Owl

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OWL
1. bath ya‘ânâh, RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘ostrich’ (wh. see).
2. yanshûph, Lev_11:17, Deu_14:15, ‘great owl’; [yanshöph], Isa_34:11 owl,’ RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘bittern’; commonly thought to be the ibis.
3. kôs, Lev_11:17, Deu_14:16, ‘little owl’; Psa_102:6 ‘owl.’
4. qippôz, Isa_34:15, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘great owl,’ RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘arrowsnake.’ The description’ make her nest, and lay, and hatch’ certainly seems to point to some bird, but what kind is uncertain
5. tinshemeth, Lev_11:18, Deu_14:15, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘swan,’ RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘horned owl.’ See Swan.
6. lîlîth, Isa_34:14, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] ‘screech owl,’ AVm [Note: Authorized Version margin.] and RV [Note: Revised Version.] ‘night monster,’ RVm [Note: Revised Version margin.] ‘Lilith,’ the fabulous monster which is in Jewish folklore such an enemy of children.
Owls are very plentiful in Palestine. Most common of all is the little bömeh (Athene glaux), whose melancholy cry can be heard anywhere in the open country when twilight begins. It is a general favourite and very tame. The great Egyptian eagle-owl, the next most common species, is a large bird, nearly two feet long, with long ear tufts (see No. 5). It haunts ruins, and has a prolonged and desolate cry.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909

Ostrich, the true rendering of bath hayanah. (See OSTRICH.) Yanshowph; Lev_11:17, "the great owl." From a root, "twilight" (Bochart), or to puff the breath (Knobel). Deu_14:16; Isa_34:11. The horned owl, Bubo maximus, not as Septuagint the ibis, the sacred bird of Egypt. Maurer thinks the heron or crane, from nashaf "to blow," as it utters a sound like blowing a horn (Rev_18:2). Chaldee and Syriac support "owl." Kos; Lev_11:17, "the little owl." Athene meridionalis on coins of Athens: emblem of Minerva, common in Syria; grave, but not heavy. Psa_102:6, "I am like an owl in a ruin" (Syriac and Arabic versions), expressing his loneliness, surrounded by foes, with none to befriend. The Arabs call the owl "mother of ruins," um elcharab.
The Hebrew means a "cup", perhaps alluding to its concave face, the eye at the bottom, the feathers radiating on each side of the beak outward; this appears especially in the Otus vulgaris, the "long-cared owl". Kippoz. Isa_34:15, "the great owl." But Gesenius "the arrow snake," or "the darting tree serpent"; related to the Arabic kipphaz. The context favors "owl"; for "gather under her shadow" applies best to a mother bird fostering her young under her wings. The Septuagint, Chaldee, Arabic, Syriac, Vulgate read kippod, "hedgehog." The great eagle owl is one of the largest birds of prey; with dark plumage, and enormous head, from which glare out two great eyes. Lilith. Isa_34:14, "screech owl"; from layil "the night." Irby and Mangles state as to Petra of Edom "the screaming of hawks, eagles, and owls, soaring above our heads, annoyed at anyone approaching their lonely habitation, added much to the singularity of the scene." The Strix flammea, "the barn owl"; shrieking in the quietude of the night, it appalls the startled hearer with its unearthly sounds.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.

Owl. A number of species of the owl are mentioned in the Bible, Lev_11:17; Lev_14:16; Isa_14:23; Isa_34:15; Zep_2:14, and in several other places, the same Hebrew word is used, where it is translated ostrich. Job_30:29; Jer_50:39. Some of these species were common in Palestine, and, as is well known, were often found inhabiting ruins. Isa_34:11; Isa_34:13-15.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863

