Shammah

VIEW:30 DATA:01-04-2020

loss; desolation; astonishment
Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary


SHAMMAH.—1. Son of Reuel, son of Esau, a tribal chief (Gen_36:13). 2. Third son of Jesse, present when Samuel sought a successor to Saul (1Sa_16:9); with Saul in the battlefield when David visited the camp (1Sa_17:13). He is the same as Shimeah, father of Jonadab (2Sa_13:3), the Shimea of 1Ch_2:16, and the Shimei, father of Jonathan who slew the giant (2Sa_21:21). In 1Ch_20:7 Jonathan is called son of Shimea. 3. Son of Agee, a Hararite, one of the three mighty men of David. Alone he held the field against the Philistines (2Sa_23:11). The parallel passage, 1Ch_11:10 f., wrongly attributes the feat to Eleazar. He is probably identical with ‘Shammah, the Harodite’ (Hararite) of 2Sa_23:25. 2Sa_23:38 should read ‘Jonathan son of Shammah, the Hararite.’ In 1Ch_11:34, ‘son of Shage’ is probably confused with ‘son of Agee.’ Read, with Lucian, ‘son of Jonathan.’ Shimei, son of Ela (1Ki_4:18), should also appear here if we accept Lucian’s reading of ‘Ela’ for ‘Agee’ (2Sa_23:11). 4. An officer in David’s employ, called Shammoth in 1Ch_11:27, and Shamhuth in 1Ch_27:8. Probably the same as No. 3.
J. H. Stevenson.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909

1. Gen_36:13; Gen_36:17; 1Ch_1:37.
2. Jesse's third son, SHIMEA, SHIMEAH, SHIMMA (1Sa_16:9; 1Sa_16:13); present at David's anointing and at the battle with Goliath (1Sa_17:13). (See SHIMMA.)
3. One of David's three mighties; son of Agee the Hararite. Single handed he withstood the Philistines in a field of lentils ("barley" according to 1Ch_11:13-14; 1Ch_11:27, where also by a copyist's error Shammah is omitted and the deed attributed to Eleazar), when the rest fled before them and Jehovah by him wrought a great victory (2Sa_23:11-12). 2Sa_23:4. (See SHAMHUTH.)
5. 2Sa_23:32-33, instead of "Jonathan Shammah," should read "Jonathan son of Shage," or combining both as Kennicott suggests, "Jonathan son of Shamha" (1Ch_11:34).
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.

Sham'mah. (astonishment).
1. The son of Reuel, the son of Esau. Gen_36:13; Gen_36:17; 1Ch_1:37. (B.C. about 1700).
2. The third son of Jesse, and brother of David. 1Sa_16:9; 1Sa_17:13. Called also Shimea, Shimeah and Shimma.
3. One of the three greatest of David's mighty men. 2Sa_23:11-17. (B.C. 1061).
4. The Harodite, one of David's mighties. 2Sa_23:25. He is called "Shammoth, the Harorite" in 1Ch_11:27, and "Shamhuth, the Izrahite." 1Ch_27:8.
5. In the list of David's mighty men in 2Sa_23:32-33, we find "Jonathan, Shammah, the Hararite;" while in the corresponding verse of 1Ch_11:34 it is Jonathan. See Shamhuth; Shammoth.
Smith's Bible Dictionary
By Dr. William Smith.Published in 1863

sham?a (שׁמּה, shammāh):
(1) The son of Reuel, the son of Esau, a tribal chief of Edom (Gen_36:13, Gen_36:17; 1Ch_1:37, Σομέ, Somé).
(2) The third son of Jesse and brother of David. Together with his two other brothers he fought under Saul in the campaign against the Philistines and was with the army in the valley of Elah when David slew Goliath (1Sa_17:13 ff). One redactor states that he was a witness of the anointing of David by Samuel (1Sa_16:1-13). He was the father of Jonadab, the friend of Amnon (2Sa_13:3 ff), and that Jonathan whose victory over a Philistine giant is narrated in 2Sa_21:20 ff was also his son. His name is rendered as ?Shammah? (1Sa_16:9; 1Sa_17:13), ?Shimeah? (2Sa_13:3, 2Sa_13:12), ?Shimei? (2Sa_21:21), and ?Shimea? (1Ch_2:13; 1Ch_20:7).
(3) The son of Agee, a Hararite, one of the ?three mighty men? of David (2Sa_23:11, Septuagint Σαμαιά, Samaiá), who held the field against the Philistines. The parallel passage (1Ch_11:10 ff) ascribes this deed to Eleazar, the son of Dodo. The succeeding incident (2Sa_23:13 ff), namely, the famous act of three of David's heroes who risked their lives to bring their leader water from the well of Bethlehem, has frequently been credited to Shammah and two other members of ?the three?; but the three warriors are plainly said (2Sa_23:13) to belong to ?the thirty?; 2Sa_23:33 should read ?Jonathan, son of Shammah, the Hararite.? Jonathan, one of David's ?thirty,? was a son of Shammah; the word ?son? has been accidentally omitted (Driver, Budde, Kittel, etc.). The parallel passage (1Ch_11:34) has ?son of Shagee,? which is probably, a misreading for ?son of Agee.? Lucian's version, ?son of Shammah,? is most plausible. ?Shimei the son of Ela? (1Ki_4:18) should also appear in this passage if Lucian's reading of ?Ela? for ?Agee? (2Sa_23:11) be correct.
(4) A Harodite (2Sa_23:25, 2Sa_23:33), i.e. probably a native of ‛Ain-ḥarod (‛Ain Jalūd, Jdg_7:1; see HAROD). One of ?the thirty? and captain of Solomon's 5th monthly course. In the parallel lists (1Ch_11:27) he is called ?the Harorite? (this last being a scribal error for Harodite) and ?Shamhuth the Izrahate? (1Ch_27:8).

