Mother
VIEW:32 DATA:01-04-2020
MOTHER.See Family, 3.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Honored in Israel as she is not in the East generally; one superiority of Judaism over other contemporary systems (1Ki_2:19). King Solomon rose up to meet and bowed himself unto Bathsheba, and set her on his right hand (Lev_19:3). Figuratively, a city is mother of the surrounding villages its daughters (Jos_15:45; 2Sa_20:19). Ezekiel (Eze_21:21) uses "mother of the way" for the parting of the way into two roads which branch from it, as from a common parent; however, Havernick, from a Arabic idiom, translated it as "the highway."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Mother. The superiority of the Hebrew, over all contemporaneous systems of legislation and of morals, is strongly shown in the higher estimation, of the mother in the Jewish family, as contrasted with modern Oriental, as well as ancient Oriental and classical usage. The king's mother, as appears in the case of Bath-sheba, was treated with special honor. Exo_20:12; Lev_19:3; Deu_5:16; Deu_21:18; Deu_21:21; 1Ki_2:29; Pro_10:1; Pro_15:20; Pro_17:25; Pro_29:15; Pro_31:1; Pro_31:30.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
muth?ẽr (אם, 'ēm, ?mother,? ?dam,? ?ancestress?; μήτηρ, mḗtēr): In vain do we look in the Scriptures for traces of the low position which woman occupies in many eastern lands.
1. Her Position in the Old Testament
A false impression has been created by her present position in the East, especially under Mohammedan rule. Her place as depicted in the Scriptures is a totally different one. Women there move on the same social plane with men. They often occupy leading public positions Exo_15:20; Jdg_4:4; 2Ki_22:14. The love of offspring was deeply imbedded in the heart of Hebrew women, and thus motherhood was highly respected. Among the patriarchs women, and especially mothers, occupy a prominent place. In Rebekah's marriage, her mother seems to have had equal voice with her father and Laban, her brother Gen_24:28, Gen_24:50, Gen_24:53, Gen_24:55. Jacob ?obeyed his father and his mother? Gen_28:7, and his mother evidently was his chief counselor. The Law places the child under obligation of honoring father and mother alike Exo_20:12. The child that strikes father or mother or curses either of them is punished by death Exo_21:15, Exo_21:17. The same fate overtakes the habitually disobedient Deu_21:18-21.
In one place in the Law, the mother is even placed before the father as the object of filial reverence Lev_19:3. The Psalmist depicts deepest grief as that of one who mourneth for his mother Psa_35:14. In the entire Book of Proverbs the duty of reverence, love and obedience of sons to their mothers is unceasingly inculcated. The greatest comfort imaginable is that wherewith a mother comforts her son Isa_66:13.
2. Position in the New Testament
And what is true of the Old Testament is equally true of the New Testament. The same high type of womanhood, the same reverence for one's mother is in evidence in both books. The birth of Christ lifted motherhood to the highest possible plane and idealized it for all time. The last thing Jesus did on the Cross was to bestow His mother on John ?the beloved? as his special inheritance. What woman is today, what she is in particular in her motherhood, she owes wholly to the position in which the Scriptures have placed her. Sometimes the stepmother is spoken of as the real mother Gen_37:10. Sometimes the grandmother or other female relative is thus spoken of Gen_3:20; 1Ki_15:10.
Tropically the nation is spoken of as a mother and the people are her children Isa_50:1; Jer_50:12; Hos_2:4; Hos_4:5. Large cities also are ?mothers? (2Sa_20:19; compare Gal_4:26; 2 Esd 10:7), and Job even depicts the earth as such Job_1:21.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
The ordinary applications of the word require no illustration; but the following points of Hebrew usage may be noticed. When the father had more than one wife, the son seems to have confined the title of 'mother' to his real mother, by which he distinguished her from the other wives of his father. Hence the source of Joseph's peculiar interest in Benjamin is indicated in Gen_43:29, by his being his mother's son.' The other brethren were the sons of his father by other wives. Nevertheless, when this precision was not necessary, the step-mother was sometimes styled mother. Thus Jacob (Gen_37:10) speaks of Leah as Joseph's mother, for his real mother had long been dead. The step-mother was however more properly distinguished from the womb-mother by the name of 'father's wife.' The word 'mother' was also, like father, brother, sister, employed by the Hebrews in a somewhat wider sense than is usual with us. It is used of a grandmother (1Ki_15:10), and even of any female ancestor (Gen_3:20); of a benefactress (Jdg_5:7), and as expressing intimate relationship (Job_17:14). In Hebrew, as in English, a nation is considered as a mother, and individuals as her children (Isa_50:1; Jer_50:12; Eze_19:2; Hos_2:5; Hos_4:5); so our 'mother-country,' which is quite as good as 'father-land,' which we seem beginning to copy from the Germans. Large and important cities are also called mothers, i.e. 'mother-cities' with reference to the dependent towns and villages (2Sa_20:19), or even to the inhabitants, who are called her children (Isa_3:12; Isa_49:23) [WOMAN].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Jdg_5:7 (a) Deborah as the deliverer of Israel took care of the people of GOD as though they were her own children.
