Manslayer
VIEW:32 DATA:01-04-2020
MANSLAYER.See Kin [Next of] and Refuge [Cities of].
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(See CITIES OF REFUGE; BLOOD; BLOOD, AVENGING OF.)
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Manslayer. One who kills another unintentionally, and is thus distinguished from a murderer, who kills with malice aforethought. The cases of manslaughter mentioned in Scripture appear to be a sufficient indication of the intention of the lawgiver.
1. Death by a blow in a sudden quarrel. Num_35:22.
2. Death by a stone or missile thrown at random. Num_35:22-23.
3. By the blade of an axe flying from its handle. Deu_19:5.
In all these and the like cases, the manslayer was allowed to retire to a city of refuge.
A thief overtaken at night in the act of stealing might lawfully be put to death, but if the sun had risen, the killing of him was to be regarded as murder. Exo_22:2; Exo_22:8.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
man?slā-ẽr (מרצּח, meraccēaḥ, from רצח, rācacḥ (Num_35:6, Num_35:12); ἀνδροφόνος, androphónos (1Ti_1:9)): A term employed with reference to both premeditated and accidental or justifiable killing. In the latter case, an asylum was granted (Num_35:6, Num_35:12) until the death of the high priest, after which the slayer was allowed to ?return into the land of his possession? (Num_35:28). The cases in which the manslayer was to be held clearly immune from the punishment imposed on willful killing were: (1) death by a blow in a sudden quarrel (Num_35:22); (2) death by anything thrown at random (Num_35:22, Num_35:23); (3) death by the blade of an axe flying from the handle (Deu_19:5). Among the cases in which one would be held responsible for the death of another, is to be counted the neglectful act of building a house without a parapet (Deu_22:8).
Manslaughter, as a modern legal term, is employed to distinguish unpremeditated killing from coldblooded murder, but formerly (2 Esdras 1:26) it was used in a more general sense. See MURDER.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
[BLOOD-REVENGE]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Manslayer
(מְרִצֵּח, meratstse'äch, a murderer, ἀνδροφόνος, 1Ti_1:9, as sometimes rendered), one who by an accidental homicide was entitled to the benefit of asylum (Num_35:6; Num_35:12; elsewhere usually slayer). SEE BLOOD-REVENGE. One of the most peculiar provisions in the statute respecting the manslayer was the limitation of the period of his compulsory residence in one of the cities of refuge: The shall abide in it until the death of the high-priest, which was anointed with the holy oil.' After that he was allowed to return into the land of his possession' (Num_35:28). Different reasons have been assigned by commentators for making the one event dependent on the other, which it is unnecessary to particularize. As the enactment was intended for the whole body of the people, and is recorded in Scripture without any explanation, the most simple view that can be taken of it is likely to be the nearest to the truth. One thing, however, all knew respecting the anointed high-priest, viz. that he was the head and representative of the whole community in matters pertaining to life and death; and as some limitation would evidently require to be set to the restraint laid on the manslayer, the thought would naturally commend itself to the people to make responsibility for an accidental death cease and determine with the death of him who stood nearest to God in matters of that description. In the general relations of the community a change had entered in that respect, which touched all interests, and it was fit that it should specially touch those who had been casually bereft of the freedom of life. The principle on which the man-slayer' was to be allowed to escape, viz. that the person slain was regarded as delivered into his hand' by the Almighty, was obviously open to much wilfull perversion (1Sa_24:4; 1Sa_24:18; 1Sa_26:8; compare Philo, De Spec. Leg. 3:21; 2:320), though the cases mentioned appear to be a sufficient sample of the intention of the lawgiver.
a. Death by a blow in a sudden quarrel (Num_35:22).
b. Death by a stone or missile thrown at random (ib. 22, 23).
c. By the blade of an Axe flying from its handle (Deu_19:5).
d. Whether the case of a person killed by falling from a roof unprovided with a parapet involved the guilt of manslaughter on the owner is not clear; but the law seems intended to prevent the imputation of malice in any such case, by preventing, as far as possible, the occurrence of the fact itself (Deu_22:8) (Michaelis, Oz the Laws of Moses, arts. 223, 280, ed. Smith).
In all these and the like cases the manslayer was allowed to retire to a city of refuge. SEE CITY OF REFUGE. Besides these, the following may be mentioned as cases of homicide:
a. An animal, not known to be vicious, causing death to a human being, was to be put to death, and regarded as unclean. But if it was known to be vicious, the owner also was liable to fine, and even death (Exo_21:28; Exo_21:31).
b. A thief overtaken at night in the act might lawfully be put to death, but if the sun had risen the act of killing him was to be regarded as murder (Exo_22:2-3). Other cases are added by the Mishna, which, however, are included in the definitions given above (Sanh. 9:1, 2, 3; Macccoth, 2:2; compare Otho, Lex. Rabb. s.v. Homicida). SEE MURDER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
(See CITIES OF REFUGE; BLOOD; BLOOD, AVENGING OF.)