There are several varieties of this species, all too well known to need a particular description. They are nocturnal birds of prey, and have their eyes better adapted for discerning objects in the evening or twilight than in the glare of day.
1. כזס ], Lev_11:17; Deu_14:16; Psa_102:6, is in our version rendered “the little owl.” Aquila, Theodotion, Jerom, Kimchi, and most of the older interpreters, are quoted to justify this rendering. Michaelis, at some length, supports the opinion that it is the horned owl. Bochart, though with some hesitation, suspected it to be the onocrotalus, a kind of pelican, because the Hebrew name signifies cup, and the pelican is remarkable for a pouch or bag under the lower jaw; but there are good reasons for supposing that bird to be the קאת of the next verse. Dr. Geddes thinks this bird the cormorant; and as it begins the list of water fowl, and is mentioned always in the same contexts with קאת , confessedly a water bird, his opinion may be adopted.
2. ינשופּ , Lev_11:17; Deu_14:16; Isa_34:11. In the two first places our translators render this “the great owl,” which is strangely placed after the little owl, and among water birds. “Our translators,” says the author of “Scripture Illustrated,” “seem to have thought the owl a convenient bird, as we have three owls in two verses.” Some critics think it means a species of night bird, because the word may be derived from נשפּ , which signifies the twilight, the time when owls fly about. But this interpretation, says Parkhurst, seems very forced; and since it is mentioned among water fowls, and the LXX have, in the first and last of those texts, rendered it by ιβις, the ibis, we are disposed to adopt it here, and think the evidence strengthened by this, that in a Coptic version of Lev_11:17, it is called ip or hip, which, with a Greek termination, would very easily make ιβις.
3. קפון , which occurs only in Isa_34:15, is in our version rendered “the great owl.”
4. לילית , Isa_34:14, in our version “the screech owl.” The root signifies night; and as undoubtedly a bird frequenting dark places and ruins is referred to, we must admit some kind of owl.
A place of lonely desolation, where The screeching tribe and pelicans abide, And the dun ravens croak mid ruins drear,
And moaning owls from man the farthest hide.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.

oul (היּענה בּת, bath ha-ya‛ănāh; Latin Ulula): The name of every nocturnal bird of prey of the Natural Order Striges. These birds range from the great horned owl of 2 feet in length, through many subdivisions to the little screech-owl of 5 inches. All are characterized by very large heads, many have ear tufts, all have large eyes surrounded by a disk of tiny, stiff, radiating feathers. The remainder of the plumage has no aftershaft. So these birds make the softest flight of any creature traveling on wing. A volume could be written on the eye of the owl, perhaps its most wonderful feature being in the power of the bird to enlarge the iris if it wishes more distinct vision. There is material for another on the prominent and peculiar auditory parts. With almost all owls the feet are so arranged that two toes can be turned forward and two back, thus reinforcing the grip of the bird by an extra toe and giving it unusual strength of foot. All are night-hunters, taking prey to be found at that time, of size according to the strength. The owl was very numerous in the caves, ruined temples and cities, and even in the fertile valleys of Palestine. It is given place in the Bible because it was considered unfit for food and because people dreaded the cries of every branch of the numerous family. It appeared often, as most birds, in the early versions of the Bible; later translators seem to feel that it was used in several places where the ostrich really was intended (see OSTRICH). It would appear to a natural historian that the right bird could be selected by the location, where the text is confusing. The ostrich had a voice that was even more terrifying, when raised in the night, than that of the owl. But it was a bird of the desert, of wide range and traveled only by day. This would confine its habitat to the desert and the greenery where it joined fertile land, but would not bring it in very close touch with civilization. The owl is a bird of ruins, that lay mostly in the heart of rich farming lands, where prosperous cities had been built and then destroyed by enemies. Near these locations the ostrich would be pursued for its plumage, and its nesting conditions did not prevail. The location was strictly the owl's chosen haunt, and it had the voice to fit all the requirements of the text. In the lists of abominations, the original Hebrew yanshūph, derived from a root meaning twilight, is translated ?great owl? (see Lev_11:17 and Deu_14:16). It is probable that this was a bird about 2 ft. in length, called the eagle-owl. In the same lists the word kōṣ (τικόραξ, nuktikórax) refers to ruins, and the bird indicated is specified as the ?little owl,? that is, smaller than the great owl - about the size of our barn owl. This bird is referred to as the ?mother of ruins,? and the translations that place it in deserted temples and cities are beyond all doubt correct. Ḳippōz (ἐχῖνος, echı́nos) occurs once (Isa_34:15), and is translated ?great owl? in former versions; lately (in the American Standard Revised Version) it is changed to ?dart-snake? (the English Revised Version ?arrowsnake?). In this same description lı̄lı̄th (ὀνοκένταυρος, onokéntauros), ?a specter of night,? was formerly screech-owl, now it reads ?night monster,? which is more confusing and less suggestive. The owls in the lists of abominations (Lev_11:17, Lev_11:18; Deu_14:16) are the little owl, the great owl and the horned owl. The only other owl of all those that produced such impressions of desolation in the Books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Job, and Micah is referred to in Psa_102:6 :
?I am like a pelican of the wilderness;
I am become as an owl of the waste places.?
Here it would appear that the bird habitual to the wilderness and the waste places, that certainly would be desert, would be the ostrich - while in any quotation referring to ruins, the owl would be the bird indicated by natural conditions.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


