:22): Son of Obed, grandson of Boaz, and father of King David. The grouping of the references to Jesse in 1 Sam is bound up with that of the grouping of the whole narrative of David and Saul. See SAMUEL, BOOKS OF. There seem to be three main veins in the narrative, so far as Jesse is concerned.
(1) In 1Sa_16:1-13, where Jesse is called the Bethlehemite. Samuel is sent to seek among Jesse's sons successor to Saul.
Both Samuel and Jesse fail to discern at first Yahweh's choice, Samuel thinking that it would be the eldest son (1Sa_16:6), while Jesse had not thought it worth while to call the youngest to the feast (1Sa_16:11).
(2) (a) In 1Sa_16:14-23, Saul is mentally disturbed, and is advised to get a harpist. David ?the son of Jesse the Bethlehemite? is recommended by a courtier, and Saul sends to Jesse for David.
?And Jesse took ten loaves (so emend and translate, and not as the Revised Version (British and American), ?an ass laden with bread?), and a (skin) bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them? to Saul as a present with David, who becomes a courtier of Saul's with his father's consent.
(b) The next mention of Jesse is in three contemptuous references by Saul to David as ?the son of Jesse? in 1Sa_20:27, 1Sa_20:30, 1Sa_20:31, part of the quarrel-scene between Saul and Jonathan. (But it is not quite certain if 1 Sam 20 belongs to the same source as 1Sa_16:14-23.) In answer to the first reference, Jonathan calls his friend ?David,? and Saul repeats the phrase ?the son of Jesse,? abusing Jonathan personally (1Sa_20:30, where the meaning is uncertain). The reference to David as ?the son of Jesse? here and in the following verse is contemptuous, not because of any reproach that might attach itself to Jesse, but, as Budde remarks, because ?an upstart is always contemptuously referred to under his father's name? in courts and society. History repeats itself!
(c) Further references of a like kind are in the passage, 1 Sam 22:6-23, namely, in 1Sa_22:7, 1Sa_22:8, 1Sa_22:13 by Saul, and repeated by Doeg in 1Sa_22:9.
(d) The final one of this group is in 1Sa_25:10, where Nabal sarcastically asks ?Who is David ? and who is the son of Jesse??
(3) The parts of 1 Sam 17 through 18:5 which are omitted by Septuagint B, i.e. 17:12-31, 1Sa_17:41, 1Sa_17:48, 1Sa_17:50, 55 through 18:6a. Here Jesse is mentioned as ?an Ephrathite of Beth-lehem-judah? (1Sa_17:12, not ?that? Ephrathite, which is a grammatically impossible translation of the Massoretic Text), Ephrath or Ephrathah being another name for Bethlehem, or rather for the district. He is further said to have eight sons (1Sa_17:12), of whom the three eldest had followed Saul to the war (1Sa_17:13).
Jesse sends David, the shepherd, to his brothers with provisions (1Sa_17:17). Afterward David, on being brought to Saul and asked who he is, answers, ?I am the son of thy servant Jesse the Bethlehemite? (1Sa_17:58). Jesse is also described (1Sa_17:12) as being ?in the days of Saul an old man, advanced in years? (so emend and translate, not as the Revised Version (British and American), ?stricken in years among men?). The mention of his having 8 sons in 1Sa_17:12 is not in agreement with 1Ch_2:13-15, which gives only 7 sons with two sisters, but where Syriac gives 8, adding, from 1Ch_27:18, Elihu which Massoretic Text has there probably by corruption (Curtis, Chronicles, 88). 1Sa_16:10 should be translated? and Jesse made his 7 sons to pass before Samuel? (not as the Revised Version (British and American), the King James Version, ?seven of his sons?). Budde (Kurz. Hand-Komm., ?Samuel,? 114) holds 1Sa_16:1-13 to be a late Midrash, and (ibid., 123 f) omits (a) ?that? in 1Sa_17:12; (b) also ?and he had 8 sons? as due to a wrong inference from 1Sa_16:10; (c) the names of the 3 eldest in 1Sa_17:13; (d) 1Sa_17:14; he then changes 1Sa_17:15, and reads thus: (12) ?Now David was the son of an Ephrathite of Bethlehem-Judah, whose name was Jesse who was...(years) old at the time of Saul. (13) And the 3 eldest sons of Jesse had marched with Saul to the war, (14) and David was the youngest, (15) and David had remained to feed his father's sheep at Bethlehem. (16) Now the Philistines came,? etc.