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Manslayer. One who kills another unintentionally, and is thus distinguished from a murderer, who kills with malice aforethought. The cases of manslaughter mentioned in Scripture appear to be a sufficient indication of the intention of the lawgiver.
1. Death by a blow in a sudden quarrel. Num_35:22.
2. Death by a stone or missile thrown at random. Num_35:22-23.
3. By the blade of an axe flying from its handle. Deu_19:5.
In all these and the like cases, the manslayer was allowed to retire to a city of refuge.
A thief overtaken at night in the act of stealing might lawfully be put to death, but if the sun had risen, the killing of him was to be regarded as murder. Exo_22:2; Exo_22:8.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
man?slā-ẽr (מרצּח, meraccēaḥ, from רצח, rācacḥ (Num_35:6, Num_35:12); ἀνδροφόνος, androphónos (1Ti_1:9)): A term employed with reference to both premeditated and accidental or justifiable killing. In the latter case, an asylum was granted (Num_35:6, Num_35:12) until the death of the high priest, after which the slayer was allowed to ?return into the land of his possession? (Num_35:28). The cases in which the manslayer was to be held clearly immune from the punishment imposed on willful killing were: (1) death by a blow in a sudden quarrel (Num_35:22); (2) death by anything thrown at random (Num_35:22, Num_35:23); (3) death by the blade of an axe flying from the handle (Deu_19:5). Among the cases in which one would be held responsible for the death of another, is to be counted the neglectful act of building a house without a parapet (Deu_22:8).
Manslaughter, as a modern legal term, is employed to distinguish unpremeditated killing from coldblooded murder, but formerly (2 Esdras 1:26) it was used in a more general sense. See MURDER.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
[BLOOD-REVENGE]
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Manslayer
(מְרִצֵּח, meratstse'äch, a murderer, ἀνδροφόνος, 1Ti_1:9, as sometimes rendered), one who by an accidental homicide was entitled to the benefit of asylum (Num_35:6; Num_35:12; elsewhere usually slayer). SEE BLOOD-REVENGE. One of the most peculiar provisions in the statute respecting the manslayer was the limitation of the period of his compulsory residence in one of the cities of refuge: The shall abide in it until the death of the high-priest, which was anointed with the holy oil.' After that he was allowed to return into the land of his possession' (Num_35:28). Different reasons have been assigned by commentators for making the one event dependent on the other, which it is unnecessary to particularize. As the enactment was intended for the whole body of the people, and is recorded in Scripture without any explanation, the most simple view that can be taken of it is likely to be the nearest to the truth. One thing, however, all knew respecting the anointed high-priest, viz. that he was the head and representative of the whole community in matters pertaining to life and death; and as some limitation would evidently require to be set to the restraint laid on the manslayer, the thought would naturally commend itself to the people to make responsibility for an accidental death cease and determine with the death of him who stood nearest to God in matters of that description. In the general relations of the community a change had entered in that respect, which touched all interests, and it was fit that it should specially touch those who had been casually bereft of the freedom of life. The principle on which the man-slayer' was to be allowed to escape, viz. that the person slain was regarded as delivered into his hand' by the Almighty, was obviously open to much wilfull perversion (1Sa_24:4; 1Sa_24:18; 1Sa_26:8; compare Philo, De Spec. Leg. 3:21; 2:320), though the cases mentioned appear to be a sufficient sample of the intention of the lawgiver.
a. Death by a blow in a sudden quarrel (Num_35:22).
b. Death by a stone or missile thrown at random (ib. 22, 23).
c. By the blade of an Axe flying from its handle (Deu_19:5).
d. Whether the case of a person killed by falling from a roof unprovided with a parapet involved the guilt of manslaughter on the owner is not clear; but the law seems intended to prevent the imputation of malice in any such case, by preventing, as far as possible, the occurrence of the fact itself (Deu_22:8) (Michaelis, Oz the Laws of Moses, arts. 223, 280, ed. Smith).
In all these and the like cases the manslayer was allowed to retire to a city of refuge. SEE CITY OF REFUGE. Besides these, the following may be mentioned as cases of homicide:
a. An animal, not known to be vicious, causing death to a human being, was to be put to death, and regarded as unclean. But if it was known to be vicious, the owner also was liable to fine, and even death (Exo_21:28; Exo_21:31).
b. A thief overtaken at night in the act might lawfully be put to death, but if the sun had risen the act of killing him was to be regarded as murder (Exo_22:2-3). Other cases are added by the Mishna, which, however, are included in the definitions given above (Sanh. 9:1, 2, 3; Macccoth, 2:2; compare Otho, Lex. Rabb. s.v. Homicida). SEE MURDER.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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