Fig. 284?Owl
There are noticed in Egypt and Syria three well known species of the genus Strix, or owl?'the great-eared owl;' the common barn owl; and the little owl. In this list the long-eared owl, the short-eared owl, known nearly over the whole earth, and the Oriental owl of Hasselquist, are not included, and several other species of these wandering birds, both of Africa and Asiatic regions, occur in Palestine. The barn owl is still sacred in Northern Asia.
The eagle-owl, or great-eared owl, we do not find in ornithological works as an inhabitant of Syria, though no doubt it is an occasional winter visitant and the smaller species, which may be a rare but permanent resident, probably also visiting Egypt. It is not, however, we believe, that species, but the Otus ascalaphus of Cuvier, which is common in Egypt, and which in all probability is the type of the innumerable representations of an eared owl in hieroglyphical inscriptions.
Next we have the short-eared owl, likewise found in Egypt and Arabia, as well as to the north of Syria, a bold, pugnacious bird, residing in ruined buildings, mistaken by commentators for the screech-owl. The spectral species, again, confounded with the goat-sucker, is, we believe, Strix coromanda [NIGHT-HAWK], and the same as the Oriental owl of Hasselquist.
The little owl of Egypt is not likely to be the Passerine species of Europe, and probably does not occur under a distinct name in Biblical Hebrew; but that the owls which inhabited Palestine were numerous may be inferred with tolerable certainty from the abundance of mice, rats, and other vermin, occasioned by the offal and offerings at the numerous sacrifices, and consequently the number of nocturnal birds of prey that subsisted upon them, and were tolerated for that purpose.




The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.

Psa_102:6 (a) This bird represents the Lord JESUS in His solitude and loneliness. As the owl was surrounded by the barren, hot sands with only reptiles for company, so the Saviour was surrounded by wicked influences and evil enemies. As the owl had no trees in which to make its nest, and rest there, so the Saviour had no place to lay His head, and no resting place for His heart in this life.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.

