Thaddaeus
VIEW:20 DATA:01-04-2020
THADDÆUS.This is the name of one of the Twelve Apostles as given in Mat_10:3, Mar_3:18. He is doubtless to be identified with the Judas [son] of James, who appears in the Lukan lists (Luk_6:18, Act_1:13; so RV [Note: Revised Version.] , but AV [Note: Authorized Version.] renders brother of James), and with the Judas, not Iscariot, of Joh_14:22, though some Syrian writers have made this last Judas to be the same as the Apostle Thomas (syrsin reads here Thomas, syrcur reads Judas Thomas), Thomas being confessedly only a surname, the Twin.
In all four lists Thaddæus (or Judas) comes next to Simon the Cananæan or Zealot, and may not improbably have been his brother or intimate friend (cf. the variant Judas Zelotes in Mat_10:3, noted below). It is the opinion of almost all modern scholars that neither is to be identified with any of the Brethren of our Lord, though Dom Chapman has lately published an elaborate argument to the contrary (JThSt [Note: ThSt Journal of Theological Studies.] vii. 412).
Instead of, or in addition to, Thaddæus, we find the variant Lebbæus. In Mar_3:13, Codex Bezae (D [Note: Deuteronomist.] ) and some Old Latin MSS have Lebbæus; but all the best authorities, including syrsin (Syrcur is wanting here), have Thaddæus, and this is doubtless right. In Mat_10:3 the oldest Greek MSS (א B), the Vulgate, the Coptic, and some Old Latin MSS have Thaddæus, while D [Note: Deuteronomist.] , supported by the valuable Old Latin k and some other MSS, has Lebbæus. Some other Old Latin MSS have Judas Zelotes, and syrsin has Judas son (sic) of James (syrcur is wanting here). Some inferior MSS and several Versions combine Lebbæus and Thaddæus, as AV [Note: Authorized Version.] (L. whose surname was Th.); but this is clearly a later explanation, and must be rejected. We see, then, that in Mt. Thaddæus has the best attestation, and this alone is read in RV [Note: Revised Version.] , from which Lebbæus has completely disappeared. But how could Lebbæus have been invented? It has been suggested (a) that some early scribe, taking Thaddæus and Lebbæus to be names of kindred meaning, the former from an Aramaic word denoting breast, the latter from another denoting heart, confused the two; or (b), with greater probability, that Lebbæus is a form of Levi, introduced by some scribe who did not know that Levi and Matthew were the same person. It does not affect these explanations if, with Dalman, we hold that these derivations are in fact wrong, for the scribes were not necessarily qualified to be good philologers.
After NT times Thaddeus (Syr. Taddai) was of ten confused with Addai, who was said to be one of the Seventy disciples, and who, being seat to Edessa, healed Abgarus (see Smith-Wace, Dict. Chr. Biog. iv. 875). In a list of Apostles given in Lagardes Appendix to the Apostolic Constitutions (p. 283), Thaddæus, who is Lebbæus and Judas, is distinguished from Judas of James, and is said to have preached at Edessa, to have been buried in Egypt, and to have been crucified.
A. J. Maclean.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Mar_3:18. Same as Lebbaeus or Judas not Iscariot (Joh_14:22). (See JUDE.) The Sinaiticus and Vaticanus manuscripts read in Mat_10:3 only "Thaddaeus, "omitting "and Lebbaeus whose surname was."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Little is known of Thaddaeus, apart from his appointment as one of Jesus twelve apostles. From the comparison of the lists of names in the four Gospels, it seems that Thaddaeus was another name for Judas the son of James (Mat_10:3; Mar_3:18; Luk_6:16; Joh_14:22; Act_1:13). (In some versions he is called the brother of James and given an alternative name, Lebbaeus.)
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
tha-dē?us (Θαδδαῖος, Thaddaı́os): One of the Twelve Apostles (Mat_10:3; Mar_3:18). In Mat_10:3 the King James Version, the reading is ?Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus.? The name corresponds to Judas, the son (Revised Version), or brother (the King James Version), of James, given in the lists of Luk_6:16; Act_1:13. See JUDAS NOT ISCARIOT; LEBBAEUS.
The ?Gospel of the Ebionites,? or ?Gospel of the Twelve Apostles,? of the 2nd century and mentioned by Origen, narrates that Thaddaeus was also among those who received their call to follow Jesus at the Sea of Tiberias (compare Mat_4:18-22). See also SIMON THE CANANAEAN.
