Kadesh

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Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary


KADESH or KADESH-BARNEA was a place of note in olden time (Gen_14:7; Gen_16:14). This it could not have been without a supply of water. The Israelites may therefore have expected to find water here, and finding none—a peculiarly exasperating experience—were naturally embittered. The flow of the spring, by whatever means it had been obstructed, was restored by Moses, under Divine direction (Num_20:2 ff.), and for a long time it was the centre of the tribal encampments (Num_20:1, Deu_1:46). It was the scene of Korah’s rebellion (Num_16:1-50), and of Miriam’s death (Num_20:1). The spies were sent hence (Num_32:8, Deu_1:20 ff.,) and returned hither (Num_13:26). Before moving from here, the embassy was despatched to the king of Edom (Num_20:14 ff., Jdg_11:16).
Kadesh-barnea lay on the south boundary of the Amorite highlands (Deu_1:18), ‘in the uttermost border’ of Edom (Num_20:6). The conquest of Joshua reached thus far (Jos_10:41): It was therefore on the line, running from the Ascent of Akrabbim to the Brook of Egypt, which marked the southern frontier of Canaan (Num_34:4, Jos_15:3). In Gen_20:1 it is placed east of Gerar; and in Eze_47:19; Eze_48:28 between Tamar and the Brook of Egypt. All this points definitely to the place discovered by the Rev. J. Rowlands in 1842. The ancient name persists in the modern ‘Ain Qadîs, ‘holy spring.’ An abundant stream rises at the foot of a limestone cliff. Caught by the wells and pools made for its reception, it creates in its brief course, ere it is absorbed by the desert, a stretch of greenery and beauty amid the waste. From the high grazing grounds far and near, the flocks and herds come hither for the watering. The place was visited again by Dr. H. Clay Trumbull, whose book, Kadesh Barnea (1884), contains a full account of the spring and its surroundings. It lies in the territory of the ‘Azâzine Arabs, about 50 miles south of Beersheba, to the south-west of Naqb es-Safâh—a pass opening towards Palestine from Wâdy el-Fiqra, which may he the Ascent of Akrabbim—and east of Wâdy Jerûr. The name ‘En-mishpat, ‘Fountain of Judgment’ (Gen_14:7), was doubtless due to the custom of coming here for the authoritative settlement of disputes (Driver, Genesis, ad loc).
For Kadesh on the Orontes see Tahtim-hodshi.
W. Ewing.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909

Ka'desh. See Kadeshbarnea.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863

kā?desh (קדשׁ, ḳādhēsh; Καδής, Kadḗs, Psa_29:8; Judith 1:9). See KADESH-BARNEA.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.

Ka?desh or Kadesh-barnea, a site on the south-eastern border of the Promised Land towards Edom, of much interest as being the point at which the Israelites twice encamped with the intention of entering Palestine, and from which they were twice sent back; the first time in pursuance of their sentence to wander forty years in the wilderness, and the second time from the refusal of the King of Edom to permit a passage through his territories. It was from Kadesh that the spies entered Palestine by ascending the mountains; and the murmuring Israelites, afterwards attempting to do the same, were driven back by the Amalekites and Canaanites, and afterwards apparently by the King of Arad, as far as Hormah, then called Zephath (Num_13:17; Num_14:40-45; Num_21:1-3; Deu_1:41-44; comp. Jdg_1:7). There was also at Kadesh a fountain (En-mishpat) mentioned long before the exode of the Israelites (Gen_14:7); and the miraculous supply of water took place only on the second visit, which implies that at the first there was no lack of this necessary article. After this, Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom, informing him that they were in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost part of his border, and asking leave to pass through his country, so as to continue their course round Moab, and approach Palestine from the east. This Edom refused, and the Israelites accordingly marched to Mount Hor, where Aaron died; and then along the Arabah (desert of Zin) to the Red Sea (Num_20:14-29). The name of Kadesh again occurs in describing the southern quarter of Judah, the line defining which is drawn 'from the shore of the Salt Sea, from the bay that looked southward; and it went out to the south side of Akrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the south side to Kadesh-barnea' (Jos_15:1-3; comp. Num_34:3-4).
From these intimations the map-makers, who found it difficult to reconcile them with the place usually assigned to Kadesh (in the desert about midway between the Mediterranean and Dead Sea), were in the habit of placing a second Kadesh nearer the Dead Sea and the Wady Arabah. But it was shown by Dr. Kitto in the Pictorial Bible (Note on Num_20:1) that one Kadesh would sufficiently answer all the conditions required, by being placed more to the south, nearer to Mount Hor, on the west border of the Wady Arabah, than this second Kadesh.
According to this view Kadesh was laid down in his map in the same line, and not far from the place which has since been assigned to it from actual observation by Dr. Robinson. This concurrence of different lines of research in the same result is curious and valuable, and the position of Kadesh will be regarded as now scarcely open to dispute. It was clear that the discovery of the fountain in the northern part of the great valley would go far to fix the question. Robinson accordingly discovered a fountain called Ain el-Weibeh, which is even at this day the most frequented watering-place in all the Arabah, and he was struck by the entire adaptedness of the site to the Scriptural account of the proceedings of the Israelites on their second arrival at Kadesh. 'Over against us lay the land of Edom; we were in its uttermost border; and the great Wady el-Ghuweir afforded a direct and easy passage through the mountains to the table-land above, which was directly before us; while further in the south Mount Hor formed a prominent and striking object, at the distance of two good days' journey for such a host' (Bib. Researches, ii. 538). Further on (p. 610) he adds: 'There the Israelites would have Mount Hor in the S.S.E. towering directly before them? in the N.W. rises the mountain by which they attempted to ascend to Palestine, with the pass still called Sufah (Zephath); while further north we find also Tell Arad, marking the site of the ancient Arad. To all this comes then the vicinity of the southern bay of the Dead Sea, the line of cliffs or offset separating the Gh?r from the Arabah, answering to the ascent of Akrabbim; and the desert of Zin, with the place of the same name between Akrabbim and Kadesh, not improbably at the water of Hasb, in the Arabah. In this way all becomes easy and natural, and the Scriptural account is entirely accordant with the character of the country.'




