Amraphel
VIEW:66 DATA:01-04-2020
one that speaks of secrets
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
AMRAPHEL.The king of Shinar (Gen_14:1). He has been identified (by Schrader and usually) with Hammurabi, king of Babylonia, but apart from the difficulties due to differences of spelling, there is no evidence that Hammurabi was ever allied with a king of Elam and a king of Larsa to invade the West. Boscawen suggests Amar-Pal, the ideographic writing of Sinmuhallit, the father of Hammurabi, for whom such an alliance is more likely. See Chedorlaomer.
C. H. W. Johns.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
One of the four invading kings (Gen_14:9). Shinar, his kingdom, or Babylonia, was subordinate to the great Elanrite king, (See CHEDORLAOMER.) The Assyrian monuments attest that an Elamite king invaded and plundered Babylonia in 2386 B.C.; and Babylonian remains bear traces of Elamitic influence.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Am'raphel. (keeper of the gods). Perhaps a Hamite king of Shinar or Babylonia, who joined the victorious incursion of the Elamite, Chedorlaomer, against the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities of the plain. Genesis 14. (B.C. 1898).
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
am?ra-fel, am-rā?fel (אמרפל, 'amrāphel, or, perhaps better, 'amerāphel).
1. The Expedition Against Sodom and Gomorrah
This name, which is identified with that of the renowned Babylonian king H̬ammurabi (which see), is only found in Gen_14:1, Gen_14:9, where he is mentioned as the king of Shinar (Babylonia), who fought against the cities of the plain, in alliance with Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Nations (the Revised Version (British and American) GOIIM). The narrative which follows is very circumstantial. From it we learn, that Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela or Zoar, had served Chedorlaomer for 12 years, rebelled in the 13th, and in the 14th year Chedorlaomer, with the kings enumerated, fought with and defeated them in the vale of Siddim, which is described as being the Salt Sea. Previous to this engagement, however, the Elamites and their allies had attacked the Rephaim (Onkelos: ?giants?) in Ashtaroth-karnaim, the Zuzim (O: ?mighty ones,? ?heroes?) in Ham (O: Ḥamtā'), the Emim (O: ?terrible ones?) in Shaveh-kiriathaim, and the Horites in their Mount Seir, by the Desert. These having been rendered powerless to aid the revolted vassals, they returned and came to Enmishpat, or Kadesh, attacked the country of the Amalekites, and the Amorites dwelling in Hazazontamar (Gen_14:2-7).
2. The Preparation and the Attack
At this juncture the kings of the cities of the plain came out against them, and opposed them with their battle-array in the vale of Siddim. The result of the fight was, that the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, with their allies, fled, and fell among the bitumen-pits of which the place was full, whilst those who got away took refuge in the mountain. All the goods and food (the camp-equipment and supplies) of the kings of the plain were captured by Chedorlaomer and his allies, who then continued their march (to their own lands) (Gen_14:8-11).
3. Abraham's Rescue of Lot
Among the captives, however, was Lot, Abram's nephew, who dwelt in Sodom. A fugitive, having escaped, went and announced the result of the engagement to Abram, who was at that time living by Mamre's oak plantation. The patriarch immediately marched forth with his trained men, and pursued them to Dan, where he divided his forces, attacked the Elamite-Babylonian army by night, and having put them to flight, pursued them again to Hobah, on the left (or North) of Damascus. The result of this sudden onslaught was that he rescued Lot, with the women and people, and recaptured Lot's goods, which the allies of Amraphel had carried off (Gen_14:12-16).
4. Difficulties of the Identification of Amraphel
There is no doubt that the identification of Amraphel with the H̬ammurabi of the Babylonian inscriptions is the best that has yet been proposed, and though there are certain difficulties therein, these may turn out to be apparent rather than real, when we know more of Babylonian history. The ?l? at the end of Amraphel (which has also ?ph? instead of ?p? or ?b?) as well as the fact that the expedition itself has not yet been recognized among the campaigns of H̬ammurabi, must be acknowledged as two points hard to explain, though they may ultimately be solved by further research.