According to the ?Genealogies of the Twelve Apostles? (compare Budge, Contendings of the Apostles, II, 50), Thaddaeus was of the house of Joseph; according to the ?Book of the Bee? he was of the tribe of Judah. There is abundant testimony in apocryphal literature of the missionary activity of a certain Thaddaeus in Syria, but doubt exists as to whether this was the apostle. Thus (1) according to the ?Acts of Peter? (compare Budge, II, 466 ff) Peter appointed Thaddaeus over the island of Syria and Edessa. (2) The ?Preaching of the blessed Judas, the brother of our Lord, who was surnamed Thaddaeus? (Budge, 357 ff), describes his mission in Syria and in Dacia, and indicates him as one of the Twelve. (3) The ?Acta Thaddaei? (compare Tischendorf, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, 1851, 261 ff) refers to this Thaddaeus in the text as one of the Twelve, but in the heading as one of the Seventy. (4) The Abgar legend, dealing with a supposed correspondence between Abgar, king of Syria, and Christ, states in its Syriac form, as translated by Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica, I, xiii, 6-22) (compare THOMAS), that ?after the ascension of Christ, Judas, who was also called Thomas, sent to Abgar the apostle Thaddaeus, one of the Seventy? (compare Hennecke, Neutestamentliche Apokryphen, 76 ff). Jerome, however, identifies this same Thaddaeus with Lebbaeus and ?Judas ... of James? of Luke (Luk_6:16). Hennecks (op. cit., 473, 474) surmises that in the original form of the Abgar legend Thomas was the central figure, but that through the influence of the later ?Acts of Thomas?, which required room to be made for Thomas' activity in India, a later Syriac recension was made, in which Thomas became merely the sender of Thaddaeus to Edessa, and that this was the form which Eusebius made use of in his translation According to Phillips (compare Phillips, The Doctrine of Addai the Apostle), who quotes Zahn in support, the confusion may be due to the substitution of the Greek name Thaddaeus for the name Addai of the Syriac manuscripts. See APOCRYPHAL ACTS.
The general consensus seems to indicate, however, that both Thomas and Thaddaeus the apostle had some connection with Edessa. Of the various identifications of Thaddaeus with other Biblical personages which might be inferred from the foregoing, that with ?Judas ... of James? is the only one that has received wide acceptance.
The burial place of Thaddaeus is variously placed at Beirut and in Egypt. A ?Gospel of Thaddaeus? is mentioned in the Decree of Gelasius.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
In all four lists Thaddæus (or Judas) comes next to Simon the Cananæan or Zealot, and may not improbably have been his brother or intimate friend (cf. the variant Judas Zelotes in Mat_10:3, noted below). It is the opinion of almost all modern scholars that neither is to be identified with any of the Brethren of our Lord, though Dom Chapman has lately published an elaborate argument to the contrary (JThSt [Note: ThSt Journal of Theological Studies.] vii. 412).
Instead of, or in addition to, Thaddæus, we find the variant Lebbæus. In Mar_3:13, Codex Bezae (D [Note: Deuteronomist.] ) and some Old Latin MSS have Lebbæus; but all the best authorities, including syrsin (Syrcur is wanting here), have Thaddæus, and this is doubtless right. In Mat_10:3 the oldest Greek MSS (א B), the Vulgate, the Coptic, and some Old Latin MSS have Thaddæus, while D [Note: Deuteronomist.] , supported by the valuable Old Latin k and some other MSS, has Lebbæus. Some other Old Latin MSS have Judas Zelotes, and syrsin has Judas son (sic) of James (syrcur is wanting here). Some inferior MSS and several Versions combine Lebbæus and Thaddæus, as AV [Note: Authorized Version.] (L. whose surname was Th.); but this is clearly a later explanation, and must be rejected. We see, then, that in Mt. Thaddæus has the best attestation, and this alone is read in RV [Note: Revised Version.] , from which Lebbæus has completely disappeared. But how could Lebbæus have been invented? It has been suggested (a) that some early scribe, taking Thaddæus and Lebbæus to be names of kindred meaning, the former from an Aramaic word denoting breast, the latter from another denoting heart, confused the two; or (b), with greater probability, that Lebbæus is a form of Levi, introduced by some scribe who did not know that Levi and Matthew were the same person. It does not affect these explanations if, with Dalman, we hold that these derivations are in fact wrong, for the scribes were not necessarily qualified to be good philologers.