The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.

Kadesh
(Heb. Kadesh', קָדֵשׁ, holy, perhaps as being the site of some ancient oracle [compare the early equivalent name "fount of judgment"], Gen_14:7; Gen_16:14; Gen_20:1; Num_13:26; Num_20:1; Num_20:14; Num_20:16; Num_20:22; Num_27:14; Num_33:36-37; Deu_1:46; Deu_32:51; Jdg_11:16-17; Psa_29:8; Eze_47:19; Eze_48:28; Sept. Κάδης, but in Eze_47:19, Καδής v. r. Καδήμ) or, more fully, KADESH-BARNEA (Hebrew Kadesh'-Barne'i, קָדֵשׁ בִּרְנע —, the latter portion of the name being regarded by Simonis, Lex. s.v., as compounded of בִּר, open country, and נֵעִ,'wandering; Num_32:8; Num_24:4; Deu_1:2; Deu_1:19; Deu_2:14; Deu_9:23; Jos_10:41; Jos_14:6-7; Jos_15:3; Sept. Κάδης [τοῦ] Βαρνή), a site on the south-eastern border of the Promised Land, towards Edom, of such interest as being the point at which the Israelites twice encamped (their nineteenth and thirty-seventh stations) with the intention of entering Palestine, and from which they were. twice sent back the first time in pursuance of their sentence to wander forty years in the wilderness, and the second time from the refusal of the king of Edom to permit a passage through his territories. It is probable that the term "Kadesh," though applied to signify a "city," yet had also a wider application to a region, in which Kadesh-meribah certainly, and Kadesh- barnea probably, indicate a precise spot. Thus Kadesh appears as a limit eastward of the same tract which was limited westward by Shur (Gen_20:1). Shur is possibly the same as Sihor, "which is before Egypt" (Gen_25:18; Jos_13:3; Jer_2:18), and was the first portion of the wilderness on which the people emerged from the passage of the Red Sea. SEE SHUR.
"Between Kadesh and Bered" is another indication of the site of Kadesh as an eastern limit (Gen_16:14), for the point so fixed is " the fountain on the way to Shur" (v, 7), and the range of limits is narrowed by selecting the western one not so far to the west, while the eastern one, Kadesh, is unchanged. Again, we have Kadesh as the point to which the foray of Chedorlaomer " returned"-a word which does not imply that they had previously visited it, but that it lay in the direction, as viewed from Mount Seir and Paran, mentioned next before it, which was that of the point from which Chedorlaomer had come, viz. the north. Chedorlaomer, it seems, coming down by the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, smote the Zuzims (Ammon, Gen_14:5; Deu_2:20), and the Emims (Moab, Deu_2:11), and the Horites in Mount Seir, to the south of that sea, unto "El-Paran that is by the wilderness." He drove these Horites over the Arabah into the Et-Tih region. Then "returned," i.e. went northward to Kadesh and Hazezon Tamar, or Engedi (comp. Gen_14:7; 2Ch_20:2).
It was from Kadesh that the spies entered Palestine by ascending the mountains: and the murmuring Israelites, afterwards attempting to do the same, were driven back by the Amalekites and Canaanites, and afterwards apparently by the king of Arad, as far as Hormah, then called Zephath (Num_13:17; Num_14:40-45; Num_21:1-3; Deu_1:41-44; compare Jdg_1:7). There was also at Kadesh a fountain (EN-MISHPAT) mentioned long before the exode of the Israelites (Gen_14:7); and the miraculous supply of water took place only on the second visit, which implies that at the first there was no lack of this necessary article. In memory of the murmurs of the Israelites, this fountain afterwards bore the name of "the Waters of MERIBAH" (Deu_32:51). The adjacent desert was called the "Wilderness of Kadesh" (Psa_29:8). On the second visit to this place Miriam died there, and Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom, informing him that they were in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost part of his border, and asking leave to pass through his country, so as to continue their course round Moab, and approach Palestine from the east. This Edom refused, and the Israelites accordingly marched to Mount Hor, where Aaron died; and then along the Arabah (desert of Zin) to the Red Sea (Num_20:14-29). The name of Kadesh again occurs in describing the southern quarter of Judah, the line defining which is drawn "from the shore of the Salt Sea, from the bay that looked southward; and it went out to the south side of Akrabbim, and passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the south side to