Pomegranate

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POMEGRANATE (rimmôn, Arah. rummân).—Tree and fruit (Exo_28:33 f., Exo_39:24-26, Num_13:23; Num_20:5, Deu_8:8, 1Sa_14:2; 1Sa_14:1 k 7:18, 20, 42, 2Ki_25:17, 2Ch_3:16; 2Ch_4:13, Son_4:3; Son_4:13; Son_6:7; Son_7:12; Son_8:2, Jer_52:22 f., Joe_1:12, Hag_2:19). The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is one of the familiar fruit trees of the OT; it is usually a shrub, hut may attain the height of a tree (1Sa_14:2); it was much admired for its beauty (Son_4:3; Son_6:11), and its flower was copied in ornamentation (Exo_28:33, 1Ki_7:13). Its dark green leaves and brilliant scarlet blossom make it a peculiarly attractive object, especially when growing in orchards (Son_4:13), mixed with trees of other shades of green; its buds develop with the tender grapes (Son_7:12), and the round, reddish fruit, with its hrilliant crimson, juicy seeds, ripens at the time of the vintage. The fruit is a favourite food, and the hark a valued astringent medicine.
E. W. G. Masterman.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909


rimmon. The tree and the fruit. In Egypt (Num_20:5), and in Palestine (Num_13:23; Deu_8:8). Rimmon, Gathrimmon, and En-rimmon, were called from the pomegranate. The cheeks (KJV "temples," i.e. the upper part of the cheek near the temples) of the bride are "like a piece of pomegranate within her locks" (Son_4:3). When cut it displays seeds in rows, pellucid, like crystal, tinged with red. The church's blush of modesty is not on the surface but within, which Christ sees into (Son_4:13). Her "plants are an orchard of pomegranates with pleasant fruits," not merely flowers (Joh_15:8); Son_8:2, "spied wine of the juice of my pomegranate."
The cup of betrothal He gave her at the last supper, the marriage cup shall be at His return (Mat_26:29; Rev_19:7-9). "Spices" are only introduced in the Song of Solomon when he is present, not in his absence. The pomegranate was carved on the tops of the pillars in Solomon's temple (1Ki_7:18; 1Ki_7:20), and on the hem of the robe of the ephod (Exo_28:33-34). The fruit is surmounted with a crown-shaped (compare spiritually 2Ti_4:8; 1Pe_5:4; Jas_1:12) calyx. The name is from pomum granatum "grained apple," called "Punic" by the Romans as they received it from Carthage. The rind abounds in tannin, which the Moors used in preparing "morocco" leather; the Cordovaners of Spain learned the art from the Moors; hence our word "cordwainers." The order is the Myrtacae; the foliage dark green, flowers crimson; the fruit (like an orange) ripens in October.
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.


Pomegranate. The pomegranate tree, Punicu granatum, derives its name from the Latin, pomum granatum, "grained apple". The Romans gave it the name of Punica, as the tree was introduced from Carthage. It belongs to the natural order Myrtaceae, (Myrtle), being, however, rather a tall bush than a tree.
The foliage is dark green, the flowers are crimson, the fruit, which is about the size of an orange, is red when ripe, which, in Palestine, is about the middle of October. It contains a quantity of juice. Mention is made in Son_8:2, of spiced wine of the juice of the pomegranate. The rind is used in the manufacture of morocco leather, and together with the bark, is sometimes used medicinally.
Mr. Royle, (Kitto's Cyclopedia, article "Rimmon"), states that this tree is a native of Asia and is to be traced from Syria through Persia, even to the mountains of northern India. The pomegranate was early cultivated in Egypt; hence, the complaint of the Israelites in the wilderness of Zin, Num_20:5, this "is no place of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates."
Carved figures of the pomegranate adorned the tops of the pillars in Solomon's Temple, 1Ki_7:18; 1Ki_7:20; etc.; and worked representations of this fruit, in blue, purple and scarlet, ornamented the hem of the robe of the ephod. Exo_28:33-34. A fragment of the fruit with its pearly seeds, imbedded in ruby liquid, is very beautiful. "Thy cheeks are like a piece of pomegranate" is the allusion of the poet to the fine transparent tint. Son_4:3.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863