After NT times Thaddeus (Syr. Taddai) was of ten confused with Addai, who was said to be one of the Seventy disciples, and who, being seat to Edessa, healed Abgarus (see Smith-Wace, Dict. Chr. Biog. iv. 875). In a list of Apostles given in Lagardes Appendix to the Apostolic Constitutions (p. 283), Thaddæus, who is Lebbæus and Judas, is distinguished from Judas of James, and is said to have preached at Edessa, to have been buried in Egypt, and to have been crucified.
A. J. Maclean.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
Mar_3:18. Same as Lebbaeus or Judas not Iscariot (Joh_14:22). (See JUDE.) The Sinaiticus and Vaticanus manuscripts read in Mat_10:3 only "Thaddaeus, "omitting "and Lebbaeus whose surname was."
Fausset's Bible Dictionary
By Andrew Robert Fausset, co-Author of Jamieson, Fausset and Brown's 1888.
Little is known of Thaddaeus, apart from his appointment as one of Jesus twelve apostles. From the comparison of the lists of names in the four Gospels, it seems that Thaddaeus was another name for Judas the son of James (Mat_10:3; Mar_3:18; Luk_6:16; Joh_14:22; Act_1:13). (In some versions he is called the brother of James and given an alternative name, Lebbaeus.)
Bridgeway Bible Dictionary by Don Fleming
PRINTER 1990.
tha-dē?us (Θαδδαῖος, Thaddaı́os): One of the Twelve Apostles (Mat_10:3; Mar_3:18). In Mat_10:3 the King James Version, the reading is ?Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus.? The name corresponds to Judas, the son (Revised Version), or brother (the King James Version), of James, given in the lists of Luk_6:16; Act_1:13. See JUDAS NOT ISCARIOT; LEBBAEUS.
The ?Gospel of the Ebionites,? or ?Gospel of the Twelve Apostles,? of the 2nd century and mentioned by Origen, narrates that Thaddaeus was also among those who received their call to follow Jesus at the Sea of Tiberias (compare Mat_4:18-22). See also SIMON THE CANANAEAN.
According to the ?Genealogies of the Twelve Apostles? (compare Budge, Contendings of the Apostles, II, 50), Thaddaeus was of the house of Joseph; according to the ?Book of the Bee? he was of the tribe of Judah. There is abundant testimony in apocryphal literature of the missionary activity of a certain Thaddaeus in Syria, but doubt exists as to whether this was the apostle. Thus (1) according to the ?Acts of Peter? (compare Budge, II, 466 ff) Peter appointed Thaddaeus over the island of Syria and Edessa. (2) The ?Preaching of the blessed Judas, the brother of our Lord, who was surnamed Thaddaeus? (Budge, 357 ff), describes his mission in Syria and in Dacia, and indicates him as one of the Twelve. (3) The ?Acta Thaddaei? (compare Tischendorf, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, 1851, 261 ff) refers to this Thaddaeus in the text as one of the Twelve, but in the heading as one of the Seventy. (4) The Abgar legend, dealing with a supposed correspondence between Abgar, king of Syria, and Christ, states in its Syriac form, as translated by Eusebius (Historia Ecclesiastica, I, xiii, 6-22) (compare THOMAS), that ?after the ascension of Christ, Judas, who was also called Thomas, sent to Abgar the apostle Thaddaeus, one of the Seventy? (compare Hennecke, Neutestamentliche Apokryphen, 76 ff). Jerome, however, identifies this same Thaddaeus with Lebbaeus and ?Judas ... of James? of Luke (Luk_6:16). Hennecks (op. cit., 473, 474) surmises that in the original form of the Abgar legend Thomas was the central figure, but that through the influence of the later ?Acts of Thomas?, which required room to be made for Thomas' activity in India, a later Syriac recension was made, in which Thomas became merely the sender of Thaddaeus to Edessa, and that this was the form which Eusebius made use of in his translation According to Phillips (compare Phillips, The Doctrine of Addai the Apostle), who quotes Zahn in support, the confusion may be due to the substitution of the Greek name Thaddaeus for the name Addai of the Syriac manuscripts. See APOCRYPHAL ACTS.
The general consensus seems to indicate, however, that both Thomas and Thaddaeus the apostle had some connection with Edessa. Of the various identifications of Thaddaeus with other Biblical personages which might be inferred from the foregoing, that with ?Judas ... of James? is the only one that has received wide acceptance.
The burial place of Thaddaeus is variously placed at Beirut and in Egypt. A ?Gospel of Thaddaeus? is mentioned in the Decree of Gelasius.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
PRINTER 1915.
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