Mortar
VIEW:26 DATA:01-04-2020
MORTAR (AV [Note: Authorized Version.] morter).See House, §§ 1, 4, and cf. Bitumen.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
medokah, wherein the manna was pounded for use (Num_11:8). So still the Arabs pound wheat for their national dish, kibby (Thomson, Land and Book, 8:94). The maktesh was a larger mortar. Pro_27:22; "though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, (yet) will not his foolishness depart from (upon) him." The husk upon the grain can be bruised off it, but the mortar of trial cannot remove the fool's folly inherent by nature and habit (Jer_13:23). So Ahaz (2Ch_28:22), Judah (Isa_1:5-6; Isa_9:13; Jer_5:3). The corrector's patience is tried, the corrected is not reformed, Roberts (Orient. Illustr. 368) mentions in the East large mortars for rice worked by two women, each in turn striking with a pestle five feet long. Criminals at Kandy were so beaten to death in such a mortar.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Mortar.
1. "A wide-mouthed vessel in form of an inverted bell, in which substances are pounded or bruised with a pestle". ? Webster. The simplest, and probably most ancient, method of preparing corn for food was by pounding it between two stones. The Israelites, in the desert, appear to have possessed mortars and handmills among their necessary domestic utensils. When the manna fell, they gathered it, and either ground it in the mill, or pounded it in the mortar, till it was fit for use. Num_11:8. So, in the present day, stone mortars are used by the Arabs to pound wheat for their national dish, kibby.
Another word occurring in Pro_27:22, probably denotes a mortar of a larger kind in which corn was pounded: "Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him." Corn may be separated from its husk and all its good properties preserved by such an operation, but the fool's folly is so essential a part of himself that no analogous process can remove it from him. Such seems the natural interpretation of this remarkable proverb.
The language is intentionally exaggerated, and there is no necessity for supposing an allusion to a mode of punishment, by which criminals were put to death, by being pounded in a mortar. A custom of this kind existed among the Turks, but there is no distinct trace of it among the Hebrews. Such, however, is supposed to be the reference in the proverb by Mr. Roberts, who illustrates it from his Indian experience.
2. Gen_11:3; Exo_1:14; Lev_14:42; Lev_14:45; Isa_41:25; Eze_13:10-11; Eze_13:14-15; Eze_22:28; Neh_3:14. The various compacting substances, used in Oriental buildings appear to be ?
i. Bitumen, as in the Babylonian structures;
ii. Common mud or moistened clay;
iii. A very firm cement compounded of sand, ashes and lime, in the proportions respectively of 1, 2, , well pounded, sometimes mixed and sometimes coated with oil, so as to form a surface almost impenetrable to wet or the weather. In Assyrian and also Egyptian brick buildings, stubble or straw, as hair or wool among ourselves, was added to increase the tenacity.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
môr?tẽr (מדכה, medhōkhāh Num_11:8, מכתּשׁ, makhtēsh Pro_27:22): A hollowed stone or vessel in which grain or other substance was pounded or beaten with a pestle. The Israelites used a mortar in which to beat the manna in the wilderness Num_11:8, and Pro_27:22 declares, ?Though thou shouldst bray a fool in a mortar with a pestle ... yet will not his foolishness depart from him,? i.e. it is inherent and ineradicable. Some have supposed an allusion to an oriental mode of punishment by pounding the criminal to death in a mortar, but this is unlikely. In illustration of Pro_27:22 such proverbs are quoted as ?Though you beat that loose woman in a mortar, she will not leave her ways.? See also BRAY. For ?mortar? (the King James Version ?morter?) see BITUMEN.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Mortar
[for building] stands in the Auth. Vers. for two Heb. words: חֹמֶר(cho'mer, prop. red "clay," as sometimes rendered), cement, of lime and sand (Gen_11:3; Exo_1:14), also potter's clay (Isa_41:25; Nah_3:14); עָפָר(aphar', prob. whitish "dust," as usually rendered), mud or clay, used as a cement in the walls of buildings (Lev_14:42; Lev_14:45). In Eze_13:10 the expression occurs, "One built up a wall, and lo, others daubed it with untempered mortar" (there is no word in the original answering to this last), which the Targum and the Vulgate seem to understand not of plaster, but of the cement used in uniting the materials of a wall, rendering it "clay without straw," clay and straw, well mixed together, being understood to have been the ordinary cement of Eastern buildings. There is no doubt that the Hebrews sometimes plastered their walls; and that kind of plaster now most common in the East is made with the same materials as the cob-walls, sun-dried bricks and mortar, namely, clay and straw mixed together, the straw such as they give to their cattle, chopped and beaten small, and serving the same purpose as the ox-hair which our plasterers mix with their plaster. This requires to be well tempered, which is generally done by long-continued treading or beating (Kitto, Pict. Bible, note ad loc.). SEE BRICK.