רמון , Num_13:23; Num_20:5; 1Sa_14:2, &c, a low tree growing very common in Palestine, and in other parts of the east. Its branches are very thick and bushy; some of them are armed with sharp thorns. They are garnished with narrow spear-shaped leaves. Its flowers are of an elegant red colour, resembling a rose. It is chiefly valued for the fruit, which is as big as a large apple, is quite round, and has the general qualities of other summer fruits, allaying heat and quenching thirst. The high estimation in which it was held by the people of Israel, may be inferred from its being one of the three kinds of fruit brought by the spies from Eshcol to Moses and the congregation in the wilderness, Num_13:23; Num_20:5; and from its being specified by that rebellious people as one of the greatest luxuries which they enjoyed in Egypt, the want of which they felt so severely in the sandy desert. The pomegranate, classed by Moses with wheat and barley, vines and figs, oil olive and honey, was, in his account, one principal recommendation of the promised land, Deu_8:8. The form of this fruit was so beautiful, as to be honoured with a place at the bottom of the high priest's robe, Exo_28:33; Sir_45:9; and was the principal ornament of the stately columns of Solomon's temple. The inside is full of small kernels, replenished with a generous liquor. In short, there is scarcely any part of the pomegranate which does not delight and recreate the senses.
Biblical and Theological Dictionary by Richard Watson
PRINTER 1849.


pom?gran-ā́t, pom-gran?ā́t, pum?gran-ā́t (רמּון, rimmōn (tree and fruit); the Hebrew name is similar to the Arabic, Aramaic and Ethiopic; ῥόα, rhóa):

1. A Tree Characteristic of Palestine:
One of the most attractive and most characteristic of the fruit trees of Syria, probably indigenous to Persia, Afghanistan and the neighborhood of the Caucasus, but introduced to Palestine in very ancient times. The spies brought specimens of figs and pomegranates, along with grapes, from the Vale of Eshcol (Num_13:23). Vines, figs and pomegranates are mentioned (Num_20:5) as fruits the Israelites missed in the wilderness; the promised land was to be one ?of wheat and barley, and vines and fig-trees and pomegranates? (Deu_8:8), a promise renewed in Hag_2:19. In the lamentation in Joe_1:11, Joe_1:12 we have the pomegranate, the palm tree and the apple tree represented as withered, ?for joy is withered away from the sons of men.?

2. The Fruit:
The pomegranate tree, Punica granatum (Natural Order, Granateae) occurs usually as a shrub or small tree 10-15 ft. high, and is distinguished by its fresh green, oval leaves, which fall in winter, and its brilliant scarlet blossoms (compare Son_7:12). The beauty of an orchard of pomegranates is referred to in Son_4:13. The fruit which is ripe about September is apple-shaped, yellow-brown with a blush of red, and is surmounted by a crown-like hard calyx; on breaking the hard rind, the white or pinkish, translucent fruits are seen tightly packed together inside. The juicy seeds are sometimes sweet and sometimes somewhat acid, and need sugar for eating. The juice expressed from the seeds is made into a kind of syrup for flavoring drinks, and in ancient days was made into wine: ?I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine, of the juice (margin ?sweet wine?) of my pomegranate? (Son_8:2). The beauty of a cut section of pomegranate - or one burst open naturally, when fully ripe - may have given rise to the comparison in Son_4:3; Son_6:7 : ?Thy temples are like a piece of a pomegranate.? The rind of the pomegranate contains a very high percentage of tannic acid, and is employed both as a medicine and for tanning, particularly in making genuine morocco leather.
Whether the pomegranate tree in Migron under which Saul is said (1Sa_14:2) to have abode with his 600 men was really a tree or a place, Rimmon, is doubtful. See RIMMON.

3. The Pomegranate in Art:
A large number of references to the pomegranate are to the use of the form of the fruit in ornamentation, in which respect it appears among the Hebrews to have something of the position of the lotus bud as a decorative motive in Egypt. It was embroidered in many colors on the skirts of Aaron's garments, together with golden bells (Exo_28:33 f; Exo_39:24-26; compare Ecclesiasticus 45:9). Hiram of Tyre introduced the pomegranate into his brass work ornamentation in the temple: ?So he made the pillars; and there were two rows round about upon the one network, to cover the capitals that were upon the top of the pillars? (margin ?So the Syriac The Hebrew has 'pomegranates'?) (1Ki_7:18). ?And the pomegranates were two hundred, in rows round about upon the other capital? (1Ki_7:20; compare also 1Ki_7:42; 2Ki_25:17; 2Ch_3:16; 2Ch_4:13).

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.