Owl
is the rendering in the English Version of several Hebrew words. In our identifications of them we follow the ancient intimations compared with modern authorities.
1. Yanshuph (יִנְשׁוּ), which is mentioned in Lev_11:17; Deu_14:16, among unclean water-fowl; and in Isa_34:11 (here written yanshoph, יִנְשׁוֹ), in the description of desolate Edom. The Sept. and Jerome translate it ibis, i.e. the Egyptian heron, according to the older commentators; and Oedmann (Sammlung, 6:27; comp. Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg. III, 2:583) and others favor this rendering; but it has been shown that the real ibis is a smaller bird, not of the heron species, the Ibis religiosa of Cuvier; a rare bird even about Memphis, and unknown in Palestine. This, then, could not be the yanshuph of the Pentateuch, nor could the black ibis which appears about Damietta, nor any species strictly tenants of hot and watery regions, be well taken for it. See IBIS. Bochart and others, who refer the name to a species of owl, appear to disregard two other names ascribed to owls in the 16th verse of the same chapter of Leviticus. If, therefore, an owl was here again intended, it would have been placed in the former verse, or near to it. On the whole, as the Sept. refers the word to a wader, and the older commentators to a species of ardea, we accept the view already indicated by Gesenius (Thesaurus, p. 922), on etymological grounds, that a heron is intended; and the night-heron is the only one, perhaps, in all respects suited to the passages. It is a bird smaller than the common heron; distinguished by two or three white plumes hanging out of the black-capped nape of the male. In habit it is partially nocturnal. The Arabian Abu-onk (?), if not identical, is a close congener of the species, being found in every portion of the temperate and warmer climates of the earth: it is an inhabitant of Syria, and altogether is free from the principal objections made to the ibis and the owl. The Linnaean single Ardea nycticorax is now typical of a genus of that name, and includes several species of night-herons. They fly abroad at dusk, frequent the sea- shore, marshes, and rivers, feeding on mollusca, crustacea, and worms, and have a cry of a most disagreeable nature. This bird has been confounded with the night-hawk, which is a goat-sucker (caprimulgus), not a hawk.
2. Kos (כּוֹס, Lev_11:17; Deu_14:16; Psa_102:6), rendered “little owl” and “owl of the desert,” is perhaps most applicable to the white or barn owl, Strix flammea. Bochart (Hieroz. 2:267) referred this name to the pelican, on account of the assumed signification of kos, “cup,” by him fancied to point out the pouch beneath the bill (so Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 695); whereas it is more probably an indication of the disproportionate bulk and flatness of the head compared with the body, of which it measures to the eve full half of the whole bird, when the feathers are raised in their usual appearance. Kos is only a variation of cup and cap, which, with some inflexions, additional or terminal particles, is common to all the great languages of the old continent. The barn-owl-is still sacred in Northern Asia.
3. Kippoz (קַפּוֹז, “great owl,” Isa_34:15) has been variously supposed to designate the hedge-hog, otter, osprey, bittern, and owl. Gesenius (Thesaur. p. 1226), with Bochart, deriving the word from the root קָפִז, kaphaz, to draw together, to contract, thinks it to be a species of serpent, Serpensjaculus, i.e. the arrowsnake, so called from its darting, springing, in the mainer of the rattlesnake. But as the text evidently speaks of the habits of a bird, we may perhaps acquiesce in the translation owl. There are noticed in Egypt and Syria three well-known species of the genus Strix, or owl: Strix bubo, “the great-eared owl;” Strix flammea, the common barn-owl; and Strix passerina, the little owl. In this list Strix otus, the long-eared owl, Strix brachyotus or ulula, the short-eared owl, known nearly over the whole earth, and Strix orientaulis of Hasselquist, are not included, and several other species of these wandering birds, both of African and Asiatic regions, occur in Palestine. The eagle-owl, or great- eared owl, Strix bubo, we do not find in ornithological works as an inhabitant of Syria, though no doubt it is an occasional winter visitant; and the smaller species, Bubo Atheniensis of Gmelin, which may be a rare but permanent resident, probably also visiting Egypt. It is not, however, we believe, that species, but the Otus ascalaphus of Cuvier, which is common in Egypt, and which in all probability is the type of the innumerable representations of an eared owl in hieroglyphical inscriptions. This may be the species noticed under the indefinite name of kippoz.
4. Yaanah' (יִעֲנָה, Lev_11:16; Deu_14:15; Job_30:29; Isa_13:21; Isa_34:13; Isa_43:20; Mic_1:8), the OSTRICH SEE OSTRICH (q.v.).
5. Lilith (לַילַית, Isa_34:14), “screech-owl,” but better in the margin NIGHT-MONSTER SEE NIGHT-MONSTER (q.v.).

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.

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