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.

Sham?mah (astonishment), one of the three chief of the thirty champions of David. The exploit by which he obtained this high distinction, as described in 2Sa_23:11-12, is manifestly the same as that which in 1Ch_11:12-14, is ascribed to David himself, assisted by Eleazar the son of Dodo. The inference, therefore, is that Shammah's exploit lay in the assistance which he thus rendered to David and Eleazar. It consisted in the stand which the others enabled David to make, in a field of lentiles, against the Philistines. Shammah also shared in the dangers which Eleazar and Jashobeam incurred in the chivalric exploit of forcing a way through the Philistine host to gratify David's thirst for the waters of Bethlehem (2Sa_23:16).
Other persons of this name occur. 2. A son of Reuel (Gen_36:13; Gen_36:17). 3. A brother of David (1Sa_16:9; 1Sa_17:13), who is elsewhere called Shimeah (2Sa_13:3; 2Sa_13:32) and Shimma (1Ch_2:13). 4. One of David's thirty champions, seemingly distinct from the chief of the same name (2Sa_23:33). 5. Another of the champions distinguished as Shammah the Harodite; he is called Shammoth in 1Ch_11:27, and Shamhuth in 1Ch_27:8. That three of the thirty champions should bear the same name is somewhat remarkable.




The Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature
by John Kitto.


(Heb. Shammah', שִׁמָּה, astonishment or desolation), the name of four or five Hebrews.
1. (Sept. Σομέ v.r. in Chron. Σομμέ.) Son of Reuel and head of a family along Esau's descendants (Gen_36:13; Gen_36:17; 1Ch_1:7). B.C. ante 1850. David (1Sa_16:9; 1Sa_17:13). From these two passages we learn that he was present at David's anointing by Samuel, and that with his two elder brothers he joined the Hebrew army in the valley of Elah to fight with the Philistines. B.C. 1068. He is elsewhere, by a slight change in the name, called SHIMEA SEE SHIMEA [q.v.] (1Ch_20:7), SHIMEAH (2Sa_13:3; 2Sa_13:32), and SHIMMA (1Ch_2:13).
3. (Sept. Σαμαϊvα vr. Σαμμεάς.) The son of “Agee the Hararite,” and one of the three chief of the thirty champions of David. B.C. 1061. The exploit by which he obtained this high distinction, as described in 2Sa_23:11-12, is manifestly the same as that which in 1Ch_11:12-14 is ascribed to David himself, assisted by Eleazar, the son of Dodo. The inference, therefore, is that Shammah's exploit lay in the assistance which he had thus rendered to David and Eleazar. It consisted in the stand which the others had enabled David to make, in a cultivated field, against the Philistines. Shammah also shared in the dangers which Eleazar and Jashobeam incurred in the chivalric exploit of forcing a way through the Philistine host to gratify David's thirst for the waters of Bethlehem (2Sa_23:16). — Kitto. The scene of Shammah's exploit is said in Samuel to be a field of lentiles (עֲדָשַׁי ם), and in 1 Chronicles a field of barley (שְׂעוֹרְי ם). Kennicott proposes in both cases to read “barley,” the words being in Hebrew so similar that one is produced from the other by a very slight change and transposition of the letters (Dissert. p. 141). It is more likely, too, that the Philistines should attack and the Israelites defend a field of barley than a field of lentiles. In the Peshito-Syriac, instead of being called “the Hararite,” he is said to be “from the king's mountain,” and the same is repeated at 2Sa_23:25. The Vat. MS. of the Sept. makes him the son of Asa (υἱὸς Ασα οΑ῾᾿ρουχαῖος, where Α᾿ρουδαῖος was perhaps the original reading). Josephus (Ant. 7, 12, 4) calls him Cesaboeus the son of Ilus (Ι᾿λοῦ μέν υἱὸς Κησαβαῖος δὲ ὄνομα),
4. (Sept. Σαιμά v.r. Σαμμαἰ.) The Harodite, one of David's mighties (2Sa_23:25). He is called “Shammoth the Harorite” in 1Ch_11:27, and in 27:8 “Shamhuth the Izrahite.” Kennicott maintained the true reading in both to be “Shamhoth the Harodite” (Dissert. p. 181). He is evidently different from the preceding, as still ranking among the lower thirty. 2Sa_23:32-33, we find “Jonathan, Shammah the Hararite;” while in the corresponding verse of 1Ch_11:34 it is “Jonathan, the son of Shage the Hararite.” Combining the two, Kennicott proposes to read “Jonathan, the son of Shamha, the Hararite,” David's nephew who slew the giant in Gath (2Sa_21:21). Instead of “the Hararite,” the Peshito-Syriac has “of the Mount of Olives;” in 23:33, and in 1Ch_11:34, “of Mount Carmel;” but the origin of both these interpretations is obscure. The term “Hararite” (q.v.) may naturally designate a mountaineer, i.e. one from the mountains of Judah. Not only is the name Shammah here suspicious, as having already been assigned to two men in the list of David's heroes, but the epithet “Shage” is suspiciously similar to “Agee,” and “Harorite” to “Hararite” given above. SEE DAVID.



CYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL
press 1895.

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