Isa_50:1 (a) Israel as a united nation is compared to a wife or a bride who begat the great multitude of the people of Israel. The nation had turned away from GOD as a wife turns away from her husband. (See Hos_2:2; Hos_4:5; Hos_10:14).
Jer_50:12 (a) Those who founded and established the great city of Babylon are described in this manner. They formed this mighty, powerful group, they nourished the Babylonians, and taught them to war. The Lord describes the heathen gods and their customs as having been those who moulded Israel into their present evil condition. They followed the gods of the Hittites and the Amorites.
Eze_19:2 (a) The strong, able founders of Israel are compared to a mother lion. The nature was fierce, and their attitude cruel. They were no longer the sheep of His pasture.
Eze_23:2 (a) This type probably refers to the one kingdom which existed under Solomon. It was afterwards divided into two kingdoms, which are mentioned as the two daughters.
Mat_12:49-50 (a) Our Lord indicates that there is a very close and sweet relationship between Himself and those who love Him enough to leave all other associations just to live with and for Him.
Rom_16:13 (a) The servant of GOD who leads GOD's people has that sweet, tender care for them and looks after their best interests as we find in the family relationship.
Rev_17:5 (a) This term probably refers to the Roman Catholic church. Most of the large denominations have emerged from that tremendous system, and have carried with them some of the grave clothes, the habits, the ways and the customs of the Roman church. Some of these "daughters" are so near like the mother church that it is difficult to distinguish them from her.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Mother
( אֵם, em, a primitive word; Gr. μήτηρ; but mother-in-law is חָמוֹת, chamoth'; once חֹתֶנֶת, chothe'neth, Deu_27:23; Gr. πενθερά). "The superiority of the Hebrew over all other contemporaneous systems of legislation and of morals is strongly shown in the higher estimation of the mother in the Jewish family, as contrasted with modern Oriental, as well as ancient Oriental and classical usage. SEE WOMAN. The king's mother, as appears in the case of Bathsheba, was treated with especial honor (1Ki_2:19; Exo_20:12; Lev_19:3; Deu_5:16; Deu_21:18; Deu_21:21; Pro_10:1; Pro_15:20; Pro_17:25; Pro_29:15; Pro_31:1; Pro_31:30)" (Smith). "When the father had more than one wife, the son seems to have confined the title of 'mother' to his real mother, by which he distinguished her from the other wives of his father. Hence the source of Joseph's peculiar interest in Benjamin is indicated in Gen_43:29 by his being ' his mother's son.' The other brethren were the sons of his father by other wives. Nevertheless, when this precision was not necessary, the step-mother was sometimes styled mother. Thus Jacob (Gen_37:10) speaks of Leah as Joseph's mother, for his real mother had long been dead. The step-mother was, however, more properly distinguished from the wombmother by the name of 'father's wife.' The word mother' was also, like FATHER, BROTHER, SISTER, employed by the Hebrews in a somewhat wider sense than is usual with us. It is used of a grandmother (1Ki_15:10), and even of any female ancestor (Gen_3:20); of a benefactress (Jdg_5:7), and as expressing intimate relationship (Job_17:14).
