Officer

VIEW:26 DATA:01-04-2020

OFFICER.—By this somewhat indefinite expression are rendered some eight or ten different Heb. and Gr. words, several of which seem to have had an equally wide application. Of the Heb. words the commonest is shôtçr, from a root which in Assyrian means ‘to write.’ The shôtçr, accordingly, was originally, it would seem, a subordinate official attached to the higher military, civil, and judicial officers of the State for secretarial purposes (see Driver’s summary of their duties in his Com. on Deu_1:15). In the narrative of the oppression of the Hebrews in Egypt, the ‘officers’ are the Hebrew subordinates of the Egyptian taskmasters (see Exo_5:14); one of their duties, it may be assumed, was to keep account of the tale of bricks made by each of their compatriots.
In Gen_37:36 and elsewhere ‘officer’ is the tr. [Note: translate or translation.] of the usual word for ‘eunuch’ (wh. see), but, as Gen_39:1 shows, the original (sârîs) must here signify, more generally, a court official. Still another word, rendered ‘officer’ in 1Ki_4:5; 1Ki_4:7 etc., denotes the heads of the twelve administrative districts into which Solomon divided his kingdom, corresponding some what to the ‘collectors’ in our Indian administration.
In NT ‘officer’ is, with one exception (Luk_12:58), the tr. [Note: translate or translation.] of a Gr. word of equally wide application. In the account of our Lord’s betrayal and capture the ‘officers’ are members of the Temple police (Joh_7:32 etc.), as also in the account of the imprisonment of Peter and John (Act_5:22; Act_5:26; cf. Act_4:1). The same word is elsewhere rendered ‘minister,’ either in the more general sense of ‘attendant’ (so Act_13:6 RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), or in the special sense of the ‘minister’ (RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘attendant’) or officer of the Jewish synagogue (Luk_4:20), for whom see Synagogue.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909

In New Testament used to translated hufretes "minister" (Mat_5:25), and practor "exacter" or "officer of the court," only in Luk_12:58.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.

Officer. It is obvious that most, if not all, of the Hebrew words rendered, "officer" are either of an indefinite character, or are synonymous terms for functionaries, known under other and more specific names, as "scribe," "eunuch" etc. The two words so rendered in the New Testament denote ?
1. An inferior officer of a court of justice, a messenger or bailiff, like the Roman viator or lictor. Mat_5:25; Act_5:22.
2. Officers whose duty it was to register and collect fines imposed by courts of justice. Luk_12:58.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863

of?i-sẽr: In the King James Version the term is employed to render different words denoting various officials, domestic, civil and military, such as סריס, ṣārı̄ṣ, ?eunuch,? ?minister of state? (Gen_37:36); פּקיד, pāḳı̄dh, ?person in charge,? ?overseer? (Gen_41:34); נציב, necı̄bh, ?stationed,? ?garrison,? ?prefect? (1Ki_4:19); שׁטר, shōṭēr, ?scribe? or ?secretary? (perhaps arranger or organizer), then any official or overseer. In Est_9:3 for the King James Version ?officers of the king? the Revised Version (British and American) has (more literal) ?they that did the king's business.?
In the New Testament, ?officer? generally corresponds to the Greek word ὑπηρέτης, hupērétēs, ?servant,? or any person in the employ of another. In Mat_5:25 the term evidently means ?bailiff? or exactor of the fine imposed by the magistrate, and corresponds to πράκτωρ, práktōr, used in Luk_12:58.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.