Kadesh-barnea" (Jos_15:1-3; compare Num_34:3-4). In Gen_14:7 Kadesh is connected with Tamar, or Hazezon Tamar, just as we find these two in the comparativcly late book of Ezekiel, as designed to mark the southern border of Judah, drawn through them and terminating seaward at the "river to," or "towards the great sea" (Eze_47:19; Eze_48:28). There is one objection to this view. The Kadesh from which the spies were sent was in the wilderness of Paran (Num_13:26); Kadesh-barnea was in the wilderness of Zin (20:1). This is easily removed. Paran was the general name for the whole desert west of the Arabah, extending from Palestine to Sinai (Gen_21:21; Num_10:12; Num_12:16; 1Sa_25:1). It even seems to have included the Arabah, reaching to the very base of Mount Seir (Gen_14:6). Zin was a specific name for that part of the Arabah which bordered on Edom and Palestine (Num_13:21; Num_34:3-4; Jos_15:1-3). If Kadesh was situated on the western side of the Arabah, then it might be reckoned either to Paran or to Zin; or, if we agree with Keil, Delitzsch, and others (Keil on Joshua x), that Paran was the general name for the whole, and Zin the specific name of a portion, the objection is removed at once.-Kitto; Smith. SEE KEDESH, 1.
To meet these various indications, two places by the name of Kadesh, were formerly supposed to exist; but the editor of the Pictorial Bible has shown (note on Num_20:1) that a single Kadesh would answer all the conditions, if placed on the western border of the Arabah, opposite Mt. Hor. Accordingly, Dr. Robinson locates it at Ain el-Webeh; which he argues coincides with all the circumstances mentioned (Researches, ii, 538). But this is somewhat too distant from the pass es-Sufa, which is probably the Zephath where the Israelites encountered the Canaanites, and on this account Raumer has with greater plausibility fixed Kadesh at Ain es-Hasb (Der Zug der Israeliten, Leipz. 1843, p. 9 sq.). SEE EXODE.
Mr. Rowlands, who travelled through this region in 1842, thinks he discovered Kadesh (as well as numerous other ancient localities in this vicinity) at a place which he calls Ain Kudes (Williams's Holy City, 2d edit.. i, 467). A writer in Fairbairn's Dictionary argues at length in favor of this position at Ain Gades, but all his reasoning-partakes, of the character of special pleading, andrests upon inconclusive grounds. His only real argument is that Kadesh appears to have lain between wady Feiran (Paran) and Engedi (Hazezon-tamar), on Chedorlaomer's route (Gen_14:7); but that route is given so vaguely that we can lay no particular stress upon it. The other arguments even tell the other way; especially do the passages adduced go to show that Kadesh was at the extreme east from Shur (Gen_20:1) and el-Arish (Num_34:5; Jos_15:5), and the same was the case with Zin (Num_13:21; Num_33:36). This position also is avowedly not only inconsistent with the location of Huzeroth at Ain Hudheirah, but even requires us to enlarge the borders of Edom far to the west (Num_20:16), and actually to remove Mt. Hor from its well- defined traditionary situation (Deu_1:2). Capt. Palmer has more lately visited the site thus assumed for Kadesh, and particularly describes it (Quart. Statement of the "Palestine Exploration Fund," Jan. 1871, p. 20 sq.) as "consisting of three springs, or rather shallow pools, one of them overflowing in the rainy season ;' but his advocacy for the identity adds no additional argument. In fact, the agreement in the name is the only plea of any force. This is counterbalanced-by the scriptural notices of the position of the place.- See Dr. Robinson, in the Bibliotheca Sacra, 1849, p. 377 sq.; also Palmer, Desert of Exodus, p. 286; comp. Kitto's Scripture Lands, p. 78-82; Ritter, Erdkunde, 14:1077-1089. Schwarz (Palestine, p. 23) endeavors, from Rabbinical authority, to locate Kadesh at a place named by him wady Bierin, about forty-five miles south of Gaza; but his whole theory is imaginary, besides indicating a position too far west for this Kadesh, and requiring another for En-Mishpat (p. 214), which is stated by Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s.v. Κάδης, Βαρνή,. Cades) to have been in the vicinity of Mt. Hor. From this last statement Stanley (Sinai and Palestine, p. 95) unwarrantably infers that Kadesh was identical with Petra.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.

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