5. Historical Agreements
It is noteworthy, however, that in the first verse of Gen 14 Amraphel is mentioned first, which, if he be really the Babylonian H̬ammurabi, is easily comprehensible, for his renown to all appearance exceeded that of Chedorlaomer, his suzerain. In Gen_14:4 and Gen_14:5, however, it is Chedorlaomer alone who is referred to, and he heads the list of eastern kings in Gen_14:9, where Tidal comes next (a quite natural order, if Goiim be the Babylonian Gut?, i.e. the Medes). Next in order comes Amraphel, king of Babylonia and suzerain of Arioch of Ellasar (?ri-Aku of Larsa), whose name closes the list. It may also be suggested, that Amraphel led a Babylonian force against Sodom, as the ally of Chedorlaomer, before he became king, and was simply crown prince. In that case, like Belshazzar, he was called ?king? by anticipation. For further details see ARIOCH and CHEDORLAOMER, and compare ERI-AKU and H̬AMMURABI; for the history of Babylonia during H̬ammurabi's period, see that article.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Am?raphel, king of Shinar, one of the four kings who invaded Palestine in the time of Abraham (Gen_14:1-2, seq.) [ABRAHAM; CHEDORLAOMER].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Amraphel
(Heb., Amraphel', אִמְרָפֶל, apparently the Sanscrit amarapala, keeper of the gods; Sept. Α᾿μαρφάλ, Josephus Α᾿μράφηλος, Ant. 1, 9, 1), a king (perhaps Hamite, comp. Rawlinson's Herodotus, 1, 446) of Shinar (i.e. Babylonia), confederated with Chedorlaomer (q.v.), king of Elam, and two other kings, to make war against the kings of Pentapolis, viz., Sodom, Gomorrah, and the three neighboring cities, which they plundered; among the captives whom they carried off was Lot, Abrahami's nephew; but Abraham (q.v.) pursued them, retook Lot, and recovered the spoil (Gen_14:1; Gen_14:4), B.C. cir. 2080.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary
AMRAPHEL.The king of Shinar (Gen_14:1). He has been identified (by Schrader and usually) with Hammurabi, king of Babylonia, but apart from the difficulties due to differences of spelling, there is no evidence that Hammurabi was ever allied with a king of Elam and a king of Larsa to invade the West. Boscawen suggests Amar-Pal, the ideographic writing of Sinmuhallit, the father of Hammurabi, for whom such an alliance is more likely. See Chedorlaomer.
C. H. W. Johns.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
One of the four invading kings (Gen_14:9). Shinar, his kingdom, or Babylonia, was subordinate to the great Elanrite king, (See CHEDORLAOMER.) The Assyrian monuments attest that an Elamite king invaded and plundered Babylonia in 2386 B.C.; and Babylonian remains bear traces of Elamitic influence.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Am'raphel. (keeper of the gods). Perhaps a Hamite king of Shinar or Babylonia, who joined the victorious incursion of the Elamite, Chedorlaomer, against the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities of the plain. Genesis 14. (B.C. 1898).
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
am?ra-fel, am-rā?fel (אמרפל, 'amrāphel, or, perhaps better, 'amerāphel).
1. The Expedition Against Sodom and Gomorrah
This name, which is identified with that of the renowned Babylonian king H̬ammurabi (which see), is only found in Gen_14:1, Gen_14:9, where he is mentioned as the king of Shinar (Babylonia), who fought against the cities of the plain, in alliance with Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Nations (the Revised Version (British and American) GOIIM). The narrative which follows is very circumstantial. From it we learn, that Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela or Zoar, had served Chedorlaomer for 12 years, rebelled in the 13th, and in the 14th year Chedorlaomer, with the kings enumerated, fought with and defeated them in the vale of Siddim, which is described as being the Salt Sea. Previous to this engagement, however, the Elamites and their allies had attacked the Rephaim (Onkelos: ?giants?) in Ashtaroth-karnaim, the Zuzim (O: ?mighty ones,? ?heroes?) in Ham (O: Ḥamtā'), the Emim (O: ?terrible ones?) in Shaveh-kiriathaim, and the Horites in their Mount Seir, by the Desert. These having been rendered powerless to aid the revolted vassals, they returned and came to Enmishpat, or Kadesh, attacked the country of the Amalekites, and the Amorites dwelling in Hazazontamar (Gen_14:2-7).
