Kidneys
VIEW:34 DATA:01-04-2020
KIDNEYS
1. Literal.(1) The choice portions of animals sacrificed to J″ [Note: Jahweh.] included the kidneys (Exo_29:13; Exo_29:22, Lev_3:4; Lev_3:10; Lev_3:15; Lev_4:9; Lev_7:4; Lev_8:16; Lev_8:25; Lev_9:10; Lev_9:19; cf. Isa_34:6). The term is even transferred (if the text is correct) to choice wheat (Deu_32:14). (2) Limited to poetry is the use of this term in regard to human beings, and the rendering is always reins (see below). They are possessed (RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] formed) by J″ [Note: Jahweh.] (Psa_139:13), and are, metaphorically, wounded by J″ [Note: Jahweh.] s arrows (Job_16:13; cf. Job_19:27, Lam_3:13). (3) AVm [Note: Authorized Version margin.] of Lev_15:2; Lev_22:4 is incorrect; there is no mention of reins; and in Isa_11:5 the word so rendered means loins.
2. Figurative.Here the EV [Note: English Version.] rendering is always reins (Lat. renes, pl.; the Gr. equivalent being nephroi, whence nephritis, etc.). The avoidance of the word kidneys is desirable, because we do not regard them as the seat of emotion. But the Biblical writers did so regard them. It was as natural for them to say This gladdens my reins as it is naturaland incorrectfor us to say This gladdens my heart. And, in fact, in the passages now cited the terms reins and heart are often parallel: Psa_7:9; Psa_16:7; Psa_26:2; Psa_73:21, Pro_23:16, Jer_11:20; Jer_12:2; Jer_17:10; Jer_20:12, Wis_1:6, 1Ma_2:24, Rev_2:23.
H. F. B. Compston.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
kid?niz (always in the plural: כּליות, kelāyōth; νεφροί, nephroı́; Latin renes, whence the English ?reins?): ?Reins? and ?kidneys? are synonyms, but the King James Version undertook a distinction by using the former word in the figurative, the latter in the literal passages. the English Revised Version has followed the King James Version exactly, but the American Standard Revised Version has retained ?reins? only in Job_16:13; Lam_3:13; Rev_2:23, elsewhere substituting ?heart,? except in Psa_139:13, where ?inward parts? is used. the King James Version and the English Revised Version also have ?reins? for חלצים, ḥălācāyim, in Isa_11:5 (the American Standard Revised Version ?loins?). The physiological function of the kidneys is not referred to in the Bible, but has been introduced (quite wrongly) by the King James Version margin to Lev_15:2; Lev_22:4.
(1) The kidneys owe their importance in the Bible partly to the fact that they are imbedded in fat, and fat of such purity that fat of the kidneys was a proverbial term for surpassing excellence (Deu_32:14 margin). For the visceral fat was the part of the animal best adapted for sacrificial burning, and hence, came to be deemed peculiarly sacred (Lev_7:22-25; 1Sa_2:16). Accordingly, the kidneys with the fat surrounding them were burned in every sacrifice in which the entire animal was not consumed, whether in peace (Lev_3:4, Lev_3:10, Lev_3:15; Lev_9:19), sin (Exo_29:13; Lev_4:9; Lev_8:16; Lev_9:10), or trespass, (Lev_7:4) offerings; compare the ?ram of consecration? (Exo_29:22; Lev_8:25). So in Isa_34:6, ?fat of the kidneys of rams? is chosen as a typical sacrificial term to parallel ?blood of lambs and goats.? (2) The position of the kidneys in the body makes them particularly inaccessible, and in cutting up an animal they are the last organs to be reached. Consequently, they were a natural symbol for the most hidden part of a man (Psa_139:13), and in Job_16:13 to ?cleave the reins asunder? is to effect the total destruction of the individual (compare Job_19:27; Lam_3:13). This hidden location, coupled with the sacred sacrificial use, caused the kidneys to be thought of as the seat of the innermost moral (and emotional) impulses. So the reins instruct (Psa_16:7) or are ?pricked? (Psa_73:21), and God can be said to be far from the reins of sinners (Jer_12:2). In all of these passages ?conscience? gives the exact meaning. So the reins rejoice (Pro_23:16), cause torment (2 Esdras 5:34), or tremble in wrath (1 Macc 2:24). And to ?know? or ?try the reins? (usually joined with ?the heart?) is an essential power of God's, denoting His complete knowledge of the nature of every human being (Psa_7:9; Psa_26:2; Jer_11:20; Jer_17:10; Jer_20:12; The Wisdom of Solomon 1:6; Rev_2:23). See FAT; PSYCHOLOGY; SACRIFICE. Compare RS2, 379-80, and for Greek sacrificial parallels Journal of Philology, XIX (1890), 46. The anatomical relations are well exhibited in the plate in Sacred Books of the Old Testament, ?Leviticus.?