The pomegranate is a native of Asia; and we may trace it from Syria, through Persia, even to the mountains of Northern India. It is common in Northern Africa, and was early cultivated in Egypt: hence the Israelites in the desert complain (Num_20:5), 'It is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates.' Being common in Syria and Persia, it must have early attracted the attention of Eastern nations. In the present day it is highly valued, and travelers describe the pomegranate as being delicious throughout Persia. The late Sir A. Burnes states that the famous pomegranates without seeds are grown in gardens under the snowy hills, near the River Cabul. The bright and dark-green foliage of the pomegranate, and its flowers conspicuous for the crimson color both of the calyx and petals, must have made it an object of desire in gardens; while its large reddish-colored fruit, filled with numerous seeds, each surrounded with juicy pleasant-tasted pulp, would make it still more valuable as a fruit in warm countries. The pulpy grains of this fruit are sometimes eaten by themselves, sometimes sprinkled with sugar; at other times the juice is pressed out and made into wine, or one of the esteemed sherbets of the East. This seems also to have been the custom in ancient times, for it is said in Son_8:2, 'I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pomegranate.'
The pomegranate was well known to the Greeks. It was employed as a medicine by Hippocrates, and is mentioned by Homer. Various parts of the plant were employed medicinally, as, for instance, the root, or rather its bark, the flowers, and the double flowers; also the rind of the pericarp. Some of the properties which these plants possess, make them useful both as drugs and as medicines. We have hence a combination of useful and ornamental properties, which would make the pomegranate an object sure to command attention: and these, in addition to the showy nature of the flowers, and the roundish form of the fruit, crowned by the protuberant remains of the calyx, would induce its selection as an ornament to be imitated in carved work. Hence we find frequent mention of it as an ornament on the robes of the priests (Exo_28:33; Exo_39:24); and also in the temple (1Ki_7:18; 1Ki_7:20; 1Ki_7:42; 2Ki_25:17; 2Ch_3:16; 2Ch_4:13). It might, therefore, well be adduced by Moses among the desirable objects of the land of promise (Deu_8:8): 'a land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig-trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil-olive and honey.'




The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


Exo_28:34 (c) This fruit was and still is an emblem of fruitfulness. This fruit is quite filled with seeds so that it is able to reproduce itself in a multitude of new plants. It is also a type of sweetness and of satisfaction. These are a fruit of the Spirit of GOD in the life, bringing about these lovely results. (See Son_4:13).

Son_4:3 (c) Solomon is describing the beauty of the church and indicates that the thoughts in the minds of GOD's people would be beautiful ones and fruitful ones. This of course is true, and perhaps this is the lesson intended.
Wilson's Dictionary of Bible Types
press 1957.