According to all these narratives in 1 Samuel, whether all 3 be entirely independent of one another or not, Jesse had land in Bethlehem, probably outside the town wall, like Boaz (see BOAZ) his grandfather (Rth_4:17). In 1Sa_22:3, 1Sa_22:4 David entrusts his father and mother to the care of the king of Moab, but from 1Sa_20:29 some have inferred that Jesse was dead (although most critics assign 1Sa_22:3 at any rate to the same stratum as chapter 20).
Jonathan tells Saul that David wanted to attend a family sacrificial feast at Bethlehem (1Sa_20:29). Massoretic Text reads, ?And he, my brother, has commanded me,? whereas we should probably read with Septuagint, ?and my brethren have commanded me,? i.e. the members of the clan, as we have farther on in the verse, ?Let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren.? As to Jesse's daughters, see ABIGAIL; NAHASH.
(4) Of the other references to Jesse, the most noteworthy is that in Isa_11:1 : ?There shall come forth a shoot out of the stock of Jesse, and a branch out of his roots shall bear fruit,? i.e. out of Jesse's roots (compare Rev_5:5). ?Why Jesse and not David?? asks Duhm; and he answers, ?Because the Messiah will be a second David, rather than a descendant of David.? Marti explains it to mean that he will be, not from David, but from a collateral line of descent. Duhm's explanation suggests a parallelism between David and Christ, of whom the former may be treated as a type similar to Aaron and Melchizedek in He. Saul might pour contempt upon ?the son of Jesse,? but Isaiah has given Jesse here a name above all Hebrew names, and thus does Providence mock ?society.? See also ROOT OF JESSE.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Jes?se (firm), a descendant of Obed, the son of Boaz and Ruth. He was the father of eight sons from the youngest of whom, David, is reflected all the distinction which belongs to the name. He seems to have been a person of some note and substance at Bethlehem, his property being chiefly in sheep. It would seem, from 1Sa_16:10, that he must have been aware of the high destinies which awaited his son; but it is doubtful if he ever lived to see them realized. The last historical mention of Jesse is in relation to the asylum which David procured for him with the king of Moab (1Sa_22:3).
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Jesse
(Heb. Yishay', יַשִׁי, perhaps firm, otherwise living; once אַשִׁי, Ishay', either by prosthesis, or manly, 1Ch_2:13; Sept. and N.T. Ι᾿εσσαί; Josephus ῾Ιεσσαῖος, Ant. 6, 8, 1), a son (or descendant) of Obed, the son of Boaz and Ruth (Rth_4:17; Rth_4:22; Mat_1:5-6; Luk_3:32; 1Ch_2:12). He was the father of eight sons (1Sa_17:12), from the youngest of whom, David, is reflected all the distinction which belongs to the name, although the latter, as being of humble birth, was often reproached by his enemies with this parentage (1Sa_20:27; 1Sa_20:30-31; 1Sa_22:7-8; 1Sa_25:10; 2Sa_20:1; 1Ki_12:16; 2Ch_10:16). “Stem of Jesse” is used poetically for the family of David (Isa_11:1), and “Root [ i.e. root-shoot, or sprout from the stump, i.q. scion] of “Jesse” for the Messiah (Isa_11:10; Rev_5:5; comp. Rev_22:16). He seems to have been a person of some note and substance at Bethlehem, his property being chiefly in sheep (1Sa_16:1; 1Sa_16:11; 1Sa_17:20; comp. Psa_78:71). It would seem from 1Sa_16:10, that he must have been aware of the high destinies which awaited his son, but it is doubtful if he ever lived to see them realized (see 1Sa_17:12). The last historical mention of Jesse is in relation to the asylum which David procured for him with the king of Moab (1Sa_22:3). B.C. cir. 1068-1061. SEE DAVID.
“According to an ancient Jewish tradition, recorded in the Targum on 2Sa_21:19, Jesse was a weaver of the vails of the sanctuary; but as there is no contradiction, so there is no corroboration of this in the Bible, and it is possible that it was suggested by the occurrence of the word oregim, ‘weavers,' in connection with a member of his family. SEE JAARE- OREGIM. Who the wife of Jesse was we are not told. The family contained, in addition to the sons, two female members — Zeruiah and Abigail; but it is uncertain whether these were Jesse's daughters, for, though they are called the sisters of his sons (1Ch_2:16), yet Abigail is said to have been the daughter of Nahash (2Sa_17:25). Of this, two explanations have been proposed.
(1.) The Jewish: that Nahash was another name for Jesse (Jerome, Quoest. Hebr. on 2Sa_17:25, and the Targum on Rth_4:22).
(2.) Prof. Stanley's: that Jesse's wife had formerly been wife or concubine to Nahash, possibly the king of the Ammonites (Jewish Church, 2, 5, 51).” SEE NAHASH.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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