In Hebrew, as in English, a nation is considered as a mother, and individuals as her children (Isa_1:1; Jer_1:12; Eze_19:2; Hos_2:4; Hos_4:5); so our 'mother-country,' which is quite as good as 'father-land,' which we seem beginning to copy from the Germans. Large and important cities are also called mothers, i.e., 'mother- cities' (comp. metropolis, from the Greek), with reference to the dependent towns and villages (2Sa_20:19), or even to the inhabitants, who are called her children (Isa_3:12; Isa_49:23). 'The parting of the way, at the head of two ways' (Eze_11:21), is in the Hebrew 'the mother of the way,' because out of it the two ways arise as daughters. In Job_1:21 the earth is indicated as the common mother, to whose bosom all mankind must return.'" The term is also applied to a city as the parent or source of wickedness and abominations; as "Babylon the Great, the mother of harlots " (Rev_17:5). The Church, as the Bride, is spoken of as the mother of believers (Isa_49:14-22; Isa_56:8-12; Psa_87:5-6; Gal_4:22; Gal_4:21); and the sentiment, at once so mild and so tender, which unites the mother to her child is often alluded to in the sacred volume to illustrate the love of God to his people (Isa_44:1-8; Isa_56:6-12; 1Co_3:1-2; 1Th_2:7; 2Co_11:2). SEE CHILD.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Honored in Israel as she is not in the East generally; one superiority of Judaism over other contemporary systems (1Ki_2:19). King Solomon rose up to meet and bowed himself unto Bathsheba, and set her on his right hand (Lev_19:3). Figuratively, a city is mother of the surrounding villages its daughters (Jos_15:45; 2Sa_20:19). Ezekiel (Eze_21:21) uses "mother of the way" for the parting of the way into two roads which branch from it, as from a common parent; however, Havernick, from a Arabic idiom, translated it as "the highway."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Mother. The superiority of the Hebrew, over all contemporaneous systems of legislation and of morals, is strongly shown in the higher estimation, of the mother in the Jewish family, as contrasted with modern Oriental, as well as ancient Oriental and classical usage. The king's mother, as appears in the case of Bath-sheba, was treated with special honor. Exo_20:12; Lev_19:3; Deu_5:16; Deu_21:18; Deu_21:21; 1Ki_2:29; Pro_10:1; Pro_15:20; Pro_17:25; Pro_29:15; Pro_31:1; Pro_31:30.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863
muth?ẽr (אם, 'ēm, ?mother,? ?dam,? ?ancestress?; μήτηρ, mḗtēr): In vain do we look in the Scriptures for traces of the low position which woman occupies in many eastern lands.
1. Her Position in the Old Testament
A false impression has been created by her present position in the East, especially under Mohammedan rule. Her place as depicted in the Scriptures is a totally different one. Women there move on the same social plane with men. They often occupy leading public positions Exo_15:20; Jdg_4:4; 2Ki_22:14. The love of offspring was deeply imbedded in the heart of Hebrew women, and thus motherhood was highly respected. Among the patriarchs women, and especially mothers, occupy a prominent place. In Rebekah's marriage, her mother seems to have had equal voice with her father and Laban, her brother Gen_24:28, Gen_24:50, Gen_24:53, Gen_24:55. Jacob ?obeyed his father and his mother? Gen_28:7, and his mother evidently was his chief counselor. The Law places the child under obligation of honoring father and mother alike Exo_20:12. The child that strikes father or mother or curses either of them is punished by death Exo_21:15, Exo_21:17. The same fate overtakes the habitually disobedient Deu_21:18-21.
In one place in the Law, the mother is even placed before the father as the object of filial reverence Lev_19:3. The Psalmist depicts deepest grief as that of one who mourneth for his mother Psa_35:14. In the entire Book of Proverbs the duty of reverence, love and obedience of sons to their mothers is unceasingly inculcated. The greatest comfort imaginable is that wherewith a mother comforts her son Isa_66:13.
2. Position in the New Testament
And what is true of the Old Testament is equally true of the New Testament. The same high type of womanhood, the same reverence for one's mother is in evidence in both books. The birth of Christ lifted motherhood to the highest possible plane and idealized it for all time. The last thing Jesus did on the Cross was to bestow His mother on John ?the beloved? as his special inheritance. What woman is today, what she is in particular in her motherhood, she owes wholly to the position in which the Scriptures have placed her. Sometimes the stepmother is spoken of as the real mother Gen_37:10. Sometimes the grandmother or other female relative is thus spoken of Gen_3:20; 1Ki_15:10.
Tropically the nation is spoken of as a mother and the people are her children Isa_50:1; Jer_50:12; Hos_2:4; Hos_4:5. Large cities also are ?mothers? (2Sa_20:19; compare Gal_4:26; 2 Esd 10:7), and Job even depicts the earth as such Job_1:21.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
The ordinary applications of the word require no illustration; but the following points of Hebrew usage may be noticed. When the father had more than one wife, the son seems to have confined the title of 'mother' to his real mother, by which he distinguished her from the other wives of his father. Hence the source of Joseph's peculiar interest in Benjamin is indicated in Gen_43:29, by his being his mother's son.' The other brethren were the sons of his father by other wives. Nevertheless, when this precision was not necessary, the step-mother was sometimes styled mother. Thus Jacob (Gen_37:10) speaks of Leah as Joseph's mother, for his real mother had long been dead. The step-mother was however more properly distinguished from the womb-mother by the name of 'father's wife.' The word 'mother' was also, like father, brother, sister, employed by the Hebrews in a somewhat wider sense than is usual with us. It is used of a grandmother (1Ki_15:10), and even of any female ancestor (Gen_3:20); of a benefactress (Jdg_5:7), and as expressing intimate relationship (Job_17:14). In Hebrew, as in English, a nation is considered as a mother, and individuals as her children (Isa_50:1; Jer_50:12; Eze_19:2; Hos_2:5; Hos_4:5); so our 'mother-country,' which is quite as good as 'father-land,' which we seem beginning to copy from the Germans. Large and important cities are also called mothers, i.e. 'mother-cities' with reference to the dependent towns and villages (2Sa_20:19), or even to the inhabitants, who are called her children (Isa_3:12; Isa_49:23) [WOMAN].