Mr. Rich, speaking of the Birs Nimroud at Babylon, says, "The fire-burned bricks of which it is built have inscriptions on them, and so excellent is the cement, which appears to be lime-mortar, that it is nearly impossible to extract one Whole." SEE DWELLING. "Omitting iron cramps, lead, SEE HANDICRAFT, and the instances in which large stones are found in close apposition without cement, the various compacting substances used in Oriental buildings appear to be: (1) bitumen, as in the Babylonian structures; (2) common mud or moistened clay; (3) a very firm cement compounded of sand, ashes, and lime, in the proportions respectively of 1, 2, 3, well pounded, sometimes mixed and sometimes coated with oil, so as to form a surface almost impenetrable to wet or the weather. SEE PLASTER.
In Assyrian, and also Egyptian brick buildings, stubble or straw, as hair or wool among ourselves, was added to increase the tenacity (Shaw, Trav. page 206; Volney, Trav. 2:436; Chardin, Voy. 4:116). If the materials were bad in themselves, as mere mud would necessarily be, or insufficiently mixed, or, as the Vulgate seems to understand (Eze_13:10), if straw were omitted, the mortar or cobwall would be liable to crumble under the influence of wet weather. (See Shaw, Trav. page 136, and Gesenius, Thesaur. page 1515, s.v. תָּפֵּלa word connected with the Arabic tufal, a substance resembling pipe-clay, believed by Burckhardt to be the detritus of the felspar of granite, and used for taking stains out of cloth; Burckhardt, Syria, page 488; Mishna, Pesach, 10:3.) Wheels for grinding chalk or lime for mortar, closely resembling our own machines for the same purpose, are in use in Egypt (Niebuhr, Voy. 1:122, pl. 17; Burckhardt, Nubia, ) pages 82, 97, 102, 140; Hasselquist, Trav. page 90)." SEE MASON.
Modern Orientals have several materials for mortar superior to bitumen. These consist of three kinds of calcareous earth found abundantly in the desert west of the Euphrates. The first, called niura, is, in present use, mixed with ashes, and employed as a coating for the lower parts of walls in baths and other places liable to dampness. Another, called by the Turks karej, and by the Arabs jus, is also found in powder mixed with indurated pieces of the same substance and round pebbles. This forms even now the common cement of the country and constitutes the mortar generally found in the burned brickwork of the most ancient remains. When good, the bricks cemented by it cannot well be detached without being broken, while those laid in bitumen can easily be separated. The third sort, called borak, is a substance resembling gypsum, and is founding large lumps of an earthy appearance, which, when burned, form an excellent plaster or whitewash. Pure clay or mud is also used as a cement; but this is exclusively with the sun-dried bricks (Kitto, Pict. Bible, note on Gen_11:3). SEE CLAY; SEE LIME.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
medokah, wherein the manna was pounded for use (Num_11:8). So still the Arabs pound wheat for their national dish, kibby (Thomson, Land and Book, 8:94). The maktesh was a larger mortar. Pro_27:22; "though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, (yet) will not his foolishness depart from (upon) him." The husk upon the grain can be bruised off it, but the mortar of trial cannot remove the fool's folly inherent by nature and habit (Jer_13:23). So Ahaz (2Ch_28:22), Judah (Isa_1:5-6; Isa_9:13; Jer_5:3). The corrector's patience is tried, the corrected is not reformed, Roberts (Orient. Illustr. 368) mentions in the East large mortars for rice worked by two women, each in turn striking with a pestle five feet long. Criminals at Kandy were so beaten to death in such a mortar.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Mortar.
1. "A wide-mouthed vessel in form of an inverted bell, in which substances are pounded or bruised with a pestle". ? Webster. The simplest, and probably most ancient, method of preparing corn for food was by pounding it between two stones. The Israelites, in the desert, appear to have possessed mortars and handmills among their necessary domestic utensils. When the manna fell, they gathered it, and either ground it in the mill, or pounded it in the mortar, till it was fit for use. Num_11:8. So, in the present day, stone mortars are used by the Arabs to pound wheat for their national dish, kibby.
Another word occurring in Pro_27:22, probably denotes a mortar of a larger kind in which corn was pounded: "Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his foolishness depart from him." Corn may be separated from its husk and all its good properties preserved by such an operation, but the fool's folly is so essential a part of himself that no analogous process can remove it from him. Such seems the natural interpretation of this remarkable proverb.
The language is intentionally exaggerated, and there is no necessity for supposing an allusion to a mode of punishment, by which criminals were put to death, by being pounded in a mortar. A custom of this kind existed among the Turks, but there is no distinct trace of it among the Hebrews. Such, however, is supposed to be the reference in the proverb by Mr. Roberts, who illustrates it from his Indian experience.