Pomegranate
the Punica granatum of Linneus, is by universal consent acknowledged to denote the Heb. rimmô (רמּוֹן, also רַמֹּן, so called, according to Gesenius, from an Arab. root signifying marrow; but according to Furst, from one signifying blood-red; Sept. ῥοά, ῥοιά, ῥοϊvσκος, κώδων; Vulg. malum punicum, matluen granatum, malogranatum), a word which occurs frequently in the O.T., and is used to designate either the pomegranate-tree or its fruit. It is described in the works of the Arabs by the name roman. The pomegranate is a native of Asia; and we may trace it from Syria, through Persia, even to the mountains of Northern India. It is common in Northern Africa. The pomegranate is not likely to have been a native of Egypt; it must, however, have been cultivated there at a very early period, as the Israelites, when in the desert lamented the loss of its fruit in the wilderness of Zin (Num_20:5)-this “is no place of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates.” The tree, with its characteristic calyx-crowned fruit, is easily recognized on the Egyptian sculptures (Wilkinson, Anc. Egyptians, 1, 36, ed. 1854). That it was produced in Palestine during the same early ages is evident from the spies bringing some back when sent into Canaan to see what kind of a land it was; for we are told that they “came unto the brook of Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one cluster of grapes, etc., and they brought of the pomegranates and of the figs” (Numbers 13:53; comp. also Deu_8:8). The villages or towns of Rimmon (Jos_15:32), Gath-rimmon (Jos_21:25), En-rimmon (Neh_11:29), possibly derived their names from pomegranate-trees which grew in their vicinity. These trees suffered occasionally from the devastations of locusts (Joe_1:12; see also Hag_2:19). Mention is made of “an orchard of pomegranates” in Son_4:13; and in Son_4:3 the cheeks (A.V. “temples”) of the Beloved are compared to a section of “pomegranate within the locks,” in allusion to the beautiful rosy color of the fruit. Carved figures of the pomegranate adorned the tops of the pillars in Solomon's Temple (1Ki_7:18; 1Ki_7:20; 1Ki_7:42; 2Ki_25:17; 2 Chronicles 3, 16; 2Ch_4:13); and worked representations of this fruit, in blue, purple, and scarlet, ornamented the hem of the robe of the ephod (Exo_28:33-34; Exo_39:24). This is explained mystically by Philo (Opera, 2, 153, 226), and differently by Meyer (Blotter Johere Wahrheit, 10, 85; see also Bahr, Symbolik, 2, 123 sq.). The pomegranate seems also to have been used as a holy symbol in heathen religions (see Baihr, Symbol. 2, 122).
Among the later Jews the pomegranate was used in some cases as a measure (Mishna, Chelim, 17, 1, 4). Mention is made of “spiced wine of the juice of the pomegranate” in Son_8:2; with this may be compared the pomegranate-wine (ῥοϊvτης οινος) of which Dioscorides (5, 44) speaks, and which is still used in the East. Chardin says that great quantities of it were made in Persia, both for home consumption and for exportation, in his time (Script. Herb. p. 399; Harmer, Obs. 1, 377). Being common in Syria and Persia, it must have early attracted the attention of Eastern nations. In the present day it is highly valued, and travelers describe the pomegranate as being delicious throughout Persia. The late Sir A. Burnes states that the famous pomegranates without seeds are grown in gardens under the snowy hills, near the river Cabul. It is still found in Palestine (Scholz, Reis. p. 140), Arabia (Niebuhr, Beschr. p. 148), Egypt (Pococke, East. 1, 319), East and West Indies, and also in the southern countries of Europe (comp. Ritter, Erdkünde, 11, 549 sq.). The pomegranate was well known to the Greeks, being the ῥοά of Theophrastus and of Dioscorides (1, 151). It was employed as a medicine by Hippocrates, and is mentioned by Homer under the name side, supposed to be of Phoenician origin; Baeot. σίδη (Athen. 14:650), and called by Pliny Punica arbor (13, 38). The Romans gave it the name of Punica because the tree was introduced from Carthage; its English name is derived from the pomum granatum (“grained apple”) of the Romans. Various parts of the plant were employed medicinally. as, for instance, the root, or rather its bark, the flowers which are called κύτινος by Dioscorides, and the double flowers βαλαύστιον; also the rind of the pericarp, called malicorium by the Romans, and σίδιον by Dioscorides.
Some of the properties which these plants possess make them useful both as drugs and as medicines. In a natural state it is but a bush, eight or ten feet high, with a straight stem and a large number of branches, a red bark, lance-formed leaves of a bright-green color, each on its own stem; and bears flowers which stand separate, star-shaped, and without odor, of a deep-red color, and producing a round fruit, green and partly red on the surface, but yellow within (comp. Son_4:3, and Celsius, 1, 275. The Romans called this fruit malum punicum, the Punic apple, but sometimes also malum granatum, Plin. 13:34; 16:36; Marcell. Med. c. 27). It is of the shape and size of an orange, three or four inches in diameter, divided into longitudinal apartments, in which the grains lie as compactly as corn on the cob, and look much like a pale-red Indian corn. save that they are nearly transparent. They ripen about the middle of October, and remain in good condition all winter (Thomson, Land and Book, 2, 392; but in August, according to Russell, Nat. Hist. of Aleppo, 1, 107). They are uncommonly fleshy, juicy, and sweet to the taste (Pliny, 13:34), and are much enjoyed by the Orientals as a refreshment (Carne, 1. 8). The rind isused in the manufacture of morocco leather, and, together with the bark, is sometimes used medicinally to expel the tape-worm. Russell (Nat. Hist. of Aleppo, 1, 85, 2d ed.) states that “lemons have by no means superseded the pomegranate; the latter is more easily procured through the winter, and is often in cooking' preferred to the lemon. The tree is much cultivated in the gardens and orchards of Palestine and Northern Syria. The fruit is seldom ripe earlier than the end of August, w- hen most families lay in a stock for winter consumption. There are three varieties of the fruit-one sweet. another very acid, and a third, in which both qualities are agreeably blended. The juice of the sour fruit is often used instead of vinegar. The others are cut open when served up to table; or the grains, taken out and besprinkled with sugar or rose water, are brought to table in saucers. ‘he grains likewise, fresh as well as dried, make a considerable ingredient in cookery.” He adds that the trees are apt to suffer much in severe winters from extraordinary cold. See Celsius, Hielobot. 1, 271 sq.; Oken, Lehrbtuch der Botmaik, II, 2, 917 sq.; Geiger, Pharmaceutische Botanik, 2. 1417 sq.; Plenk, P-'lantt. Med. Tüb. p. 376; Layard, Nineveh, 2, 233.

CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.





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