Tribute, Toll, Taxing
VIEW:19 DATA:01-04-2020
TRIBUTE, TOLL, TAXING
1. In OT the subject is obscure. The word most frequently rendered tribute is mas, which denotes a body of forced labourers (2Sa_20:24, 1Ki_9:21 etc.; see RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), and then later forced servicethe feudal corvée. Solomon had a regular system of levying provisions for the maintenance of the royal establishment (1Ki_4:7-19), and labourers for the execution of his vast building schemes (1Ki_5:13 ff., 1Ki_9:15), and also exacted toll from the caravans of merchants that passed through his kingdom (1Ki_10:15). After the fail of the Jewish State, tribute was imposed on the land by its foreign masters (2Ki_23:33, Ezr_4:13 etc.). In the last-mentioned passage (cf. Ezr_4:20, Ezr_7:24) we read of tribute, custom, or toll, but have no information as to the precise meanings of the terms and the distinctions between them. Cf. Trade and Commerce, § 3.
2. In NT tribute represents 3 Gr. words. (1) phoros is properly a land tax; (2) kçnsos (originally a property register), a capitation or poll tax. Both were direct Imperial taxes payable by the Jews as Roman subjects; the former in kind, the latter in Roman money. In NT, however, the distinction is not carefully observed (cf. Mat_22:17, Luk_20:22). For the tribute money of Mat_22:19 see Money, § 7 (b). (3) didrachmon (Mat_17:24, RV [Note: Revised Version.] the half-shekel) was the sum paid by every male Israelite to meet the cost of the daily services in the Temple. See Money, § 7 (d). Toil (telos, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] custom; telônion place of toll, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] receipt of custom) must be carefully distinguished from tribute (cf. Mat_17:25, Rom_13:7). It was not a direct tax like (1) and (2), but an impost on the value of exported goods. For details see artt. Custom (s), Publican. Taxing (apographç, RV [Note: Revised Version.] enrolment, Luk_2:2, Act_5:37) denotes a registration with a view to taxation for Imperial purposes. See Quirinius.
J. C. Lambert.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
1. In OT the subject is obscure. The word most frequently rendered tribute is mas, which denotes a body of forced labourers (2Sa_20:24, 1Ki_9:21 etc.; see RV [Note: Revised Version.] ), and then later forced servicethe feudal corvée. Solomon had a regular system of levying provisions for the maintenance of the royal establishment (1Ki_4:7-19), and labourers for the execution of his vast building schemes (1Ki_5:13 ff., 1Ki_9:15), and also exacted toll from the caravans of merchants that passed through his kingdom (1Ki_10:15). After the fail of the Jewish State, tribute was imposed on the land by its foreign masters (2Ki_23:33, Ezr_4:13 etc.). In the last-mentioned passage (cf. Ezr_4:20, Ezr_7:24) we read of tribute, custom, or toll, but have no information as to the precise meanings of the terms and the distinctions between them. Cf. Trade and Commerce, § 3.
2. In NT tribute represents 3 Gr. words. (1) phoros is properly a land tax; (2) kçnsos (originally a property register), a capitation or poll tax. Both were direct Imperial taxes payable by the Jews as Roman subjects; the former in kind, the latter in Roman money. In NT, however, the distinction is not carefully observed (cf. Mat_22:17, Luk_20:22). For the tribute money of Mat_22:19 see Money, § 7 (b). (3) didrachmon (Mat_17:24, RV [Note: Revised Version.] the half-shekel) was the sum paid by every male Israelite to meet the cost of the daily services in the Temple. See Money, § 7 (d). Toil (telos, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] custom; telônion place of toll, AV [Note: Authorized Version.] receipt of custom) must be carefully distinguished from tribute (cf. Mat_17:25, Rom_13:7). It was not a direct tax like (1) and (2), but an impost on the value of exported goods. For details see artt. Custom (s), Publican. Taxing (apographç, RV [Note: Revised Version.] enrolment, Luk_2:2, Act_5:37) denotes a registration with a view to taxation for Imperial purposes. See Quirinius.
J. C. Lambert.
Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible
Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Published in 1909
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