2. Gen_11:3; Exo_1:14; Lev_14:42; Lev_14:45; Isa_41:25; Eze_13:10-11; Eze_13:14-15; Eze_22:28; Neh_3:14. The various compacting substances, used in Oriental buildings appear to be ?
i. Bitumen, as in the Babylonian structures;
ii. Common mud or moistened clay;
iii. A very firm cement compounded of sand, ashes and lime, in the proportions respectively of 1, 2, , well pounded, sometimes mixed and sometimes coated with oil, so as to form a surface almost impenetrable to wet or the weather. In Assyrian and also Egyptian brick buildings, stubble or straw, as hair or wool among ourselves, was added to increase the tenacity.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
môr?tẽr (מדכה, medhōkhāh Num_11:8, מכתּשׁ, makhtēsh Pro_27:22): A hollowed stone or vessel in which grain or other substance was pounded or beaten with a pestle. The Israelites used a mortar in which to beat the manna in the wilderness Num_11:8, and Pro_27:22 declares, ?Though thou shouldst bray a fool in a mortar with a pestle ... yet will not his foolishness depart from him,? i.e. it is inherent and ineradicable. Some have supposed an allusion to an oriental mode of punishment by pounding the criminal to death in a mortar, but this is unlikely. In illustration of Pro_27:22 such proverbs are quoted as ?Though you beat that loose woman in a mortar, she will not leave her ways.? See also BRAY. For ?mortar? (the King James Version ?morter?) see BITUMEN.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
Mortar
[for building] stands in the Auth. Vers. for two Heb. words: חֹמֶר(cho'mer, prop. red "clay," as sometimes rendered), cement, of lime and sand (Gen_11:3; Exo_1:14), also potter's clay (Isa_41:25; Nah_3:14); עָפָר(aphar', prob. whitish "dust," as usually rendered), mud or clay, used as a cement in the walls of buildings (Lev_14:42; Lev_14:45). In Eze_13:10 the expression occurs, "One built up a wall, and lo, others daubed it with untempered mortar" (there is no word in the original answering to this last), which the Targum and the Vulgate seem to understand not of plaster, but of the cement used in uniting the materials of a wall, rendering it "clay without straw," clay and straw, well mixed together, being understood to have been the ordinary cement of Eastern buildings. There is no doubt that the Hebrews sometimes plastered their walls; and that kind of plaster now most common in the East is made with the same materials as the cob-walls, sun-dried bricks and mortar, namely, clay and straw mixed together, the straw such as they give to their cattle, chopped and beaten small, and serving the same purpose as the ox-hair which our plasterers mix with their plaster. This requires to be well tempered, which is generally done by long-continued treading or beating (Kitto, Pict. Bible, note ad loc.). SEE BRICK.
Mr. Rich, speaking of the Birs Nimroud at Babylon, says, "The fire-burned bricks of which it is built have inscriptions on them, and so excellent is the cement, which appears to be lime-mortar, that it is nearly impossible to extract one Whole." SEE DWELLING. "Omitting iron cramps, lead, SEE HANDICRAFT, and the instances in which large stones are found in close apposition without cement, the various compacting substances used in Oriental buildings appear to be: (1) bitumen, as in the Babylonian structures; (2) common mud or moistened clay; (3) a very firm cement compounded of sand, ashes, and lime, in the proportions respectively of 1, 2, 3, well pounded, sometimes mixed and sometimes coated with oil, so as to form a surface almost impenetrable to wet or the weather. SEE PLASTER.
In Assyrian, and also Egyptian brick buildings, stubble or straw, as hair or wool among ourselves, was added to increase the tenacity (Shaw, Trav. page 206; Volney, Trav. 2:436; Chardin, Voy. 4:116). If the materials were bad in themselves, as mere mud would necessarily be, or insufficiently mixed, or, as the Vulgate seems to understand (Eze_13:10), if straw were omitted, the mortar or cobwall would be liable to crumble under the influence of wet weather. (See Shaw, Trav. page 136, and Gesenius, Thesaur. page 1515, s.v. תָּפֵּלa word connected with the Arabic tufal, a substance resembling pipe-clay, believed by Burckhardt to be the detritus of the felspar of granite, and used for taking stains out of cloth; Burckhardt, Syria, page 488; Mishna, Pesach, 10:3.) Wheels for grinding chalk or lime for mortar, closely resembling our own machines for the same purpose, are in use in Egypt (Niebuhr, Voy. 1:122, pl. 17; Burckhardt, Nubia, ) pages 82, 97, 102, 140; Hasselquist, Trav. page 90)." SEE MASON.
Modern Orientals have several materials for mortar superior to bitumen. These consist of three kinds of calcareous earth found abundantly in the desert west of the Euphrates. The first, called niura, is, in present use, mixed with ashes, and employed as a coating for the lower parts of walls in baths and other places liable to dampness. Another, called by the Turks karej, and by the Arabs jus, is also found in powder mixed with indurated pieces of the same substance and round pebbles. This forms even now the common cement of the country and constitutes the mortar generally found in the burned brickwork of the most ancient remains. When good, the bricks cemented by it cannot well be detached without being broken, while those laid in bitumen can easily be separated. The third sort, called borak, is a substance resembling gypsum, and is founding large lumps of an earthy appearance, which, when burned, form an excellent plaster or whitewash. Pure clay or mud is also used as a cement; but this is exclusively with the sun-dried bricks (Kitto, Pict. Bible, note on Gen_11:3). SEE CLAY; SEE LIME.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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