Officer
Most, if not all, of the Hebrew and Greek words so rendered in the A. V. are either of an indefinite character, or are synonymous terms for functionaries known under other and more specific names. They are the following:
1. סָרַיס, saris (Gen_37:36; Gen_39:1; Gen_40:2). The word usually designates a eunuch; and probably it ought always to be so understood. It is no valid objection to this that Potiphar had a wife, for eunuchs are not all strangers to the sexual passion, and sometimes live in matrimony (Sir_20:4; Mishna, Jebamoth, 8:4; Juvenal, Sat. 1:22; Terence, Eun. 4:3, 23; Chardin, Voyages, 3:397). SEE EUNUCH.
2. שֹׁטֵר, shoter, part. of שָׁטִר, to cut, to grave, properly a writer (Sept. γραμματεύς), and, from the use of writing in judicial administration, a magistrate or praecet. It is used of the officers who were set over the Israelites in Egypt (Exodus v. 6-19); of the officers who were appointed along with the elders to administer the public affairs of the Israelites (Num_11:16; Deu_20:5; Deu_20:8-9; Deu_29:10; Deu_31:28; Jos_1:10; Jos_3:2; Jos_8:33, etc.); of magistrates in the cities and towns of Palestine (Deu_16:18; Sept. γραμματοεισαγωγεῖς; 1Ch_23:4; 1Ch_26:29; 2Ch_19:11; Pro_6:7 [A. V. “overseer”], etc.); and apparently also of a military chief (2Ch_26:11 [A. V. “ruler”]). See below.
3. נַצָּב, nitstsab, part. Niph. of נָצִב, to set orplace,a praefect or director (1Ki_4:5; 1Ki_4:7; 5:30 [A.V. 1Ki_5:16]; 1Ki_9:23, etc.); and נְצַיב, netsib (1Ki_4:7; 1Ki_4:19). SEE GOVERNOR.
4. רִב, rab (Est_1:8; Dan_1:3 [A. V. “master”]); Sept. οἰκόνομος. SEE RAB.
5. פָּקַיד, pakid, from פָּקִד, to visit, Hiph. to set over, an overseer or magistrate (Gen_41:34, Sept. τοπάρχης; Jdg_9:28, Sept. ἐπίσκοπος; Est_2:3, Sept. κωμάρχης; 2Ch_24:11, Sept. προστάτης); and פְּקֻדָּה, pekuddah, properly office, but used collectively for a body of officers (Isa_60:17, Sept. ἄρχοντας; also 2Ch_24:11 [A. V. “office”], Sept. προστάτας).
6. עֹשֵׂי הִמְּלָאכָה, “those who did the business,” marg. A.V., Sept. γραμματεῖς (Est_9:3). SEE MONARCHY, HEBREW.
In the N.T. the words translated “officer” are both employed of legal functionaries. They are: 1. ὑπηρέτης, a word of general significance, denoting one who renders service of any kind; it is used, with this rendering, of a functionary whose duty it was to apprehend offenders, or to exact legal penalties from those who had incurred them (Mat_5:25 [for which Luke uses πράκτωρ, 12:58]; Joh_7:32; Joh_7:46; Joh_18:3; Joh_18:12; Act_5:22); a messenger or bailiff; like the Roman viator or lictor. Josephus uses the word ὑπηρέτης of an officer two of whom, being Levites, were attached to each magistrate (Ant. 4:8, 14); but it is probable that these were rather clerks or assessors of the court than servants of the class above described. The Mishna also mentions the crier and other officials, but whether these answered to the officers of Josephus and the N.T. cannot be determined. Selden, from Maimonides, mentions the high estimation in which such officials were held (Sanhedr. 4:4; 6:1; Selden, De Synedr. 2:13, 11). 2. The πράκτωρ was properly the exactor of the penalty assigned by the judge, and so the word is correctly used by Luke (Luk_12:58). There were at Athens officers bearing this name, whose business it was to register and collect fines imposed by courts of justice; and “deliver to the officer” means, give in the name of the debtor to the officer of the court (Demosthenes [or Dinarchus] c. Theocr. p. 1218, Reiske; Smith, Dict. of Antiq. “Practores,” “Hyperetes;” Jul. Poll. 8:114; Demosth. c. Arist. p. 778; AEsch. c. Timarch. p. 5; Grotius, on Luk_12:58). SEE PUNISHMENT.
The most usual and specific of the above Hebrew words is shoterim' (שֹׁטְרַים), which is best explained as the participle of an old verb, shatar' (שָׁטִר), that still appears in the Arabic, meaning to engrave, to mark upon anything; hence to write, and from the common use of scribes in the East, and especially in Egypt (see Wilkinson, Anc.' Egypt. 2:176 sq., Harper's ed.), in all matters of agency, superintendence, and public business, the word naturally passes into the more general meaning of agent or officer (comp. Hengstenberg, Pentat. 1:449 sq.). In English, and other Western languages, words of kindred signification originally have acquired the same latitude of meaning. SEE CLERK; SEE WRITING. These scribes or officers first appear in Egypt as Hebrews appointed to supervise the task of their brethren, and made responsible for its full completion (Exo_5:6; Exo_5:14-15; Exo_5:19). Those only were adapted to this task who, by their skill in writing, were competent to keep lists and tables of persons and their work. Their duties are well illustrated by many groups on the extant Egyptian monuments, in which the scribe is seen registering the workmen engaged in various employments (see Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. 2:282 sq.). The elders of the people, while in the wilderness, were appointed officers (Num_11:16; Deu_29:10; Deu_31:28), and at the exode each tribe had its own “officers” (Deu_1:15; comp. 20:5), who, under Joshua, were the medium of communication between the commander-in-chief and their respective tribes (Jos_1:10; Jos_3:2), and at different times several classes of functionaries are enumerated, the officers (שֹׁטְרַים) being generally the last mentioned (Jos_8:33; Jos_23:2; Jos_24:1). The law indeed had already ordained (Deu_16:18) that on the settlement in the promised land “officers and judges” should be appointed in every city; and David seems to have appointed them from among the Levites (1Ch_23:4; 1Ch_26:29; comp. 2Ch_19:11). Other “officers” are mentioned under David (1Ch_27:1) as engaged in the services of the court, perhaps a kind of chamberlains; but in connection with the army (2Ch_26:11) not only scribes ( סֹפְרַים SEE SCRIBE ), but also rulers or officers (שֹׁטְרַים) were employed. None of these, however, are mentioned in the books of Kings. It is clear that although in these passages the Hebrew term shoterim' in no case refers to mere subordinates engaged in menial duties, as lictors, beadles, etc. (the view of Fuller, Misc. Sacr. 3:19; Selden, De Synedr. 1:15), yet officers of various kinds are denoted by it, especially those whose duties required the keeping of registers and tables. It answers well, accordingly, to the Greek term for a scribe, γραμματεύς, and to the English word clerk (comp. Wachsmuth, Hellen. Alterthumnsk. 1:829 sq.). It cannot, however, be proved that these officers among the Hebrews had the peculiar charge of the genealogical tables (as Michaelis, Mos. R. p. 281; Jahn, Archaeol. II, 1:62; Hengstenberg, ut sup.), although this duty accords well with the proper meaning of the term. Scribes must, of course, have enrolled the army; but it remains uncertain whether these enlisting officers were permanently connected with the army. SEE CENSUS; SEE SECRETARY.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.

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