The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.
Jdg_5:7 (a) Deborah as the deliverer of Israel took care of the people of GOD as though they were her own children.
Isa_50:1 (a) Israel as a united nation is compared to a wife or a bride who begat the great multitude of the people of Israel. The nation had turned away from GOD as a wife turns away from her husband. (See Hos_2:2; Hos_4:5; Hos_10:14).
Jer_50:12 (a) Those who founded and established the great city of Babylon are described in this manner. They formed this mighty, powerful group, they nourished the Babylonians, and taught them to war. The Lord describes the heathen gods and their customs as having been those who moulded Israel into their present evil condition. They followed the gods of the Hittites and the Amorites.
Eze_19:2 (a) The strong, able founders of Israel are compared to a mother lion. The nature was fierce, and their attitude cruel. They were no longer the sheep of His pasture.
Eze_23:2 (a) This type probably refers to the one kingdom which existed under Solomon. It was afterwards divided into two kingdoms, which are mentioned as the two daughters.
Mat_12:49-50 (a) Our Lord indicates that there is a very close and sweet relationship between Himself and those who love Him enough to leave all other associations just to live with and for Him.
Rom_16:13 (a) The servant of GOD who leads GOD's people has that sweet, tender care for them and looks after their best interests as we find in the family relationship.
Rev_17:5 (a) This term probably refers to the Roman Catholic church. Most of the large denominations have emerged from that tremendous system, and have carried with them some of the grave clothes, the habits, the ways and the customs of the Roman church. Some of these "daughters" are so near like the mother church that it is difficult to distinguish them from her.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.
Mother
( אֵם, em, a primitive word; Gr. μήτηρ; but mother-in-law is חָמוֹת, chamoth'; once חֹתֶנֶת, chothe'neth, Deu_27:23; Gr. πενθερά). "The superiority of the Hebrew over all other contemporaneous systems of legislation and of morals is strongly shown in the higher estimation of the mother in the Jewish family, as contrasted with modern Oriental, as well as ancient Oriental and classical usage. SEE WOMAN. The king's mother, as appears in the case of Bathsheba, was treated with especial honor (1Ki_2:19; Exo_20:12; Lev_19:3; Deu_5:16; Deu_21:18; Deu_21:21; Pro_10:1; Pro_15:20; Pro_17:25; Pro_29:15; Pro_31:1; Pro_31:30)" (Smith). "When the father had more than one wife, the son seems to have confined the title of 'mother' to his real mother, by which he distinguished her from the other wives of his father. Hence the source of Joseph's peculiar interest in Benjamin is indicated in Gen_43:29 by his being ' his mother's son.' The other brethren were the sons of his father by other wives. Nevertheless, when this precision was not necessary, the step-mother was sometimes styled mother. Thus Jacob (Gen_37:10) speaks of Leah as Joseph's mother, for his real mother had long been dead. The step-mother was, however, more properly distinguished from the wombmother by the name of 'father's wife.' The word mother' was also, like FATHER, BROTHER, SISTER, employed by the Hebrews in a somewhat wider sense than is usual with us. It is used of a grandmother (1Ki_15:10), and even of any female ancestor (Gen_3:20); of a benefactress (Jdg_5:7), and as expressing intimate relationship (Job_17:14).
In Hebrew, as in English, a nation is considered as a mother, and individuals as her children (Isa_1:1; Jer_1:12; Eze_19:2; Hos_2:4; Hos_4:5); so our 'mother-country,' which is quite as good as 'father-land,' which we seem beginning to copy from the Germans. Large and important cities are also called mothers, i.e., 'mother- cities' (comp. metropolis, from the Greek), with reference to the dependent towns and villages (2Sa_20:19), or even to the inhabitants, who are called her children (Isa_3:12; Isa_49:23). 'The parting of the way, at the head of two ways' (Eze_11:21), is in the Hebrew 'the mother of the way,' because out of it the two ways arise as daughters. In Job_1:21 the earth is indicated as the common mother, to whose bosom all mankind must return.'" The term is also applied to a city as the parent or source of wickedness and abominations; as "Babylon the Great, the mother of harlots " (Rev_17:5). The Church, as the Bride, is spoken of as the mother of believers (Isa_49:14-22; Isa_56:8-12; Psa_87:5-6; Gal_4:22; Gal_4:21); and the sentiment, at once so mild and so tender, which unites the mother to her child is often alluded to in the sacred volume to illustrate the love of God to his people (Isa_44:1-8; Isa_56:6-12; 1Co_3:1-2; 1Th_2:7; 2Co_11:2). SEE CHILD.
CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.
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