2. The Preparation and the Attack
At this juncture the kings of the cities of the plain came out against them, and opposed them with their battle-array in the vale of Siddim. The result of the fight was, that the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, with their allies, fled, and fell among the bitumen-pits of which the place was full, whilst those who got away took refuge in the mountain. All the goods and food (the camp-equipment and supplies) of the kings of the plain were captured by Chedorlaomer and his allies, who then continued their march (to their own lands) (Gen_14:8-11).
3. Abraham's Rescue of Lot
Among the captives, however, was Lot, Abram's nephew, who dwelt in Sodom. A fugitive, having escaped, went and announced the result of the engagement to Abram, who was at that time living by Mamre's oak plantation. The patriarch immediately marched forth with his trained men, and pursued them to Dan, where he divided his forces, attacked the Elamite-Babylonian army by night, and having put them to flight, pursued them again to Hobah, on the left (or North) of Damascus. The result of this sudden onslaught was that he rescued Lot, with the women and people, and recaptured Lot's goods, which the allies of Amraphel had carried off (Gen_14:12-16).
4. Difficulties of the Identification of Amraphel
There is no doubt that the identification of Amraphel with the H̬ammurabi of the Babylonian inscriptions is the best that has yet been proposed, and though there are certain difficulties therein, these may turn out to be apparent rather than real, when we know more of Babylonian history. The ?l? at the end of Amraphel (which has also ?ph? instead of ?p? or ?b?) as well as the fact that the expedition itself has not yet been recognized among the campaigns of H̬ammurabi, must be acknowledged as two points hard to explain, though they may ultimately be solved by further research.
5. Historical Agreements
It is noteworthy, however, that in the first verse of Gen 14 Amraphel is mentioned first, which, if he be really the Babylonian H̬ammurabi, is easily comprehensible, for his renown to all appearance exceeded that of Chedorlaomer, his suzerain. In Gen_14:4 and Gen_14:5, however, it is Chedorlaomer alone who is referred to, and he heads the list of eastern kings in Gen_14:9, where Tidal comes next (a quite natural order, if Goiim be the Babylonian Gut?, i.e. the Medes). Next in order comes Amraphel, king of Babylonia and suzerain of Arioch of Ellasar (?ri-Aku of Larsa), whose name closes the list. It may also be suggested, that Amraphel led a Babylonian force against Sodom, as the ally of Chedorlaomer, before he became king, and was simply crown prince. In that case, like Belshazzar, he was called ?king? by anticipation. For further details see ARIOCH and CHEDORLAOMER, and compare ERI-AKU and H̬AMMURABI; for the history of Babylonia during H̬ammurabi's period, see that article.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Am?raphel, king of Shinar, one of the four kings who invaded Palestine in the time of Abraham (Gen_14:1-2, seq.) [ABRAHAM; CHEDORLAOMER].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Amraphel
(Heb., Amraphel', אִמְרָפֶל, apparently the Sanscrit amarapala, keeper of the gods; Sept. Α᾿μαρφάλ, Josephus Α᾿μράφηλος, Ant. 1, 9, 1), a king (perhaps Hamite, comp. Rawlinson's Herodotus, 1, 446) of Shinar (i.e. Babylonia), confederated with Chedorlaomer (q.v.), king of Elam, and two other kings, to make war against the kings of Pentapolis, viz., Sodom, Gomorrah, and the three neighboring cities, which they plundered; among the captives whom they carried off was Lot, Abrahami's nephew; but Abraham (q.v.) pursued them, retook Lot, and recovered the spoil (Gen_14:1; Gen_14:4), B.C. cir. 2080.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
BUSCADAVERDADE
Visite o nosso canal youtube.com/buscadaverdade e se INSCREVA agora mesmo! Lá temos uma diversidade de temas interessantes sobre: Saúde, Receitas Saudáveis, Benefícios dos Alimentos, Benefícios das Vitaminas e Sais Minerais... Dê uma olhadinha, você vai gostar! E não se esqueça, dê o seu like e se INSCREVA! Clique abaixo e vá direto ao canal!
Saiba Mais
-
Nutrição
Vegetarianismo e a Vitamina B12 -
Receita
Como preparar a Proteína Vegetal Texturizada -
Arqueologia
Livro de Enoque é um livro profético?
Tags