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
1. Literal.(1) The choice portions of animals sacrificed to J″ [Note: Jahweh.] included the kidneys (Exo_29:13; Exo_29:22, Lev_3:4; Lev_3:10; Lev_3:15; Lev_4:9; Lev_7:4; Lev_8:16; Lev_8:25; Lev_9:10; Lev_9:19; cf. Isa_34:6). The term is even transferred (if the text is correct) to choice wheat (Deu_32:14). (2) Limited to poetry is the use of this term in regard to human beings, and the rendering is always reins (see below). They are possessed (RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] formed) by J″ [Note: Jahweh.] (Psa_139:13), and are, metaphorically, wounded by J″ [Note: Jahweh.] s arrows (Job_16:13; cf. Job_19:27, Lam_3:13). (3) AVm [Note: Authorized Version margin.] of Lev_15:2; Lev_22:4 is incorrect; there is no mention of reins; and in Isa_11:5 the word so rendered means loins.
2. Figurative.Here the EV [Note: English Version.] rendering is always reins (Lat. renes, pl.; the Gr. equivalent being nephroi, whence nephritis, etc.). The avoidance of the word kidneys is desirable, because we do not regard them as the seat of emotion. But the Biblical writers did so regard them. It was as natural for them to say This gladdens my reins as it is naturaland incorrectfor us to say This gladdens my heart. And, in fact, in the passages now cited the terms reins and heart are often parallel: Psa_7:9; Psa_16:7; Psa_26:2; Psa_73:21, Pro_23:16, Jer_11:20; Jer_12:2; Jer_17:10; Jer_20:12, Wis_1:6, 1Ma_2:24, Rev_2:23.
H. F. B. Compston.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
kid?niz (always in the plural: כּליות, kelāyōth; νεφροί, nephroı́; Latin renes, whence the English ?reins?): ?Reins? and ?kidneys? are synonyms, but the King James Version undertook a distinction by using the former word in the figurative, the latter in the literal passages. the English Revised Version has followed the King James Version exactly, but the American Standard Revised Version has retained ?reins? only in Job_16:13; Lam_3:13; Rev_2:23, elsewhere substituting ?heart,? except in Psa_139:13, where ?inward parts? is used. the King James Version and the English Revised Version also have ?reins? for חלצים, ḥălācāyim, in Isa_11:5 (the American Standard Revised Version ?loins?). The physiological function of the kidneys is not referred to in the Bible, but has been introduced (quite wrongly) by the King James Version margin to Lev_15:2; Lev_22:4.
(1) The kidneys owe their importance in the Bible partly to the fact that they are imbedded in fat, and fat of such purity that fat of the kidneys was a proverbial term for surpassing excellence (Deu_32:14 margin). For the visceral fat was the part of the animal best adapted for sacrificial burning, and hence, came to be deemed peculiarly sacred (Lev_7:22-25; 1Sa_2:16). Accordingly, the kidneys with the fat surrounding them were burned in every sacrifice in which the entire animal was not consumed, whether in peace (Lev_3:4, Lev_3:10, Lev_3:15; Lev_9:19), sin (Exo_29:13; Lev_4:9; Lev_8:16; Lev_9:10), or trespass, (Lev_7:4) offerings; compare the ?ram of consecration? (Exo_29:22; Lev_8:25). So in Isa_34:6, ?fat of the kidneys of rams? is chosen as a typical sacrificial term to parallel ?blood of lambs and goats.? (2) The position of the kidneys in the body makes them particularly inaccessible, and in cutting up an animal they are the last organs to be reached. Consequently, they were a natural symbol for the most hidden part of a man (Psa_139:13), and in Job_16:13 to ?cleave the reins asunder? is to effect the total destruction of the individual (compare Job_19:27; Lam_3:13). This hidden location, coupled with the sacred sacrificial use, caused the kidneys to be thought of as the seat of the innermost moral (and emotional) impulses. So the reins instruct (Psa_16:7) or are ?pricked? (Psa_73:21), and God can be said to be far from the reins of sinners (Jer_12:2). In all of these passages ?conscience? gives the exact meaning. So the reins rejoice (Pro_23:16), cause torment (2 Esdras 5:34), or tremble in wrath (1 Macc 2:24). And to ?know? or ?try the reins? (usually joined with ?the heart?) is an essential power of God's, denoting His complete knowledge of the nature of every human being (Psa_7:9; Psa_26:2; Jer_11:20; Jer_17:10; Jer_20:12; The Wisdom of Solomon 1:6; Rev_2:23). See FAT; PSYCHOLOGY; SACRIFICE. Compare RS2, 379-80, and for Greek sacrificial parallels Journal of Philology, XIX (1890), 46. The anatomical relations are well exhibited in the plate in Sacred Books of the Old Testament, ?Leviticus.?
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
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